《水处理技术（双语）》课件-泵的基础知识

PumpBasics泵的基础知识泵的类型及应用Typesofpumpsandapplications泵是输送液体或使液体增压的机械。它将原动机的机械能或其他外部能量传送给液体，使液体能量增加。

Apumpisamachinethatconveysaliquidorpressurizesaliquid.Ittransmitsmechanicalenergyfromtheprimemoverorotherexternalenergytotheliquidtoincreasetheenergyoftheliquid.泵主要用来输送水、油、酸碱液、乳化液、悬乳液和液态金属等液体，也可输送液、气混合物及含悬浮固体物的液体。

Pumpsaremainlyusedtoconveyliquidssuchaswater,oil,acidandalkaliliquids,emulsions,suspensionliquidsandliquidmetals,andcanalsoconveyliquidandgasmixturesandliquidscontainingsuspendedsolids.泵的类型及应用Typesofpumpsandapplications按泵的工作原理可将泵分为容积式泵、叶片式泵和其他类型的泵。Pumpscanbedividedintopositivedisplacementpumps,vanepumpsandothertypesofpumpsaccordingtotheworkingprincipleofthepump。图为动力式泵PoweredPumps图为容积式泵Volumetricpumps泵的类型及应用Typesofpumpsandapplications除按工作原理分类外，还可按其他方法分类和命名。如，按驱动方法可分为电动泵和水轮泵等Inadditiontoclassificationaccordingtotheworkingprinciple,canalsobeclassifiedandnamedaccordingtoothermethods.Forexample,accordingtothedrivingmethodcanbedividedintoelectricpumpsandwaterwheelpumps,etc.图为水轮泵Waterwheelpumps图为电动泵ElectricPumps泵的类型及应用Typesofpumpsandapplications按结构可分为单级泵和多级泵Accordingtothestructurecanbedividedintosingle-stagepumpandmulti-stagepump图为多级泵Multi-stagepumps图为单级泵Single-stagepumps泵的类型及应用Typesofpumpsandapplications按用途可分为锅炉给水泵和计量泵等Accordingtotheusecanbedividedintoboilerfeedpumpandmeteringpump,etc.图为锅炉给水泵Boilerfeedpump图为计量泵MeteringPumps泵的类型及应用Typesofpumpsandapplications按输送液体的性质可分为水泵、油泵和泥浆泵等Accordingtothenatureofthetransportedliquidcanbedividedintopumps,oilpumpsandmudpumps,etc.图为油泵Oilpumps图为水泵WaterPump图为泥浆泵Mudpumps泵的类型及应用Typesofpumpsandapplications泵的各个性能参数之间存在着一定的相互依赖变化关系，可以画成曲线来表示，称为泵的特性曲线，每一台泵都有自己特定的特性曲线。Thereisacertaininterdependentchangerelationshipbetweeneachperformanceparameterofthepump,whichcanbedrawnasacurvetorepresent,calledthepumpcharacteristiccurve,eachpumphasitsownspecificcharacteristiccurve.图为泵的特性曲线Pumpcharacteristiccurve泵的定义与历史来源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps泵的发明源于人们对水提升的需求，水的提升对于人类生活和生产都十分重要。Theinventionofthepumpstemsfromtheneedtoliftwater,whichisimportantforhumanlifeandproduction.古代已有各种提水器具，如埃及的链泵（前17世纪)、中国的桔槔（jiegao）（前17世纪)、辘轳（lulu）（前11世纪)、水车(公元1世纪)，以及公元前3世纪古希腊阿基米德发明的螺旋杆等。Inancienttimestherehavebeenavarietyofwaterliftingapparatus,suchastheEgyptianchainpump(17thcenturyBC),theChineseorangepulley(jiegao)(17thcenturyBC),windlass(lulu)(11thcenturyBC),thewaterwheel(1stcenturyAD),aswellasthe3rdcenturyBCArchimedesofancientGreeceinventedthescrewrod.图为中国的桔槔ChineseOrangePulley图为埃及的链泵ChainpumpsinEgypt图为阿基米德发明的螺旋杆Archimedesinventedthespiralrod泵的定义与历史来源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps公元前200年左右，古希腊工匠克特西比乌斯发明了最原始的活塞泵-灭火泵。Around200BC,theancientGreekcraftsmanCtesibiusinventedthemostprimitivepistonpump-fireextinguishingpump.早在1588年就有了关于4叶片滑片泵的记载，以后陆续出现了其他各种回转泵。1689年，法国的帕潘发明了4叶片叶轮的蜗壳离心泵。Asearlyas1588,thereisarecordonthe4vaneslidingvanepump,andlaterappearedavarietyofotherrotarypumps.1689,France'sPapaninventedthe4vaneimpellerwormgearcentrifugalpump.图为4叶片滑片泵4VaneSliderPumps图为活塞泵-灭火泵Pistonpump-fireextinguishingpump图为蜗壳离心泵Wormgearcentrifugalpumps1818年，美国出现了具有径向直叶片、半开式双吸叶轮和蜗壳的离心泵。

In1818,centrifugalpumpswithradialstraightvane,semi-opendoublesuctionimpellerandwormcasingappearedintheUnitedStates.1840~1850年，美国的沃辛顿发明了泵缸和蒸汽缸对置的蒸汽直接作用的活塞泵，标志着现代活塞泵的形成。

1840~1850,theUnitedStatesWorthingtoninventedthepumpcylinderandsteamcylinderopposedtothedirectactionofsteampistonpump,markingtheformationofthemodernpistonpump.泵的定义与历史来源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps图为活塞泵原理图Pistonpumpschematic1851~1875年，带有导叶的多级离心泵相继发明，使发展高扬程离心泵成为可能。

From1851to1875,multi-stagecentrifugalpumpswithguidevaneswereinventedoneafteranother,makingitpossibletodevelophighheadcentrifugalpumps.随后，各种泵相继问世。随着各种先进技术的应用，泵的效率逐步提高，性能范围和应用也日渐扩大。

Subsequently,avarietyofpumpswereintroducedoneafteranother.Withtheapplicationofvariousadvancedtechnologies,theefficiencyofthepumpgraduallyimproved,theperformancerangeandapplicationisalsograduallyexpanded.泵的定义与历史来源Definitionandhistoricaloriginofpumps图为多级离心泵Multi-stagecentrifugalpumps泵的分类Classificationofpumps（一）按泵的工作原理分类Classificationaccordingtotheworkingprincipleofthepump按泵的工作原理可将泵分为容积式泵、叶片式泵和其他类型的泵。

Pumpscanbedividedintopositivedisplacementpumps,vanepumpsandothertypesofpumpsaccordingtotheworkingprincipleofthepump。泵的分类Classificationofpumps①叶片式泵，依靠旋转的叶轮对液体的动力作用，把能量连续地传递给液体，使液体的动能(为主)和压力能增加，随后通过压出室将动能转换为压力能，又可分为离心泵、轴流泵和旋涡泵等。①Vanepump,relyingonthedynamiceffectoftherotatingimpellerontheliquid,theenergyiscontinuouslytransferredtotheliquid,sothatthekineticenergy(mainly)andpressureenergyoftheliquidincreases,andthenthekineticenergyisconvertedintopressureenergythroughthepress-outchamber,whichcanalsobedividedintocentrifugalpump,axialflowpumpandvortexpump,etc.叶片式泵离心泵轴流泵混流泵旋涡泵泵的分类Classificationofpumps②容积式泵，依靠包容液体的密封工作空间容积的周期性变化，把能量周期性地传递给液体，使液体的压力增加至将液体强行排出，根据工作元件的运动形式又可分为往复泵和回转泵。Volumetricpump,relyingontheperiodicchangesinthevolumeofthesealedworkingspacecontainingtheliquid,theenergyistransferredtotheliquidperiodically,sothatthepressureoftheliquidincreasestoforcetheliquidtodischarge,accordingtotheformofmovementoftheworkingelementscanbedividedintoreciprocatingpumpsandrotarypumps.图为回转泵Rotarypumps图为往复泵ReciprocatingPumps泵的分类Classificationofpumps③其他类型的泵，以其他形式传递能量。Othertypesofpumpsthattransferenergyinotherforms.如射流泵依靠高速喷射的工作流体将需输送的流体吸入泵后混合，进行动量交换以传递能量;Forexample,ajetpumpreliesonahigh-speedjetofworkingfluidtobetransportedafterthepumpissuckedintothemix,themomentumexchangetotransferenergy;

水锤泵利用制动时流动中的部分水被升到一定高度传递能量;Waterhammerpumpsusesomeofthewaterintheflowwhenbrakingtoberaisedtoacertainheighttotransferenergy;

电磁泵是使通电的液态金属在电磁力作用下产生流动而实现输送。Electromagneticpumpistomaketheenergizedliquidmetalflowundertheactionofelectromagneticforceandrealizethetransportation.另外，泵也可按输送液体的性质、驱动方法、结构、用途等进行分类。Inaddition,thepumpcanalsobeclassifiedaccordingtothenatureofthetransportedliquid,drivingmethod,structure,use,etc.其他类型射流泵水锤泵电磁泵泵的分类Classificationofpumps按工作叶轮数目来分类可以分为单级泵、多级泵。Accordingtothenumberofworkingimpellerstoclassifycanbedividedintosingle-stagepumps,multi-stagepumps.①单级泵:即在泵轴上只有—个叶轮。Single-stagepump:i.e.,only-oneimpelleronthepumpshaft.②多级泵:即在泵轴上有两个或两个以上的叶轮，这时泵的总扬程为多个叶轮产生的扬程之和。Multi-stagepump:thatis,therearetwoormoreimpellersonthepumpshaft,whenthetotalheadofthepumpisthesumoftheheadsproducedbymultipleimpellers.泵的分类Classificationofpumps按工作压力来分类，分别有低压泵、中压泵、高压泵。Classifiedbyworkingpressure,therearelowpressurepumps,mediumpressurepumpsandhighpressurepumps.①低压泵:压力低于100米水柱；Lowpressurepumps:pressuresbelow100mwatercolumn.②中压泵:压力在100~650米水柱之间；Mediumpressurepumps:pressuresbetween100and650mwatercolumn.③高压泵:压力高于650米水柱。

Highpressurepump:Pressurehigherthan650mwatercolumn.图为中压泵Mediumpressurepumps图为低压泵Lowpressurepumps图为高压泵HighPressurePumps泵的分类Classificationofpumps按叶轮进水方式来分类，可分为单侧进水式泵、双侧进水式泵。Accordingtotheclassificationofimpellerwaterinlet,itcanbedividedintosingle-sidewaterinletpumpanddouble-sidewaterinletpump.①单侧进水式泵:又叫单吸泵，即叶轮上只有一个进水口;Single-sideinletpump:alsocalledsinglesuctionpump,i.e.thereisonlyonewaterinletontheimpeller;②双侧进水式泵:又叫双吸泵，即叶轮两侧都有一个进水口。它流量比单吸式泵大一倍，可以近似看作是二个单吸泵叶轮背靠背地放在了一起。Doublesideinletpump:alsocalleddoublesuctionpump,thatis,thereisawaterinletonbothsidesoftheimpeller.Itistwiceaslargeasthesinglesuctionpump,andcanbeapproximatedastwosinglesuctionpumpimpellersplacedbacktoback.泵的分类Classificationofpumps按泵轴位置来分类，有卧式泵和立式泵。Classifiedbypumpshaftposition,therearehorizontalpumpsandverticalpumps.①卧式泵:泵轴位于水平位置。Horizontalpump:Thepumpshaftislocatedinhorizontalposition.②立式泵:泵轴位于垂直位置。Verticalpump:Thepumpshaftislocatedinverticalposition.图为立式泵VerticalPumps图为卧式泵Horizontalpumps泵的分类Classificationofpumps泵的分类Classificationofpumps按叶轮出来的水引向压出室的方式分类，可分为蜗壳泵和导叶泵这2类。Accordingtothewaythewatercomingoutoftheimpellerisledtothepressurechamber,itcanbedividedinto2categories:wormgearpumpsandguidevanepumps.①蜗壳泵:水从叶轮出来后，直接进入具有螺旋线形状的泵壳。Wormgearpump:Watercomesoutoftheimpellerandgoesdirectlyintothepumpcasingwhichhasaspirallineshape.②导叶泵:水从叶轮出来后，进入它外面设置的导叶，之后进下一级或流入出口管。(常用于多级泵)Vaneguidepump:Afterthewatercomesoutoftheimpeller,itenterstheguidevanesetoutsideit,andthengoesintothenextstageorflowsintotheoutletpipe.(Commonlyusedinmulti-stagepumps)图为导叶泵Vaneguidepumps图为蜗壳泵Wormgearpumps泵在各个领域中的应用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication从泵的性能范围看，巨型泵的流量每小时可达几十万立方米以上，而微型泵的流量每小时则在几十毫升以下；

(a)Intermsoftherangeofpumpperformance,theflowrateofgiantpumpscanreachmorethanseveralhundredthousandcubicmetersperhour,whiletheflowrateofmicropumpsisbelowseveraltensofmillilitersperhour.泵的压力可从常压到高达19.61Mpa以上;被输送液体的温度最低达-200℃以下，最高可达800℃以上。泵输送液体的种类繁多，诸如输送水(清水、污水等)、油液、酸碱液、悬浮液、和液态金属等。Thepressureofthepumpcanrangefromatmosphericpressuretomorethan19.61Mpa;thetemperatureoftheconveyedliquidcanbeaslowas-200℃andashighas800℃.Pumpsconveyawidevarietyofliquids,suchaswater(clearwater,sewage,etc.),oil,acidandalkalineliquids,suspensions,andliquidmetals.图为微型泵MicroPumps图为巨型泵GiantPumps泵在各个领域中的应用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在化工和石油部门的生产中，原料、半成品和成品大多是液体，而将原料制成半成品和成品，需要经过复杂的工艺过程，泵在这些过程中起到了输送液体和提供化学反应的压力流量的作用，此外，在很多装置中还用泵来调节温度。Inthechemicalandpetroleumsectorproduction,rawmaterials,semi-finishedandfinishedproductsaremostlyliquid,andtherawmaterialsintosemi-finishedandfinishedproducts,needtogothroughacomplexprocess,thepumpintheseprocessesplayaroleintransportingliquidandprovidepressureflowofchemicalreactions,inaddition,inmanydevicesalsousethepumptoregulatethetemperature.图为低温液体泵CryogenicLiquid图为石油化工流程泵Petrochemicalprocesspumps泵在各个领域中的应用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在农业生产中，泵是主要的排灌机械。我国农村幅原广阔，每年农村都需要大量的泵，一般来说农用泵占泵总产量—半以上。Inagriculturalproduction,thepumpisthemaindrainageandirrigationmachinery.China'sruralareasarevast,everyyeartheruralareasneedalargenumberofpumps,generallyspeaking,agriculturalpumpsaccountforthetotaloutputofpumps-morethanhalf.图为农用泵AgriculturalPumps泵在各个领域中的应用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication图为煤矿用泥浆泵Mudpumpforcoalmine在矿业和冶金工业中，泵也是使用最多的设备。矿井需要用泵排水，在选矿、冶炼和轧制过程中，需用泵来供水先等。Intheminingandmetallurgicalindustry,thepumpisalsothemostusedequipment.Pumpsareneededtodrainmines,andintheprocessofmineralprocessing,smeltingandrolling,pumpsareneededtosupplywaterfirst,etc.泵在各个领域中的应用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在电力部门，核电站需要核主泵、二级泵、三级泵Inthepowersector,nuclearpowerplantsrequirenuclearmainpumps,secondarypumps,tertiarypumps图为核主泵NuclearMainPumps泵在各个领域中的应用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication热电厂需要大量的锅炉给水泵、冷凝水泵、循环水泵和灰渣泵等。Thermalpowerplantsrequirealargenumberofboilerfeedpumps,condensatepumps,circulationpumpsandashpumps.图为锅炉给水泵Boilerfeedpump图为冷凝水泵Condensatepumps图为循环水泵Circulatingwaterpump图为灰渣泵Slagpumps泵在各个领域中的应用Pumpsinvariousfieldsofapplication在国防建设中，飞机襟翼、尾舵和起落架的调节、军舰和坦克炮