《磷脂的功能与应用综述》2900字

磷脂的功能与应用综述磷脂是一种含磷的脂质，在其结构中存在极性部分和非极性部分。根据其分子结构中碳链骨架是否为甘油将其分为非甘油磷脂（图1-1）和甘油磷脂（图1-2）。非甘油磷脂主要为分子结构中含有鞘氨醇骨架的鞘氨醇磷脂（图1-1），鞘磷脂分子上只有一个脂肪酸残基与鞘氨醇的氨基相连接，神经碱通过磷酸连接在鞘氨醇的C-1羟基上。天然存在的甘油磷脂都具有α-构型和L-构型，其亲水性头基（磷酸衍生物）和疏水性酰基链（脂肪酸）与甘油分子的羟基相连ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Baer</Author><Year>1961</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">95</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Baer,E.</author><author>Pavanaram,S.K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>N-Methylcephalins.I.SynthesisofdistearoylL-alpha-glycerylphosphoryl-(N-methyl)ethanolamine</title><secondary-title>JournalofBiologicalChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofBiologicalChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>1269-1272</pages><volume>236</volume><number>236</number><dates><year>1961</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]。甘油磷脂的化学结构根据Sn-3上的磷酸衍生物的不同可将甘油磷脂分为磷脂酰胆碱（PC）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）、磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）、磷脂酸（PA）、磷脂酰肌醇（PI）等；根据疏水性酰基链的种类不同，还可将同类型磷脂细分为不同磷脂分子组分，即磷脂亚类，如二亚油酰磷脂酰胆碱、亚油酰磷脂酰胆碱等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Olsson</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>98</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>98</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">98</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Olsson,N.U.</author><author>Salem,N.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Molecularspeciesanalysisofphospholipids</title><secondary-title>JournalofChromatographyBBiomedicalSciences&Applications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofChromatographyBBiomedicalSciences&Applications</full-title></periodical><pages>245-56</pages><volume>692</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]。图1-1鞘磷脂结构图图1-2甘油磷脂结构图磷脂广泛分布于动植物体内，主要来源于大豆、棉籽、玉米、向日葵、油菜籽和动物组织（如蛋黄和牛脑等）。蛋黄和大豆是磷脂最重要的来源，二者在磷脂种类和含量上差异明显，主要体现在（1）动物磷脂含有鞘磷脂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rossi</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>100</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>100</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">100</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rossi,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>UseofLecithinandLecithinFractions</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]；（2）蛋黄磷脂中PC含量更高；（3）大豆磷脂中不饱和脂肪酸含量高于蛋黄磷脂，蛋黄磷脂饱和脂肪酸含量高于大豆磷脂，其抗氧化性能高于大豆磷脂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hager</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>97</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>97</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">97</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hager,A.A.</author><author>Paoli,T.D.</author><author>Ihlo,J.E.</author><author>Farach,H.A.</author><author>Jr,Cpp</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StabilitystudyoflecithinliposomesduringstorageusingESR</title><secondary-title>SpectrochimicaActaPartAMolecularSpectroscopy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SpectrochimicaActaPartAMolecularSpectroscopy</full-title></periodical><pages>1999-2005</pages><volume>49</volume><number>s13–14</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]；（4）大豆磷脂中不饱和脂肪酸分布在Sn-1或者Sn-2位上，蛋黄磷脂中通常是饱和脂肪酸分布于Sn-1位，不饱和脂肪酸位于Sn-2位ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Terao</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>101</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5,6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>101</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">101</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Terao,J.</author><author>Hirota,Y.</author><author>Kawakatsu,M.</author><author>Matsushita,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Structuralanalysisofhydroperoxidesformedbyoxidationofphosphatidylcholinewithsingletoxygen</title><secondary-title>Lipids</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Lipids</full-title></periodical><pages>427-432</pages><volume>16</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>1981</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Paltauf</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716840">99</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Paltauf,F.</author><author>Hermetter,A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Phospholipids—Natural,Semisynthetic,Synthetic</title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><publisher>Phospholipids</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[5,6]。目前，市售Sn-1及Sn-2位均为不饱和脂肪酸的卵磷脂主要来源于大豆而非蛋黄。市售磷脂产品根据加工方式的不同分为很多不同种类，大豆磷脂主要来源于大豆油水化脱胶这一环节的油脚；大豆油脚经过真空干燥、浓缩、冷却得到浓缩磷脂，磷脂含量大于60%；浓缩磷脂进一步经过丙酮脱油、离心分离、真空干燥得到大豆粉末磷脂，磷脂含量大于95%，PC含量在30%以上。浓缩或粉末磷脂经过乙醇等醇类萃取、层析、真空干燥等处理可得到富含PC的产品，称为分提大豆磷脂。要纯化出如PC、PE、PI这些磷脂，通常多以磷脂含量高、磷脂大类种类丰富、成本低的磷脂产品作为原料（如大豆粉末磷脂）进行分离纯化获得高纯度的PC、PE、PI。磷脂的生理功能（1）疾病治疗磷脂可应用于肝病的治疗，必需磷脂（EPL)含有高含量的多烯磷脂酰胆碱（PPC），能缓解慢性病毒性肝炎、脂肪肝、肝中毒等症状。在EPL的药代动力学研究中，采用放射性氘标记EPL主要活性成分二亚油酰磷脂酰胆碱（DLPC），结果显示EPL主要被整合到肝脏中，其中大部分EPL在肝细胞和其他细胞、血细胞和脂蛋白中积累ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zierenberg</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>133</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>133</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">133</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zierenberg,O.</author><author>Assmann,G.</author><author>Schmitz,G.</author><author>Rosseneu,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectofpolyenephosphatidylcholineoncholesteroluptakebyhumanhighdensitylipoprotein</title><secondary-title>Atherosclerosis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Atherosclerosis</full-title></periodical><pages>527-542</pages><volume>39</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1981</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]。曹文妍等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李秀梅</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>134</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>134</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">134</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>李秀梅</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>多稀磷脂酰胆碱治疗急性野生菌中毒肝损害中的疗效观察</title><secondary-title>航空航天医学杂志</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>航空航天医学杂志</full-title></periodical><pages>157-158</pages><volume>022</volume><number>002</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]研究将极性野生菌中毒患者分别设置了观察组和对照组，观察组在常规治疗的基础上予以多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗，对照组仅以常规方法治疗，得出多烯磷脂酰胆碱可明显改善急性野生菌中毒患者临床症状。刘芳等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>谭伟清</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>135</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>135</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">135</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>谭伟清</author><author>陈巧玉</author><author>甄青莲</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>猪肺磷脂注射液在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用及护理分析</title><secondary-title>海峡药学</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>海峡药学</full-title></periodical><pages>202-203</pages><volume>031</volume><number>007</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]对患有新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的患儿进行猪肺磷脂注射液辅助治疗，发现磷脂可辅助改善肺氧合功能、血气指标、肺循环功能。（2）疾病诊断脂质组学通过研究脂质的结构和功能及其在体内的代谢变化，明确其对疾病诊断和治疗的作用，以期提高疾病风险预测的能力。类风湿性关节炎的发病机制与脂质过氧化有关ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ettore</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>123</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>123</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">123</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ettore</author><author>Silvagni</author><author>Marco</author><author>Di</author><author>Battista</author><author>Angelo</author><author>Francesco</author><author>Bonifacio</author><author>Dina</author><author>Zucchi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Oneyearinreview2019:noveltiesinthetreatmentofrheumatoidarthritis</title><secondary-title>Clinicalandexperimentalrheumatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinicalandexperimentalrheumatology</full-title></periodical><pages>519-534</pages><volume>37</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]。据报道，类风湿关节炎患者体液中丙二醛水平明显偏高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Aryaeian</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>121</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11,12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>121</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">121</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aryaeian,N.</author><author>Djalali,M.</author><author>FShahram</author><author>Jazayeri,S.</author><author>Nazari,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Beta-Carotene,VitaminE,MDA,GlutathioneReductaseandArylesteraseActivityLevelsinPatientswithActiveRheumatoidArthritis</title><secondary-title>IranianJournalofPublicHealth</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IranianJournalofPublicHealth</full-title></periodical><pages>102-9</pages><volume>40</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Hassan</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hassan,S.Z.</author><author>Gheita,T.A.</author><author>Kenawy,S.A.</author><author>Fahim,A.T.</author><author>El-Sorougy,I.M.</author><author>Abdou,M.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Oxidativestressinsystemiclupuserythematosusandrheumatoidarthritispatients:relationshiptodiseasemanifestationsandactivity</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofRheumaticDiseases</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofRheumaticDiseases</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11,12]，而脂质的氧化形成的脂质亲过氧化物易分解生成生物活性醛，如4-羟基壬烯醛（HNE）、丙二醛等。Phaniendra等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Phaniendra</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>130</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13,14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>130</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">130</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Phaniendra,A.</author><author>DBJestadi</author><author>Periyasamy,L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FreeRadicals:Properties,Sources,Targets,andTheirImplicationinVariousDiseases</title><secondary-title>IndianJClinBiochem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>IndianJClinBiochem</full-title></periodical><pages>11-26</pages><volume>30</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Wojciech</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>131</RecNum><record><rec-number>131</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">131</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>?uczajWojciech</author><author>Anna,M.M.</author><author>Pedro,D.</author><author>Rosario,D.M.</author><author>Ewa,G.S.</author><author>El?Bieta,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PlasmalipidomicprofilesignatureofrheumatoidarthritisversusLymearthritispatients</title><secondary-title>ArchivesofBiochemistryandBiophysics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ArchivesofBiochemistryandBiophysics</full-title></periodical><pages>105-114</pages><volume>654</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[13,14]对类风湿关节炎受试者的血脂进行非靶向分析，发现部分PC分子种类减少，同时伴随着溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺（LPE）、溶血磷脂酰胆碱（LPC）、磷脂酰肌醇（PI）和鞘磷脂（SM）种类的增加。说明可通过检测患者体液脂质代谢情况可用于类风湿性关节炎的早期诊断。溶血磷脂酸（LPA）可调节多种重要的生物过程，在癌症和神经退行性疾病中起主要作用，在卵巢癌、肾衰竭患者的血浆及哮喘患者的肺泡灌洗液中能检测到LPA的变化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Geraldo</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>124</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Geraldo,Lhm</author><author>Spohr,Tclds</author><author>Amaral,Rfd</author><author>Fonseca,Accd</author><author>Lima,Frs</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Roleoflysophosphatidicacidanditsreceptorsinhealthanddisease:noveltherapeuticstrategies</title><secondary-title>SignalTransductionandTargetedTherapy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SignalTransductionandTargetedTherapy</full-title></periodical><pages>45</pages><volume>6</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2021</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]。因此，可根据不同体液（如血清、血浆、唾液、精浆和卵泡液等）中LPA水平的变化，确定疾病诊断和严重程度的潜在生物标志物。（3）药物载体磷脂是细胞膜的主要成分，具有良好的生物相容性和特殊的两亲性，磷脂具有自组装、乳化和润湿特性。磷脂具有形成脂质体的特性，脂质体可作为药物载体ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cullis</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>122</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>122</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">122</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cullis,P.R.</author><author>Kruijff,B.D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Lipidpolymorphismandthefunctionalrolesoflipidsinbiologicalmembranes</title><secondary-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</full-title></periodical><pages>399-420</pages><volume>559</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1979</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。磷脂具有良好的乳化性能，可以提高乳液的稳定性，并且它们在药物递送系统中具有非常广泛的应用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yang</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>132</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>132</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">132</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yang,R.</author><author>Zhang,X.</author><author>Li,F.</author><author>Ding,L.</author><author>Li,B.</author><author>Sun,H.</author><author>Gan,Y.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Roleofphospholipidsandcopolymersinenhancingstabilityandcontrollingdegradationofintravenouslipidemulsions</title><secondary-title>Colloids&SurfacesAPhysicochemical&EngineeringAspects</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Colloids&SurfacesAPhysicochemical&EngineeringAspects</full-title></periodical><pages>434-442</pages><volume>436</volume><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。脂质体是以磷脂为主要物质制备的具有双分子层结构的囊泡，其结构类似于细胞膜。脂质体具有如下许多优点:递送亲水性和亲脂性药物，具有靶向性、控释性、细胞亲和性、组织相容性、降低药物毒性和提高药物稳定性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Li</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>129</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>129</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">129</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Li,J.</author><author>Wang,X.</author><author>Zhang,T.</author><author>Wang,C.</author><author>Huang,Z.</author><author>Luo,X.</author><author>Deng,Y.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewonphospholipidsandtheirmainapplicationsindrugdeliverysystems</title><secondary-title>AsianJournalofPharmaceuticalSciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AsianJournalofPharmaceuticalSciences</full-title></periodical><pages>81-98</pages><volume>10</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]。脂质体可以作为抗肿瘤药物、抗真菌药物、镇痛药物、基因治疗药物和疫苗的载体。此外，磷脂作为表面活性润湿剂，可以涂覆在晶体表面，增强疏水药物的亲水性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Haynes</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>126</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>126</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">126</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Haynes,D.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Phospholipid-coatedmicrocrystals:injectableformulationsofwater-insolubledrugs</title></titles><dates><year>1992</year></dates><publisher>US</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]。磷脂还可作为载体负载夫西地酸治疗烧伤感染，JingLi等夫西地酸负载的磷脂基微乳与卡波姆940凝胶合并作为烧伤涂抹药物，加速了药物吸收ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jyoti</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jyoti,K.</author><author>Malik,G.</author><author>Chaudhary,M.</author><author>Sharma,M.</author><author>JMadan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chitosanandphospholipidassistedtopicalfusidicaciddrugdeliveryinburnwound:Strategiestoconquerpharmaceuticalandclinicalchallenges,opportunitiesandfuturepanorama</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofBiologicalMacromolecules</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2020</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]。（4）乳化剂和表面活性湿润剂磷脂可以排列成双层膜，组装成循环脂蛋白，通过亲水性血液运输亲脂性甘油三酯和胆固醇。磷脂在人体中可作为乳化剂与胆固醇和胆汁酸在胆囊中形成混合胶束，促进脂溶性物质的吸收。磷脂还可作表面活性润湿剂调节肺和肠内层细胞间的气体和液体交换功能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Cullis</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>122</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>122</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716868">122</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cullis,P.R.</author><author>Kruijff,B.D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Lipidpolymorphismandthefunctionalrolesoflipidsinbiologicalmembranes</title><secondary-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Biochem.Biophys.Acta</full-title></periodical><pages>399-420</pages><volume>559</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1979</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。磷脂在食品行业的应用磷脂本身是一种结构相似，种类复杂的混合物，所以不同磷脂性质各异，可运用到不同需求的产品中。磷脂产品应用广泛，如大豆磷脂、蛋黄磷脂、或酰化磷脂以及氢化磷脂这些功能性磷脂在各行业各有应用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><CiteExcludeAuth="1"ExcludeYear="1"><RecNum>143</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>143</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">143</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>氢化大豆卵磷脂的研制与应用</title><secondary-title>农产品加工．学刊</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>农产品加工．学刊</full-title></periodical><pages>203-205</pages><number>7期</number><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]。酰化磷脂可与吐温80、单甘脂等乳化剂复配制造出一种体系稳定、脱模性能良好的焙烤专用脱模剂ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>马传国</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>148</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>148</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">148</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>马传国</author><author>汪鸿</author><author>刘会娟</author><author>苗海卿</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>O/W型焙烤专用脱模剂的特性研究</title><secondary-title>中国油脂</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中国油脂</full-title></periodical><pages>48-52</pages><number>04</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]；添加溶血磷脂能提升面包的抗老化性能，使面包更加松软，同时溶血磷脂还能改善蛋白质网络结构，提升面筋的柔韧性，使面包更为蓬松ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>范勋涛</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>145</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>145</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">145</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>范勋涛</author><author>阮长青</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>大豆溶血磷脂的制备及其对面包品质的影响</title><secondary-title>食品工业科技</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>食品工业科技</full-title></periodical><pages>193-196</pages><number>03</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]。大豆磷脂具有很好的渗透、湿润和乳化性能，将其运用于冰淇淋、奶粉等乳制品中，可改善产品的分散性，使冰淇淋口感细腻，奶粉冲泡溶液质地均一ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王立巧</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>149</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>149</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">149</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>王立巧</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>天然磷脂在食品及药品加工等方面的应用</title><secondary-title>煤炭与化工</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>煤炭与化工</full-title></periodical><number>2</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]。此外，在饺子皮中加入适量的大豆磷脂可调整饺皮内聚性、硬度，改善其质构，降低冻裂率和水煮时破皮率ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李红</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>146</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>146</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="0xfzxasr89f5pgevv5npz2999veze2dzsvrv"timestamp="1617716896">146</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>李红</author><author>孙东弦</author><author>司俊玲</author><author>杨小幸</author><author>申瑞玲</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>浓缩型和粉末型大豆磷脂对香肠品质的影响</title><secondary-title>食品工业</secondary-t