专题-08-情人眼里出西施效应-2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练

2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练(8)Perception:Arosebyanyothername文化认知：情人眼里出西施主题语境：人与社会主题语境内容：社会与文化【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）TOTHESWEDES,therearefewsmells

more

pleasant

thanthat

ofsurströmming(鲱鱼罐头).Tomostnon-Swedesthereareprobablyfew

smells

more

disgusting.In

determining

whichscents(气味)peoplefindpleasantandwhichtheydonot,surströmmingsuggestsculturemustplayalargepart.

Newresearch,however,suggeststhatmightnotbethecase.ArtinArshamian,aneuroscientistattheKarolinskaInstituteinSweden,andAsifaMajid,a

psychologist

attheUniversityofOxford,beganwiththe

expectation

thatculturewouldplayanimportantrolein

determining

pleasantsmells.Theyhadnoticedfromtheirown

previous

workthatpeoplefromdifferentculturesdescribed

smells

differently.Theyalsoknewfrompastexperimentsbyotherresearchersthatculturewasimportantin

determining

whichsortsoffacespeoplefoundbeautiful.Thus,theyexpectedtoseeasimilar

phenomenon

withsmells.

Tostudyhow

scent

andculture

relate,DrArshamianandDrMajidpresentedninedifferentgroupsofpeoplewithtensmells.Theculturesdoingthesmellingvariedwidely.Theyincluded

hunter-gatherer

communitiesalongthecoastofMexico,

farmerslivinginthe

highlands

ofEcuador,

shoreline

foragers,gardenerslivinginthe

tropical

rainforestsofMalaysia,andcity

folk

fromThailandandMexicoCity.All

235

participants

wereaskedtorank

smells

accordingtopleasantness.TheteamcomparedtheirresultstoearlierworkonNewYorkerswhohadbeenexposedtothesamescents.

WritinginCurrentBiologythisweek,theresearchersnotedthatpleasantness

rankings

ofthe

smells

were

remarkably

consistent

regardless

ofwherepeoplecamefrom.Thesmellofisovaleric

acid(异戊酸)

wasdislikedbythevastmajorityofthe

participants,onlyeightgivingitascoreof

1

to

3

onthepleasantness

scale

(where

1

wasverypleasantand

10

wasveryunpleasant).Ontheotherhand,morethan

190

peoplegave

vanilla

extract(香草精)

ascoreof

1

to

3

andatinyminority,only

12

people,foundit

disgusting

enoughtorate

8

to

10.Overall,the

chemical

composition

ofthesmellsthattheresearcherspresentedexplained

41%ofthereactionsthat

participants

had.In

contrast,cultural

factors

accounted

forjust

6%oftheresults.DrArshamianandDrMajidpointoutthatthisisverydifferentfromhow

visual

perception

offacesworks—inthatcaseaperson’sculture

accounts

forupto

50%ofthe

explanation

forwhichfacestheyfindbeautiful.

Evenso,whileculturedidnotshape

perceptions

of

smells

inthewaythatitisknowntoshape

perceptions

offaces,theresearchersdidfindan“eyeofthebeholder”effect.Randomness,whichDrArshamianandDrMajidsuggesthastobecomingfrompersonal

preferences

learnedfromoutside

individual

culture,

accounted

for

54%ofthe

difference

inwhichsmellspeopleliked.“eyeofthebeholder”effectdoesnotslipoffthe

tongue

soeasilybutittooappearstobeareal

phenomenon.【课标词汇】Disgusting令人反感的；令人愤慨的Hehadthemostdisgustingrottenteeth.他长着非常恶心的一嘴烂牙。Ithinkthedecisionisdisgusting.我认为这个决定令人恶心。determine确定，决定；影响Thenumberofstaffwecantakeonwillbedeterminedbyhowmuchmoneywe'reallowedtospend.我们雇用的人数将取决于可支配资金的多少。Peopleshouldbeallowedtodeterminetheirownfuture.应该允许人们决定自己的未来。bethecase是那样，是那么回事IfthatisthecasethenIwillbeverydisappointed.如果是那样的话，我会非常失望。Itissimplynotthecasethatprisonconditionsareimproving.监狱条件得到改善的情况绝非事实。expectation

期盼；盼望；希望Ihavehighexpectationsforthisjob(=Ibelieveitwillbegood).我对这份工作有很高期望。Wedidsowell-beyondall(=betterthan)ourexpectations.我们做得非常好——远远超出我们的预期。previous以前的，先前的Thepreviousownerofthehousehadbuiltanextensionontheback.这栋房子以前的主人对房子后部进行了扩建。Ticketswillbesoldonthesamebasisasinpreviousyears.票将以前几年相同的原则出售。phenomenon现象(pl.phenomena)Glaciersareuniqueandinterestingnaturalphenomena.冰川是独特而有趣的自然现象。Gravityisanaturalphenomenon.重力是一种自然现象。relate（与…）有因果关系，关联Highunemploymentisrelatedtohighcrimerates.高失业率和高犯罪率有因果关系。Idon'tunderstandhowthetwoideasrelate.我不明白这两个观点有什么联系present赠送，授予；提交；展现Thewinnerswerepresentedwithmedals.获胜者被授予奖牌。Thedocumentarypresenteduswithabalancedviewoftheissue.这部纪录片向我们呈现了对这个问题的客观看法。Theclassroompresentedacheerfulbusyatmospheretothevisitors全班在访客面前展现出一派快乐繁忙的氛围。vary（使）不同；（使）呈现差异;改变；更改Mytasteinclassicalmusicvariesgreatly/widely,butIusuallypreferMozartorBrahms.我对各种古典音乐的喜好程度很不相同，但我通常比较喜欢莫扎特或布拉姆斯的音乐。Theheightsoftheplantsvaryfrom8cmto20cm.这些植物的高度从8厘米到20厘米不等。participant参与者，参加者Hehasbeenanactiveparticipantinthediscussion.他一直积极参与这次讨论。Itwasarguedthathewasawillingparticipant.有人争辩说他是自愿参加的。rank具有…的地位（或等级）；把…分等级；确定…的地位（或等级）Myentrywasrankedthirdintheflowershow.在花展中，我送去参赛的花获得了第三名。Itisnotalwayseasytorankthestudentsinorderofability.把学生按能力排名并非总是容易的。exposed

暴露的Allexposedskinshouldbecoveredwithprotectivecream.所有露在外面的皮肤都应该涂上防护霜。note留意，注意Pleasenote(that)wewillbeclosedonSaturday.请注意我们周六不营业。Suddenly,Inotedthattherainhadstopped...突然，我意识到雨已经停了remarkably

不同寻常地；突出地MariaspeaksremarkablygoodEnglish.玛丽亚讲一口非常流利的英语。Remarkably,noonewasseriouslyhurtintheaccident.奇怪，没有人在事故中受重伤。consistent

一贯的；坚持的；始终如一的Therehasbeenaconsistentimprovementinherattitude.她的态度一直在改进。Whatthewitnesssaidincourtwasnotconsistentwiththestatementhemadetothepolice.证人在法庭上的证供和他对警方的陈述不一致。regardless

of管；不顾；不理会:

Theclubwelcomesallnewmembersregardlessofage.俱乐部对所有新成员不分年龄一律欢迎。

Hewentaheadanddidit,regardlessoftheconsequences.他说干就干了,没有考虑后果。majority大多数，大部分Themajorityoftheemployeeshaveuniversitydegrees.大部分员工都有大学文凭。Alargemajorityofpeopleapproveofthedeathsentence.大多数人赞成死刑。minority少数It'sonlyatinyminorityofpeoplewhoarecausingtheproblem.惹麻烦的只是极少数的人。Onlyaminorityofpeoplesupportthesenewlaws.只有少数人支持这些新法令。chemical

与化学有关的；化学的:achemicalelement化学元素thechemicalindustry化学工业chemicalreactions/processes化学反应/过程In

contrast对比之下Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously,whileours,by/incontrast,hasdeclined.他们的经济快速增长，相比之下，我们的经济则下滑了。account

for解释；说明HewasbroughtbeforetheBoardtoaccountforhisbehaviour.他被带到董事会上为他的行为作出解释。CanyouaccountforyourabsencelastFriday?你能解释一下上周五你为甚么缺勤吗？Visual视觉的；视力的visualperception视觉感知Thetalltoweraddstothevisualimpactofthebuilding.高高的塔楼增强了这幢大楼的视觉效果。

Perception见解，观念，看法感觉，知觉；感知Drugscanalteryourperceptionofreality.毒品会影响你对现实的感知。Thesephotographswillaffectpeople's

perceptions

ofwar.这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。shape决定（或影响）（尤指信仰或思想）的形式；决定，影响（性格）Manypeoplearenotabletoshapetheirowndestinies.很多人不能决定自己的命运。Hewasveryinfluentialinshapingthegovernment'seconomicpolicy/strategy.在左右政府的经济政策／战略方面，他有着极大的影响力。random随机的,随意的arandomsample/selection随机抽样/选择randomlyselected/distributed随意挑选的/任意分配的Theinformationisprocessedinarandomorder.信息是按随机顺序处理的。preference偏爱；爱好；喜爱Herpreferenceisforcomfortableratherthanstylishclothes.她更注重衣服的舒适性，而非时髦的款式。Choosingfurnitureislargelyamatterofpersonalpreference.挑选家俱主要是个人喜好的问题。Wegivepreferencetothosewhohaveworkedwithusforalongtime.我们优先考虑那些和我们长期共事的人。slipoff迅速脱掉（衣服）SlipyourshirtoffandI’lllistentoyourheart.快点脱掉衬衫，我来听听你的心跳。

TheringhadslippedoffJulia'sfinger.

戒指从朱莉娅的手指上滑脱了。【课标词汇精练】根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。Passengerswerekeptforhoursinawaitingroom.Hethereporttohiscolleaguesatthemeeting.Thesamplesinqualitybutweregenerallyacceptable.Staffaretobeactiveinthedecision-makingprocess.Shethebottlesinorderofsizealongtheshelf.There'sevidencetosuggestthatchildabuseisnotjustarecent.Researchersaretryingtolowexamresultsand/to/withlargeclasssizes.Theamountwillbepaidtoeveryonewhethertheyhavechildrenornot.Theofstudentsfinditquitehardtoliveontheamountofmoneytheyget.Yourhealthinpartbywhatyoueat.Ifthatisthe,weneedmorestaff.Theholidayliveduptoallour.Trainingisprovided,sonoexperienceisrequiredforthejob.Childrenwithsingleparentsatmyschoolwereverymuchinthe.Myrelationshipwithmyfatherplayedamajorpartinmyattitudetowardsmen.Theytheconsumers'growingdemandforquickerservice.Allthestudentsdidwellintheirexamsthisyear.Herworkissometimesgood,buttheproblemisshe'snot.Thewinningnumbersareselectedbycomputer.Ihaveaforsweetfoodoverspicy.Tightenthestrapssotheywon’tyourshoulders.Recentpressureatworkmayhisbehavior.Artiststranslatetheirideasintoimages.Wehavetochangethepublic'sthatmoneyisbeingwasted.Keys:disgusting.乘客被迫在令人厌恶的候车室里等了好几个小时。presented.他在会议上向同事们做出报告。varied.这些样品品质有差异，但是大体上可以接受。participants.全体职员要积极参与决策。ranked.她把瓶子按大小顺序摆放在架子上。phenomenon.有证据显示虐待儿童并不是近来才有的现象。relate.研究者们正试图证明学生考分低和班级规模大有关系。regardlessof.不管有没有孩子,每个人都会得到相同的金额。majority.大多数学生都觉得很难靠他们得到的那点钱生活。isdetermined.在某种程度上你的健康状况取决于你的饮食。case.如果真是那样，那我们就需要更多的员工了。expectations假期过得一点也没有令我们失望。previous.这项工作提供培训，因此不要求以前有相关经验。minority.在我的学校里单亲孩子只占极少数。shaping.我和父亲之间的关系在很大程度上决定了我对男性的看法。noted.他们留意到消费者对便捷服务与日俱增的需求。remarkably.所有学生在今年的考试中都表现得非常优秀。consistent她工作有时不错，问题是她不能始终如一。randomly获奖号码是由电脑随机选取的。preference比起辛辣食物我更喜欢甜食。slipoff系紧带子，这样它们才不会从你的肩上滑下来。accountfor他的行为也许是最近的工作压力导致的。visual画家把自己的思想转换成视觉画面。perception大众认为这是在浪费金钱，我们必须改变他们的这种看法。【译文】对瑞典人来说，没有什么比鲱鱼罐头的气味更令人愉悦了。而对于大多数非瑞典人来说，可能没有比这更令人厌恶的气味了。瑞典人对鲱鱼罐头的喜爱表明，在确认人类喜欢哪些气味、不喜欢哪些气味方面，文化发挥了相当大的作用。

然而，新的研究表明，事实可能并非如此。瑞典卡罗林斯卡学院的神经学家ArtinArshamian和牛津大学的心理学家AsifaMajid最初的预期是，文化在决定宜人气味方面发挥着重要作用。他们在之前的研究中发现，不同文化背景的人对气味的描述是不同的。他们还从其他研究人员过去的实验中得知，文化在决定人们认为哪种面孔美丽方面很重要。因此，他们希望看到这一定律也同样适用于气味。

为了研究气味和文化之间的关系，Arshamian博士和Majid博士向九组不同的人提供了十种不同的气味。气味研究参与人员的文