《钢结构安装》课件-3.1.1 起重机械和简易起重机械

3.1.1.起重机械和简易起重机械

3.1.1.Liftingmachineryandsimpleliftingmachinery12起重机械Liftingmachinery简易起重机械Simpleliftingmachinery

一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery

钢结构的吊装，根据起重的质量可分三个级别:大型，中型，一般Theliftingofsteelstructure,accordingtothequalityoflifting,canbedividedintothreelevels:large,medium,general一般general起重质量为40t以下Theliftingmassisbelow40t大型large起重质量为80t以上Theliftingmassismorethan80t中型medium起重质量为10～80tTheliftingmassis10~80t一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery

常用的吊装机械有各种自行式起重机、轨道塔式起重机、自制桅杆式起重机和小型吊装机械等。

Commonlyusedliftingmachineryarevariousself-propelledcranes,railtowercranes,self-mademastcranesandsmallliftingmachinery.常用吊装机械Commonlyusedhoistingmachinery自行式起重机Self-propelledcranes轨道塔式起重机Railtowercrane自制桅杆式起重机Homemademastcrane小型吊装机械Smallliftingmachinery一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery

如右图所示，由回转台和履带行走机构组成。在回转台上装有动力装置、传动装置、工作机构及平衡重等，工作机构主要包括起重杆、起重滑轮组、变幅滑轮组、卷扬机及车体和车体后面的平衡配重等，能360度旋转。Asshowninthepictureontheright,itconsistsofarotarytableandacrawlertravelingmechanism.Therotarytableisequippedwithpowerdevice,transmissiondevice,workingmechanismandcounterweight,etc.,andtheworkingmechanismmainlyincludesliftingrod,liftingpulleyset,luffingpulleyset,hoistandbalancecounterweightbehindthecarbodyandcarbody,etc.,whichcanrotate360degrees.1.自行式起重机——履带式起重机1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery自行式起重机优点Advantagesofself-propelledcranes操作灵活，使用方便，履带着地，前后行走可转向360度，在一般的平整结实路面上均可行驶，吊物可退可避，对施工场地要求不严，可在不平整泥泞的场地或略加处理的松软场地行驶和工作。Flexibleoperation,easytouse,crawlerground,frontandrearwalkingcanturn360degrees,canbedrivenonthegeneralflatandsolidroad,hangingobjectscanberetreatedandavoided,theconstructionsiterequirementsarenotstrict,canbedrivenandworkedinunevenandmuddysitesorslightlytreatedsoftsites.1.自行式起重机——履带式起重机1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery自行式起重机缺点Disadvantagesofself-propelledcranes自重大，行驶速度慢，在远途行驶时，速度慢，转向不方便，对柏油马路有履带痕迹。Self-weight,slowdrivingspeed,whendrivinglongdistances,slowspeed,inconvenientsteering,trackmarksonasphaltroads.1.自行式起重机——履带式起重机1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery1.自行式起重机——轮胎式起重机1.Self-propelledcrane–rubberycrane轮胎式起重机构造与履带式起重机基本相同，只是行走接触地面的部分改用多轮胎而不是履带，把起重机构装在由加重型轮胎和轮轴组成的特制底盘上，重心较低，起重平稳，底盘结构牢固，车轮间距较大，在底盘两侧安装有四个可伸缩的支腿，在工作时需固定在一个限制的位置上。Thestructureofthetirecraneisbasicallythesameasthecrawlercrane,butthepartthatwalksincontactwiththegroundischangedtomulti-tireinsteadofcrawler,andtheliftingmechanismisinstalledonaspecialchassiscomposedofheavy-dutytiresandaxles,withalowcenterofgravity,stablelifting,afirmchassisstructure,alargewheelspacing,andfourretractableoutriggersinstalledonbothsidesofthechassis,whichneedtobefixedinarestrictedpositionwhenworking.轮胎式起重机优点Advantagesoftyrecrane机动性高、行驶速度快、操作和转移方便，有较好的稳定性，起重臂多为伸缩式，长度改变自由、快速，对路面无破坏性Highmobility,fastdrivingspeed,easyoperationandtransfer,goodstability,liftingarmismostlytelescopic,lengthchangefree,fast,non-destructivetotheroadsurface1.自行式起重机——轮胎式起重机1.Self-propelledcrane–Rubbercrane在工作状态下不能载重行走，工作面受到限制，对构件布置、排放要求严格，施工场地需平整、碾压坚实，在泥泞场地行走困难Intheworkingstate,itcannotcarrytheload,theworkingsurfaceisrestricted,therequirementsforcomponentlayoutanddischargearestrict,theconstructionsiteneedstobeflatandcompacted,anditisdifficulttowalkinthemuddysite轮胎式起重机缺点Tiretypecranedisadvantages一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery1.自行式起重机——汽车式起重机1.Self-propelledcrane–truckcrane汽车式起重机把起重机构装在汽车底盘上，起重臂杆采用高强度钢板作成箱形结构，吊臂可根据需要自动逐节伸缩，并设有各种限位和报警装置，起重机动力由汽车发动机供给。Thetruckcraneismountedontheautomobilechassis,theliftingboomismadeofhigh-strengthsteelplateintoabox-shapedstructure,theboomcanautomaticallyexpandandtelescopicsectionbysectionasneeded,andisequippedwithvariouslimitandalarmdevices,andthecranepowerissuppliedbytheautomobileengine.1.自行式起重机——汽车式起重机1.Self-propelledcrane–truckcrane行走速度快，转向方便，具有使用灵活、机动性高、转移迅速、对路面破坏小、可高速和远距离行驶、自动控制灵敏、安全可靠Fastwalkingspeed,convenientsteering,flexibleuse,highmobility,rapidtransfer,smalldamagetotheroadsurface,high-speedandlong-distancedriving,sensitiveautomaticcontrol,safeandreliable行走时需要路面坚实平坦。吊装构件时，不能行走，车体需在固定的位置上工作。Whenwalking,theroadsurfaceneedstobefirmandflat.Whenhoistingcomponents,itcannotbewalked,andthecarbodyneedstoworkinafixedposition.优点advantages缺点disadvantages一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery2.塔式起重机2.Towercrane塔式起重机(塔吊)是把起重臂和起重机构装在金属塔架上，整个起重机沿钢轨道行走，工作时，只限制在轨道和起重臂的长度范围内作固定吊装或行走吊装，有行走式、固定式、附着式和内爬式几种。Towercrane(towercrane)istheliftingboomandliftingmechanismmountedonthemetaltower,thewholecranealongthesteeltrackwalking,whenworking,onlylimitedtothelengthrangeofthetrackandliftingboomforfixedliftingorwalkinghoisting,therearewalking,fixed,attachedandinternalclimbingtype.一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery2.塔式起重机2.Towercrane塔式起重机一般应用于多高层建筑结构施工现场的材料和构件的吊装和运输。Towercranesaregenerallyusedintheliftingandtransportationofmaterialsandcomponentsattheconstructionsiteofmulti-high-risebuildingstructures塔式起重机优点Towercraneadvantages安装空间和半径大，覆盖空间大，吊装效率高，构件布置可较为灵活，吊装构件方便，起重臂可以转向，安装屋面板、支撑等构件时，臂杆在使用范围内不受已安装构件的影响。Theinstallationspaceandradiusarelarge,thecoveragespaceislarge,theliftingefficiencyishigh,thecomponentlayoutcanbemoreflexible,theliftingcomponentsareconvenient,theliftingarmcanbesteered,andwheninstallingroofpanels,supportsandothercomponents,theboomisnotaffectedbytheinstalledcomponentswithinthescopeofuse.2.塔式起重机2.Towercrane塔式起重机缺点Towercranedisadvantages只能直线行走或移动，工作面受到限制，起重机转移搬运、拆卸和组装不方便，较费工费时，吊装场地利用率低。Itcanonlywalkormoveinastraightline,theworkingsurfaceisrestricted,thecranetransferhandling,disassemblyandassemblyareinconvenient,morelabor-intensiveandtime-consuming,andtheutilizationrateoftheliftingsiteislow.一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery3.起重桅杆3.Liftingmast

起重桅杆可根据安装现场的具体情况，安装工件的品种规格、重量、吊装高度等要求来确定。分类：固定式，移动式。Theliftingmastcanbedeterminedaccordingtothespecificconditionsoftheinstallationsite,thevarietyandspecifications,weight,liftingheightandotherrequirementsoftheinstallationworkpiece.Classification:fixed,mobile.一起重机械

FirstLiftingmachinery二简易起重机械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery1.千斤顶安装作业时，千斤顶常常用来顶升工件或设备、矫正工件的局部变形。千斤顶有液压式、螺旋式、齿条式三种型式。1.JackDuringinstallationoperations,jacksareoftenusedtoliftworkpiecesorequipmentandcorrectlocaldeformationofworkpieces.Therearethreetypesofjacks:hydraulictype,spiraltypeandracktype.二简易起重机械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery1.千斤顶1.Jack

齿条式千斤顶一般承载能力不大，起重量较小，因而不常用。Rackjacksgenerallyhavelittlebearingcapacityandsmallliftingcapacity,sotheyarenotcommonlyused螺旋式千斤顶起重能力较大，可达100t(1000kN)，最为常用Spiraljackshavealargeliftingcapacity,upto100t(1000kN),andarethemostcommonlyused液压千斤顶起重能力最大，可达320t(3200kN)，最为常用Hydraulicjackshavethelargestliftingcapacity,upto320t(3200kN),andarethemostcommonlyused2.卷扬机2.Winch卷扬机是吊装作业中常用的动力装置，分为手动卷扬机和电动卷扬机。Thewinchisacommonlyusedpowerunitinliftingoperations,whichisdividedintomanualwinchandelectricwinch.手动卷扬机：由卷筒、钢丝绳、摩擦止动器、止动棘轮装置、齿轮组、变速器、手柄等部件组成Manualwinch:Itiscomposedofdrum,wirerope,frictionstopper,stopratchetdevice,gearset,transmission,handleandothercomponents电动卷扬机：电动卷扬机由卷筒、减速器、电动机、电磁抱闸等部件组成Electricwinch:Theelectrichoistiscomposedofreel,reducer,motor,electromagneticbrakeandothercomponents二简易起重机械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery3.绞磨3.Grinding

绞磨是一种采用最为普遍的由人力牵引的起重工具。它由中心轴、支架和推杆等组成。绞盘是依靠摩擦力驱动绳索的，绳索围绕在鼓轮上(一般是4～6圈)。工作时，一端使绳索拉紧(用来牵引)，另一端又把绳索放松(用手拉住)。为防止倒转而产生事故，在鼓轮中心轴上装有制动齿轮装置。Grinding,whichisthemostcommonlyusedliftingtoolpulledbyhumanpower,isused.Itconsistsofacentralshaft,bracketandpusher,etc.Thewinchreliesonfrictiontodrivetherope,andtheropeiswrappedaroundthedrum(generally4~6turns).Whenworking,oneendtightenstherope(forpulling)andtheotherendrelaxestherope(pullsbyhand).Inordertopreventaccidentsduetoreversal,abrakegeardeviceisinstalledonthec