2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

UseofEnglish

CaravanseraiswereroadsideinnsthatwerebuiltalongtheSilkRoadinareasincluding

China,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Theyweretypically_1_outsidethewallsofacityor

villageandwereusuallyfundedbygovernmentsof_2_.

Thisword“Caravanserais"isa_3_ofthePersianword“karvan”,whichmeansagroupof

travellersoracaravan,andseray,apalaceorenclosedbuilding.ThePermcaravanwasusedto_

4_groupsofpeoplewhotravelledtogetheracrosstheancientnetworkfbrsafetyreasons,_5_

merchants,travellersorpilgrims.

FromtheIOthcenturyonwards,asmerchantandtravelroutesbecomemoredeveloped,the_

_6_oftheCaravanseraisincreasedandtheyservedasasafeplaceforpeopletorestatnight.Tra

vellersontheSilkRoad_7_possibilityofbeingattackedbythievesorbeing_8_toextreme

conditions.Forthisreason.Caravanseraiswerestrategicallyplaced_9_theycouldbereachedi

naday'straveltime.

Caravanseraisservedasaninformal_10_pointfbrthevariouspeoplewhotravelledtheSil

kRoad.—11—,thosestructuresbecameimportantcentersforculture_12—andinteraction,

withtravelerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,_13_talkingknowledgewiththem,

greatly_14_thedevelopmentofseveralcivilizations.

Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand_15_inthetrade

ofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad._16_,itwasfrequentlythefirststopmerchantslookingtosell

theirwaresand_17—suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis_18—thataround120000to15000

caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,_19_onlyabout3000areknowntoremaintoday,

manyofwhicharein_20_.

I.A.displayedB.occupiedC.locatedD.equipped

2.A.privatelyB.regularlyC.respectivelyD.permanently

3.A.definitionB.transitionC.substitutionD.combination

4.A.classifyB.recordC.describeD.connect

5.A.apartfromB.insteadofC.suchasD.alongwith

6.A.constructionB.restorationC.impressionD.evaluation

7.A.doubtedB.FacedC.acceptedD.reduced

8.A.assignedB.subjectedC.accustomedD.opposed

9.A.sothatB.evenifC.nowthatD.incase

10.A.talkingB.startingC.BreakingD.meeting

11.A.BythewayB.OnoccasionC.IncomparisonD.Asaresult

12.A.heritageB.revivalC.exchangeD.status

13.A.withregardtoB.inspiteofC.aswellasD.inlinewith

14.A.completingB.influencingC.resumingD.pioneering

15.A.aidedB.investedC.failedD.competed

16.A.ratherB.indeedC.otherwiseD.however

17.A.goinforB.standupforC.closeinonD.stockupon

18.A.believedB.predictedC.recalledD.implied

19.A.untilB.becauseC.unlessD.although

20.A.ruinsB.debtC.fashionD.series

Text1

TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthetemperature

willbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonthasofficialsdebatehow

climatechangeis(aughtinTexasschools.

PatHardy,whosympathizedwithviewsoftheenergysector,isresistingtheproposed

changetosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewouldemphasisetheprimacyofhuman

activityinrecentclimatechangeancencouragediscussionofmitigationmeasures.

MostscientistsandexpertssharplydisputeHardy'sviews.uTheycasuallydismissthecareer

workofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion."saysDanQuinn,senior

communicationsstrategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profitgroupthatmonitorspublic

education,“WhatmillionsofTexaskidslearnintheirpublicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenby

thepoliticalideologyofpartisanboardmembers,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship.”

SuchdebatereflectsfiercediscussiondiscussionsacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,as

researchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreaterfocusonteaching

aboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschools.

AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupof

scientistsandteachers,lookingathewstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimate

changeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstalesagradeB+orhigher.Amongthe10worst

performerswcrcsomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowest

grade(F)andhasadisproportionateinfluencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.

GlennBranch,thecentre'sdeputydirector,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelsciencestandards

isonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionstolocalschoolboards.

Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitssciencestandards,4ithatdocsnotmeanitwill

betaught"，hesays.

Anotherissueisthatwhileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsandatsome

ages—suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschools—itisnotaswellrepresentedin

curriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidelytaught,suchasbiologyand

chemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudiescourses.

Branchpointsoutthat,evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooksreflect

scientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthatconveymoreslanted

perspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyincludematerialssponsoredbylibertarian

think-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.

21.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedto一

A.forecastapolicyshiftinTexasschools.

B.stresstheconsequencesofclimatechange

C.indicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeeting

D.drawthepublic'sattentiontoenergyshortages

22.WhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?

A.sheexaggeratestheexistingpanic.

B.shedeniesthevalueofscientificwork

C.sheshowsnoconcernfbrpre-teens.

sheexpressesself-contradictoryviews.

23.ThestudymentionedinParagraphshowsthat_

A.climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschools.

B.policymakershavelittledriveforscienceeducation.

C.Texasisreluctanttorewriteitssciencetextbooks.

environmentalteachinginsomestateslackssupervision.

24.AccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUS_

A.callforregularrevision

B.requireurgentapplication

C.havelimitedinfluence

catertolocalneeds

25.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschool__

A.sagreetomajorpublicdemands

B.reflectsteachers5personalbias

C.maymisrepresenttheenergysector

canbeswayedbyexternalforces

Text2

Communitiesthroughouttheregionhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentalssince

siteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Now,withrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylow

inventory,there'sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworry

thatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipfbrafortuneontheshort-term

rentalmarket.

InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelowIpercent,housing

advocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrained

market.ThestateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould'vemadeitillegalfbrtowns

tocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.

“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,soanytimeyou'retakingthetoolout

ofthetoolkitfbrcommunitiestoaddressthis,you'repotentiallytakingsupplyoffthemarket

that'salreadyincrediblystressed,“saidNickTaylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousing

CoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshire

towns,''employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahard

timefindingaplacetolive,“Taylorsaid.

However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfbrtourists,acrucialpartoftheeconomies

inplaceslikeNantucket,CapeCod,orthetownsthatmakeupNewHampshire'sSeacoastand

LakesRegion,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOoftheCapeCod&IslandsAssociationofRealtors.

“Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythose

peoplecominginshortterm,“Castlesaid,“andsoit'sacyclicaleffect.”

Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,anaffordable

housingpolicyexpertattheUniversityofMassachusettsBoston.t4Ithinkindividualsbeingableto

rentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit*stheirvacationhomeanyway,andit'sjustempty,

whycan'tyoumakemoneyoffit?”Homsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattemptto

createlarge-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations.

“Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn'tadeveloperwho'sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitas

notahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?5jHomsaid.

Attheendof2018,GovernorCharlieBakersignedabilltoreininthosepotential

investor-buyers.t4Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestate,mandatestheycarry

insurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy,''theGlobereported.

Bostontookthingsevenfurther,limitingwhoisauthorizedtorentouttheirhome,andrequiring

renterstoregisterwiththecity'sInspectionalServicesDepartment.

Homsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitotherstrugglingcitiesandtowns.

Theonlywaytosolvetheissue,however,isbycreatingmorehousing.4ifwcwanttomakea

changeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.”

26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?

A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.

B.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.

C.Itsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowly

D.Itshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.

27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedto

A.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.

B.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing

C.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.

D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.

28.ComparedwithCastle,Taylorismorelikelytosupport

A.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.

B.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.

C.striclmanagementofrealestateagents.

D.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers.

29.WhatdoesHornemphasizeinParagraph5?

A.Theurgencytoupgradeshon-termrentalfacilities.

B.Thecflicicntoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.

C.ThenecessitytostopdevelopersIromevadingtaxes.

D.Theproperproceduresfbrrentingoutsparehouses.

30.Hornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis

A.anirrationaldecision.

B.anunfeasibleproposal.

C.anunnecessarymeasure.

D.aninadequatesolution.

Text3

Ifyou'reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstonesinsearchoftheDuchessof

Sussex'snewchildren'sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaroundabit;the

samemaybetrueofThePresident'sDaughter,thenewthrillerbyBillClintonandJames

Patierson.BothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekbyPenguinRandomHouse,acompany

currentlyinvolvedinastand-offwithWaterstones.

Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPenguinRandomHouseconfirmedthatithad

introducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlever,.ThetrademagazineThe

BooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooks

fromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthem

totheirrelevantsections^^.

PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:

“WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherin

theUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwe

aredoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitethelower

overalllevelsofstock.Wedothisgenerallybygivingtheirtitleslessprominentpositioning

withinourbookshops.t4Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturn

andthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusyand

booksalesareverystrong.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince

2018.”

Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers-ashavecustomers,whomightexpect

thenewtitlesfromthecountry'sbiggestpublishertobeprominentlydisplayedbyitsbiggestbook

retailer.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butit'sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrely

onWaterstonesstafFspassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbepraying

foranendtothedispute.

Itcomesatalimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposed

mergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster-thereductioninthenumber

ofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmore

conformityintermsofwhatispublished.AndonewondersifPRHwouldhavebeenconfident

enoughtodealwithWaterstonesinthewayithasifitweren'tquitesuchabigcompany(itwas

formedwiththemergerofPenguinandRandomHousein2013)andlikelytogetbigger.

“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpowerandcartels.Literary

agenciesaregettingbiggertohavetheclouttonegotiatebettertermswithpublishers,publishers

consolidatingtodealwithAmazon/'saysLownie.44Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversity

intermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,

choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshave

comefromsmallpublishers.”

Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublisherstobe

bigenoughtotakeonall-comers.

31.theauthormentionstwobooksintheparagraph1topresent

A.anongoingconflict

B.anintellectualconcept

C.aprevailingsentiment

D.aliteraryphenomenon

32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?

A.tomakethemeasilynoticeable

B.tocomplywithPRHrsrequirement

C.torespondtoPRH'sbusinessmove

D.toarrangetheminasystematicway

33.WhatmessagedidthespokesmanofWaterstonesseemtoconvey?

A.theircustomersremainroyal

B.thecreditlimitwillberemoved

C.theirstockisunderestimated

D.thebookmarketisratherslack

34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?

ASalesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably

BLesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism

CWaterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthor'sbooks

DWaterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue

34.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie'sview?

ASmallpublishersoughttosticktogether

BBigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance

CThepublishingindustryishavingahardtime

DThemergerofpublishersisaworrying(rend

Text4

Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearcherspublish

millionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityof

thosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedby

thetitle'simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersof

scientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepapers

theyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.

Inrecentyears,therehavebeenseveralepisodesofscientificfraud,includingcompletely

made-updata,massagedordoctoredfigures,multiplepublicationsofthesamedata,theftof

completearticles,plagiarismoftext,andself-plagiarism.Andsomescientistshavecomeupwith

anotherwaytoartificiallyboostthenumberofcitationstotheirwork.

Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,

haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspicious

citationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroups

ofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.

Recently,Icameacrossyetanotherexpressionofthispredatorybehavior:so-calledsupport

serviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandto

journalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticlesandthe

articlesofcolleagues.Someoftheseconsultanciesarealsoactiveinorganizingconferencesand

canadvisethatcitationsbeaddedtoconferenceproceedings.Inthismanner,asingleeditorcan

drivehundredsofcitationsinthedirectionofhisownarticlesorthoseofcolleaguesthatmaybein

hiscircle.

Howinsidiousisthistypeofcimtionmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual-actingas

author,editor,andconsultant—wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationproviderstoarticles

publishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,which

includesahighnumberofthenew4tintemationar,journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobe

acriteriontobetargetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.

36Accordingparagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby

Ahowmanycitationstheirworkscontain

Bhowmanytimestheirpapersarecited

Ctheprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwith

Dthestatustheyhaveinscientificcircles

37Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto.

Arecommendedjournalstotheirclients

Blistcitationpatternsfbrtheirclients

Caskauthorstoincludeextracitation

Dadvisecontributorstociteeachother

38thefunctionofthemilkcowtojournalsisto.

Aboostcitationcountsforcertainauthors

Bhelpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcost

Cinstructfirsttimecontributorsincitation

Dincreasethereadershipofnewjournals

答案A

39.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusfromthelasttwoparagraph?

AItfosterscompetitionamongcitationproviders

BIthasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitation

CIthindersthegrowthofinternationaljournals

DItisestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulation

40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulation?

ATakelegalaction

BDemandanapology

CSeekprofessionaladvice

DRevealtheirmisconduct

ReadingPartB

A.Lastyearmarksthe150thanniversaryofaseriesofYellowstonephotographsbythereno

wnedlandscapephotographerWilliamHenryJackson.Hecapturedthefirst-evershotsoficonicla

ndmarkssuchastheTetons,OldFaithfulandtheColoradoRockies.

B.Twocenturiesago,theideaofpreservingnature,ratherthanexploitingit,wasanovelone

tomanyU.S.settlers.Oneoftheturningpointsinpublicsupportforlandconservationefforts—

andrecognizingthemagnificenceoftheYellowstoneregioninparticular—cameintheformofv

ividphotographs.

CAsaneffectiveWashingtonoperator,Haydensensedthathecouldcapitalizeontheexpedi

lion'sstunningvisuals.HeaskedJacksontoprintoutlargecopiesanddistributedthem,alongwit

hreproductionsofMoran'spaintings,toeachmemberofCongress.t4Thevisualization,particular!

ythosephotographs,reallyhithomethatthisissomethingthathastobeprotected,saysMurphy.

DThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognizedthearea

'sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That,swhyHayden'sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafullerunde

rstandingoftheYellowstoneRiverregion,fromitshotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyofflora

andfauna.Inadditiontotheentourageofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThoma

sMoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingna

turalbeautyandsharingitwiththeworld.

EThejourneyofficiallybeganinOgden,Utah,onJune8,1871.Overnearlyfourmonths,do

zenofmanmadetheirwayonhorsebackintoMontanaandtraversedalongtheYellowstoneRiver

andaroundYellowstonelake.Thatfall,theyconcludedthesurveyinfortBridger,Wyoming

FThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlengrecognizedthearea'

sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That'swhyHayden'sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafullerunder

standingoftheyellowstoneriverregion,fromit'shotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraa

ndfauna.Inadditiontotheentourgeofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomas

MoranandphotographerJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeautyand

sharingitwiththeworld.

GThebillprovedlargelypopularandsailedthroughCongresswithlargemajoritiesinfavor.

Inquicksuccession,theSenateandHousepassedlegislationprotectingyellowstoneinearly1872

.ThatMarch,PresidentUlyssesS.GrantsignedanactintolawthatestablishedYellowstoneasthe

world'sfirstnationalpark,whilesomelocalsopposedtothedesignation,thedecisionwaslargely

accepted-andJackson'sphotosplayedakeyroleinthefighttoprotectthearea.Idon'tbelievethat

thelegalprotectionwouldhavehappenedinthetimeframethatitdidwithoutthoseimages,says

HeatherHansen,journalistandauthorofProphetsandMoguls,RangersandRogues,BisonordBe

ars:100yearsofthenationalParkService.

HPerhapsmostimportantly,theimagesprovideddocumentaryevidencethatlatermadeitsw

aytogovernmentofficials.Weeksaftercompletingtheexpedition,Haydencollectedhisteam'so

bservationintoanextensiverepaimedatconvincingSenatorsandRepresentatives,alongwithcoll

eaguesatgovernmentagencylikethedepartmentofInteriorthatYellowstoneoughttobepreserve

d.

排序

Translation

TherehasbeensomeexplorationaroundtheuseofAIindigitalmarketing.Forexample,AI

canbeusedtoanalysewhattypeofadvertisingcontentorcopywouldbeappropriateto'speak'to

aspecifictargetcustomergroupbyrevealinginformationabouttrendsandpreferencesthrough

theanalysisofbigdata.(46)AIcanalsobeusedtoidentifyihelifeslylechoicesofcuslomers

regardingiheirhobbies,favouritecelebritiesandfashionstoprovideuniquecontentinmarketing

messagesputoutthroughsocialmedia.AtthesametimeAIcanalsobeusedtogeneratecontent

forsocialmediapostsandchatsites.AIcanalsoprovideabridgebetween