历年考研英语一真题及答案三十九

考研英语一真题及答案

Section1UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemory

andmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan*tremember___1___

weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance*sname,orthename

ofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain___2___,werefertotheseoccurrences

as"seniormoments."___3___seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscan

potentiallyhavea(n)___4___impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal

—5—.

Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasingly

showingthatthere?sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It___6___outthatthe

brainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo.andtherightmental

__7_cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8____.Thinkingis

essentiallya___9___ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,

ourabilityto___10___inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceis

inherited.___11___,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortand

practice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate___12

mentaleffort.

Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep_13___anddevelopedthe

first"braintrainingprogram〃designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregain

theirmental___14___.

TheWeb-basedprogram___15___youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryand

attentionskills.Theprogramkeeps___16___ofyourprogressandprovides

detailedfeedback___17___yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,

it___18___modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto___19___onthestrengths

youaredeveloping—muchlikea(n)___20___exerciseroutinerequiresyouto

increaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.

1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why

2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses

3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]0nce[D]While

4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure

5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook

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6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures

7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations

8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion

9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process

10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature

11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However

12.[A]accordingto[B]regardlessof[C]apartfrom[D]insteadof

13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around

14.[A]sharpness[Bistability[C]framework[D]flexibility

15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows

16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace

17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on

18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually

19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take

20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Inorderto〃changelivesforthebetter"andreduce〃dependency〃George

Osbcrne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.

OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejob

search,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthenthey

shouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcoulcbemorereasonable?

Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitfor

thejobseeker*sallowance."ThDsefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,

notlookingtosignon.〃heclaimed.〃We'redoingthesethingsbecauseweknow

theyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.zz

Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,trying

tochangelivesforthebetter,completewith"reforms"toanobviouslyindulgent

systemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,and

subsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor

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^fundamentalfairness”—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingand

ensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.

Losingajobishurting:youdon,tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasong

inyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerous

state.Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknow

thatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;

yousupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;

youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructure

inyourlife.Worse,thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpay

thebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandthe

answerisalways:ajob.

ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency一permanent

dependencyifyoucangetit-supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulge

yourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearch

andbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfare

isnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentand

receiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase

“jobseeker'sallowance”—inventedin1996-isaboutredefiningtheunemployed

asa“jobseeker"whohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthrough

makingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesa

time-limited"allowance,“conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlement

andnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.

21.GeorgeOsbornesschemewasintendedto

[A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.

[B]encouragejobseekers*activeengagementinjobseeking.

[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.

[D]guaranteejobseekersylegitimaterighttobenefits.

22.Thephrase,“tosigncm”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans

[A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.

[B]toacceptthegovernmentfsrestrictionsontheallowance.

[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.

[D]toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.

23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?

[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.

[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.

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[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.

[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.

24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel

[A]uneasy

[B]enraged.

[C]insulted.

[D]guilty.

25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers*laziness.

[B]Osborne?sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.

[C]Thejobseekersyallowancehasmettheiractualreeds.

[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.

Text2

Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofany

otherprofession一withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.Buttherearefew

placeswhereclientshavemoregroundsforcomplaintthanAmerica.

Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesin

Americagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.Thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-ful1

ofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlaw

graduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindof

nuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynightmare.

Therearemanyreasonsforthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.

ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-year

undergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeat

oneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensive

preparationforthebarexam.Thisleavestoday'saveragelaw-schoolgraduate

with$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthat

manycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhave

toworkfearsomelyhard.

Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensible

ideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgovern

theprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallow

peopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssit

forthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyastern

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enoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowed

to

doso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountain

byathird.

Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownership

structureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyersmay

notownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.There

ispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamong

theregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyers

fromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.

Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecosts

andimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyand

toemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms,efficiency.After

all,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,havestartedliberalizing

theirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.

26.alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto

[A]thegrowingdemandfromclients.

[B]theincreasingpressureofinflation.

[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfirms.

[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards.

27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmerican

states?

[A]Highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies.

[B]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.

[C]Pursuingabachelor"sdegreeinanothermajor.

[D]Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.

28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom

[A]lawyersJandclients,strongresistance.

[B]therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession.

[C]thestemexamforwoulc-belawyers.

[D]non-professionals'sharpcriticism.

29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsideredz/restrictive，zpartly

becauseit

[A]bansoutsiders,involvementintheprofession.

[B]keepslawyersfromholdinglaw-firmshares.

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[C]aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade.

[D]preventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits.

30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses

[A]flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses.

[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerirAmerica.

[C]aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit.

[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica,slegaleducation.

Text3

TheUS$3-mi11ionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninteresting

experiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear'sawardinMarch.

Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNature

discusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobel

Prizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfrom

thetelephone-number-sizedbarkaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.These

benefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttouse

theirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.

What'snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquoted

intheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstart

entrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawards

areanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycould

distorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycould

cementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewed

research.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.

Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewant

toshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohave

madetheircareersinresearch.

AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabout

howscienceprizes—bothnewandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizein

LifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelife

sciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation'slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,

eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborative

natureofmodernresearch一aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwho

isignoredwhenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.The

Nobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyaveryrichindividualwhohaddecided

6

whathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiven

theirlegitimacy.

Asmuchassomescientistsnaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseem

clear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.

Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscience

ratherthangoelsewhere,Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—that

isthecultureofresearch,afterall一butitistheprize-giversJmoneytodo

withastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.

31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas

[A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs*wealth.

[B]apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.

[C]anexampleofbankers,investments.

[D]ahandsomerewardforresearchers.

32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit

[A]theprofit-orientedscientists.

[B]thefoundersofthenewawards.

[C]theachievement-basedsystem.

[D]peer-review-ledresearch.

33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves

[A]controversiesovertherecipients*status.

[B]thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.

[C]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.

[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfindings.

34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?

[A]Theirendurancehasdorejusticetothem.

[B]Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.

[D]Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.

35.Theauthorbelievesthatthenowawardsare

[A]acceptabledespitethecriticism.

[B]harmfultothecultureofresearch.

[C]subjecttoundesirablechanges.

[D]unworthyofpublicattention.

Text4

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“TheHeartoftheMatter,thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademy

ofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthe

humanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracy

inAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereportysfailuretoaddressthetruenature

ofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.

In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstothe

AAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby"federal,stateand

localgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactors

andothers"to"maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientific

schclarshipandeducation.Irresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedthe

Comir.issionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission's51

membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and

businessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,

musicandjournalism.

Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Because

representativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupports

fullliteracy;stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmerican

historyandAmericangovernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigital

technologies.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsfor

increasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprove

students*abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21st

century,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobring

theirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocates

greaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionof

studyabroadprograms.

Unfortunately,despite2%yearsinthemaking,“TheHeartoftheMatter"never

getstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatour

leadingcollegesanduniversities.Thecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecades

America'scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon,tknowthe

contentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.

Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuse

ofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing"progressive,“

orleft-liberalpropaganda.

Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistory

andprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportraying

8

conservativeorclassicalliberalideas一suchasfreemarketsand

self-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimes

legitimate,intellectualinvestigation.

TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.Yetitsreportmay

wellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethat

Congressaskedittoilluminate.

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor,sattitudetowardtheAAAS's

report?

[A]Critical

[B]Appreciative

[C]Contemptuous

[D]Tolerant

37.InfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhow

to

[A]retainpeople,sinterestinliberaleducation

[B]definethegovernmentJsroleineducation

[C]keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation

[D]safeguardindividuals,rightstoeducation

38.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereportsuggests

[A]anexclusivestudyofAmericanhistory

[B]agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjects

[C]theapplicationofemergingtechnologies

[D]fundingforthestudyofforeignlanguages

39.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsare

[A]supportiveoffreemarkets

[B]cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation

[C]conservativeaboutpublicpolicy

[D]biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WaystoGrasp"TheHeartoftheMatter”

[B]IlliberalEducationand"TheHeartoftheMatter*

[C]TheAAAS'sContributiontoLiberalEducation

[D]ProgressivePolicyvs.LiberalEducation

PartB

Directions:

9

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,you

arerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfrom

thelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhave

beencorrectlyplacedMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)

[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable—forexample,

theParthenoninAthens,Greece,thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegaliths

ofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.

Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,while

manyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorge,anearlyhominidsite

inTanzania,wasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterallyfellintoitsdeepvalley

in1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexico

Citysubwayinthe1970s.

[B]Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeorgeCowgill

spentyearssystematicallymapoingtheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheValley

ofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywas

oneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearchersmappednotonly

thecity'svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimpler

apartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.

[C]Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhen

thereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?Typically,theysurveyand

sample(maketestexcavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhere

excavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealso

beccmeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontain

archaeologicalsites.

[D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inone

case,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,

havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusing

aerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.Theresultingsettlementmaps

showhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecity

changeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopancollapsed.

[E]Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematic

surveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airborne

technologies,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarried

byairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneath

io

thegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestor

largerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.

[F]Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswho

havesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.Britisharchaeologist

HowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamunexistedfrom

informationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyof

theKingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800s

BritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvancombedantiquedealers*storesinAthens,

Greece.Hewassearchingfortinyengravedsealsattributedtotheancient

MycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans's

interpretationsoftheseengravingseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalace

atKnossos(Knossds)ontheislandofCrete,in1900.

[G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswill

besuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurface

cluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountof

diggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.

Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasground

radar,magnetic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologistscommonlyuse

computerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensional

mapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavations,illustratinghowsiteslook,and

presentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.

41.CfA-42.F-E-43.Gf44.D->45.B

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe