2022年上海高考英语模拟考场仿真演练英语试卷01（解析版）

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////考生注意清点试卷有无漏印或缺页，若有要及时更换，否则责任自负。………装…………………订…………………线………………绝密★启用前2022年高考英语模拟考场仿真演练卷01英语（上海地区专用）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。ListeningSectionA（第1-10题,每题1分；第11-20题，每题1.5分；共25分）SectionADirections:InSectionyouwilltenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyyouaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersondecidewhichisthebestanswertothequestionyouhave1.A.Impatient. B.Confused. C.Sincere. D.Comfortable.2.A.Inarestaurant. B.Inahotel. C.Inacafe. D.Inasnackbar.3.A.Americanliterature. B.ElementaryeducationC.Children'sliterature. D.Arthistory.4.A.Shewillcontinueherworkonvacation. B.Paperspiledwhileshewasonvacation.C.Shehastoomuchworktodo. D.Shehasmadehervacationplans.5.A.Themancanonlymakealocalcall. B.Themancan'tusehertelephone.C.Themancancallanypersonintheworld. D.Themancanbeherguestatanytime.6.A.Becausetheworkinghourswerenotsuitable. B.Becausethejobwasquitedifficult.C.Becausehehadtodoalotoftravelling. D.Becausethejobwasnotwellpaid.7.A.Finishcheckinghisreference. B.CompletetheresearchC.Putthematerialinorder. D.Finishtypingthepaper8.A.He’llaskStevetogotothebeachwiththem. B.Hewantstomakesuretheweatherisclear.C.Hedoesn'tknowiftheycanhavearoom. D.Heisn'tsurewhethertherewillbespaceforSteve.9.A.Goonatrip. B.Takealongsail.C.Runarestaurant. D.Prepareameal.10.A.Sheonlyreadthecontentsofthebook. B.Shedidn'tomitasingledetailC.Shescannedthewholebook.D.ShereadonlysomechaptersofthebookSectionBDirections:InSectionB.youwillheartwoshortpassagesseveralandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthem.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Arecordoftheschoolyear B.AbookthatisjustforseniorsC.Abookdesignedspeciallytoprintstudents’titles.D.Arecordofstudents’development.12.A.Students’photos. B.Teachersphotos.C.Descriptionsofstudents’academicresults. D.Descriptionsofafter-schoolactivities.13.A.Allthestudentsandteachersvote. B.Studentssigneachother’syearbooks.C.Studentsinayearbookclubchoose. D.Studentswhoaresoongraduatingvote.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Becausee-gaminghasearnedalotofmoneyworldwide.B.Becausee-gaminghasheldmillionsofspectatorsC.Becausee-gaminghasahugeaudiencebaseintheRepublicofKorea.D.Becausee-gaminghasbecomeeveryone'sformofentertainment.15.A.ThatsportrequiresacombinationofdifferentskillsB.Thatplayershavetomakequickdecisionsthroughoutthematch.C.Thatsportdoesn'tnecessarilyneedmuchphysicalworkD.Thatsportinvolvesnotonlybodyengagementbutalsoentertainment16.A.Players. B.InternationalOlympicCommittee.C.Audiences. D.E-gaming.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.A.Makeanappointmentforaninterview. B.Sendinanapplicationletter.Fillinanapplicationform. D.Makeabriefself-introductiononthephone.18.A.Someonehavingacollegedegreeinadvertising.B.Someoneexperiencedinbusinessmanagement.C.Someonereadytotakeonmoreresponsibilities.D.Someonewillingtoworkbeyondregularhours.19.A.Travelopportunities. B.Handsomepay.C.Prospectsforpromotion. D.Flexibleworkinghours.20.A.Itdependsontheworkinghours. B.Itisabout500poundsaweek.C.ItwillbesetbytheHumanResources. D.Itistobenegotiated.Grammar（每题1分；共20分）SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.IcelandshowsoffnatureFoundjustsouthoftheArcticCircle,it’sfarfromthenorthernmostcountryonEarth.Butasatraveldestination,Icelandisontopoftheworld.Knownas‚“thelandoffireandice”,thecountryhasmanynaturalwonders.AstheTodaywebsiteputit,“Itis21_____________naturechooseIcelandtobeitsshopwindowto…remindhumanitythatnatureisstilltheunstoppableforce.”AstheworldwasremindedwhentheEyjafjallajökullvolcanoeruptedsixyearsago,Icelandisacountry“stillinthemaking,andfewotherplacesofferthesameopportunitiestoseetheearth___22___action,”commentedNationalGeographicmagazine.IceisIceland’sotherbigattraction-tobeexact,thehugeglacierswhichtraveltowardthecoast,___23___(make)strangepoolsofwater.Evenbetterarethenorthernlights,whichare___24___(good)toseefromOctobertoMarch.OnSept28,thecountry’scapitalReykjavikdecidedtoturnoffallstreetlightsforanhouratnighttogivepeopleauniquechancetoenjoythenorthernlights.Thankstotheglaciersandthedarksky,the

bright,colorful___25___(dance)lights

became“a

heavenly

light

display”,travelguidebookpublisherLonelyPlanetnoted.And___26___Iceland’suniquenaturalfeaturesarethebiggestattractionsforvisitors,thecountryalsooffersinspiration.Icelandhas___27___higherpercentageofwritersinitspopulationthananyothercountryintheworld,theBBCreported.Anditisnotsurprising___28___thecountrypublishesmorebooksperpersonthananyothercountryintheworld,reportedtheNPRradiostation,Iceland___29___(be)thebirthplaceofimportantliteraryworksandauthors-fromtheVikings’Icelandsagas(传说)toauthorHalldórLaxness,winnerofthe1955NoblePrizeinliterature.“ThebeastinIceland,withitsharshnatureandbitter,ever-changingweather.Wecannotescapeit,”HaraldurJonsson,anIcelandicartists,toldtheObservernewspaperwhiledescribinghisinspiration.“So

we

find

waystolivewithit.We30_____________havearichlifetofilltheemptyspaces.”SectionBDirections:advertisedB.creditC.equippedD.featuresE.participationF.presentG.priorityH.safeguardsI.streamingJ.subjectK.tappingAbreedofupstartappsistakingonaninternetfunctionthatmightseemunneededorevenill-____31____:helpingteenstalktostrangers.Brandedas“socialdiscovery”services,theseappspitchthemselvesasalternativestooutletsthatalreadyspecializeinonlineconnections,likeFacebookandInstagram.Theysaytheyarebetterathelpingyoungusersmeetlike-mindedpeopleoutsidetheirexistingcircles.Andtheysaytheyhave____32____,suchasseparatingusersbyageandusingartificialintelligence,toprotectagainsttheinappropriateorunsafebehaviorthathascausedproblemstopreviousattemptstoconnectyoungpeopleonline.Theirusernumberssuggestthat,whethertheysucceedinstrikingtherightbalance,appslikeYuboandHoopare____33____intoaneedamongteensand20-somethingsfornewwaystobranchoutonline.“Thereisnoplacetodaytosocializeonline,”saysSachaLazimi,the26-year-oldFrenchco-founderofYubo,whichconnectsstrangerswithmessagingandlive-____34____.ItisacounterintuitivestatementforanyonewhohasseenteenssendingSnapsrapidfiretotheirfriends,respondingtovideosonTikTok,FaceTimingforhours,orusingInstagram.ButMr.Lazimithinksthoseplatformsallowfortoomuchpassive____35____.“Snapchat,InstagramandTikTokareallaboutperformance,contentandindividualbehavior,”hesays.Yubo____36____aswipinginterfacesimilartothatofTinder.ButMr.Lazimiinsistsitisnotadatingapp.Thepoint,hesays,istofacilitatecommunicationbetweenpeopleallovertheworldwhosharemutualinterests.Yuboisn’t____37____everywhereinthelivesofAmericanteensyet-andperhapsneverwillbe-butthecompanysaystheapphas25millionuserssignedup,withnearlyhalfofdailyusenowcomingfromAmerica.Butsomeoftheseappshavealsobeenthe____38____ofsafetyconcerns.YubohasalsofaceditsOwnsafetychallenges.InFlorida,law-enforcementofficialssaytheyarrestedamanwhoreportedlylured(诱骗)ateenagerthroughYubo.Inastatement,Yubosaidthatthepreventionofchildabusehasbeenakey____39____forthepastthreeyears.“Yuborecognizesitsresponsibilityinprotectingyoungpeopleusingitsserviceandhasgonefarbeyondmanyofthemainsocial-mediaservices.”“However,actuallyteensare_____40_____withmoretoprotectthemselvesthanexpected”,saysDr.Hinduja.“Theyaredoingsomethingtokeepthemselvessafeorwewouldhavestrikinglymorevictimizationthanwedo.”ReadingComprehension(41–55题，每题1分；56–70题，每题2分；共45分)SectionADirections:eachblankinthefollowingpassagemarkedB,CandD.ineachblankwiththeorphrasethatbestthecontext.EmailisoneoftheInternet’soldestapps—fromthedaysbeforeweusedtheword“app”even—anddespiteitsdrawbacks,mostofusstilluseiteveryday.Typically,theappswedownloadin2020havebeen____41____formeredaysormonths.Weareusedtothepangofregretwhenreallyusefulsoftwaresuddenlywinksoutofexistence.Howhasemailremaineda(n)____42____fornearlyyears?Yes,itishelpfulthatemailisbasedona(n)____43____communicationsmediumthatstretchesbacktosomeofthefirstexamplesofwrittenlanguage.Butthatisn’tthefullstory.First,emailmanagedtosurvivemassiveupheavalsinthewayweusecomputers.Intheearly1970s,whenemailwasborn,itwasalmost____44____atoolforresearchers,universitystudentsandengineers.Youwouldsend,receiveandstoreyouremailonaworkcomputer.Withthe____45____ofpersonalcomputersinthe1980sand90s,emailbecamesomethingyoukeptonyourownprivatemachinesordisks—almostlikestoringoldlettersinashoebox.Nowwehavecomefullcircle.Mostofusstoreourpersonalmailinthecloud,whichis____46____likestoringitonsomebodyelse’sworkcomputer.Itisextremelyraretoseeappsmaketheleapfromoneplatformtoanotherlikeemaildid.Theytendto____47____inthejourneyfromwebtomobile,orfromonegamesystemtoanother.Aswellas____48____dramatictechchanges,emaildealtwithanothermajorhurdles—spam(垃圾邮件).Inthe1990sandearly2000s,people’sinboxeswere____49____withsomuchjunkthatitwasimpossibletofindthestuffyouwanted.Youhadtoinstallanotherprogram—aspamfilter—justtouseyouremailprogram.Butintheageofcloudmail,anti-spamsystemshavebecomesogoodthatitis_____50_____toseeoneofthosequaintoldsubjectlinestouting(标榜)“VI@grs@!”or“pron”togetaroundwordfilters.Andyet,_____51_____itsheroictriumphovertechobsolescenceandspam,emailisn’texactlyalluring(吸引人的).Weuseitmostlyforofficial_____52_____,automatedremindersandshoppingreceipts,alongwiththeoccasionalbitofpersonalnews.Thoughemailcommunicationispracticallyinstantaneous,itfeels_____53_____.Whyemailwhenyoucouldtext?Perhapsthatisthepoint.Emailisn’tabrand-newwayto_____54_____norisitjuicedupwithmemesandnottakes.ButwearestillopeningG-mailorHot-maileverydaybecauseitworksandeverybodyhasit.Underthehood,emailusesprotocol(数据传递的协议)thatkeepstryingtosenddata,overandover,hopingthatitcanoutlastnetworkproblems.Itdoesn’tgiveup.Andsomehow,bytryingreallyearnestly,ithas_____55_____thecomputerswhereithasbornandthespammerswhotriedtodefeatit.A.available B.effective C.free D.reasonableA.servant B.dominance C.constant D.functionA.ancient B.cheap C.direct D.simpleA.exceptionally B.exclusively C.generally D.inclusivelyA.addition B.company C.impact D.riseA.essentially B.literally C.physically D.potentiallyA.eliminate B.malfunction C.upgrade D.withdrawA.bringingaboutB.conflictingwithC.strugglingwithD.identifyingwithA.buried B.clogged C.charged D.featuredA.excited B.rare C.relieved D.unpleasantA.despite B.insteadof C.regardlessof D.thankstoA.announcement B.connection C.correspondence D.publicationA.short B.convenient C.distant D.slowA.contribute B.cooperate C.evolve D.socializeA.abandoned B.defeated C.outlived D.unifiedSectionB Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）Hey,man,Goodtohearfromyouagain.Youre-mailcameinjustasIwaschattingwithanotherfriend,Jeff.IwishIhadbetteradvice.Youknow,afterIlefttheShenandoahValley,mynextjobwasinRockyMount.Thetwoothersportswritersonstaff,TravisandJeff,wereintheirmid-20stoo.Honestly,we’dcometoRockyMounttoleaveRockyMount.WecomplainedaboutourshopandenviedtheCharlotteObserverandtheRaleighNews&Observer.Whatresourcestheyhad!Writerswhocoveredonlyoneteamdidn’thavetolayoutpages.Talkaboutlivingthedream.Ifwecouldjustgettooneofthoseplaces!Thenwecouldgosomewhereelse!Travis,Jeff,andIbondedoverourdesiretopartways.Weatedinnertogetherandwentouttocoverourgamesandcamebacktohelpsendthefinalpagestotheprinter.Onthebestnights,we’dgrabthenewseditorsandplayWiffleball,laughingandjokinguntilalmostsunrise.Wealllefttherewithinayear,asintended.Jeffbecameoneofthemostwell-knownNASCARwritersinthecountry,withalmost200,000Twitterfollowers.Nowhe’sgothisownmediacompanythat’sdoingquitewell.In2017,JeffandIwenttoaCharlotteKnightsgame,andJeffsaidsomethingaboutRockyMountthatIwon’tforget.“Ididn’tappreciateitthen,buthonestly,whenIlookback,it’sprobablythebesttimeI’veeverhadinmycareer.”Maybesuccessisn’tmeasuredinachievements,or“beinghappywithwhoyouare”.Goalsandpersonalpeaceareselfishmarkers,andIdon’tmeantoimplyselfishnessisabadthing,notatall.Selfishnessistheaxisofhumankind,fromcavementoastronautstosaintsonearth.Individualaccomplishmentsbringworldwideaccomplishments.Butalloftheaccomplishmentsmaynotleaveyoufeelingsuccessful,right?Thepointis,maybesuccessisasmallercalculation,somethingmorelikewhatJeffhintedat.Maybesuccessishavingthewherewithal(所需的物资)tobegratefulattheprecisemomentyouhavesomethingtobegratefulfor.Thankyouforwriting,oldfriend.Mike56．WhenMikewenttotheRockyMount,________.A．heappreciatedlifethere.B．helivedthedreamthere.C．heintendedtolandabetterjobelsewhere.D．hegotajobwithallresourceshelongedforthere.57．WhatdidMikedoinRockyMount?A．Aprinter. B．Areporter.C．Aplayer. D．Aneditor.58．Whichofthefollowingistrue?A．Mikebelievesselfishnessispartofhumannature.B．Wefeelhappywhenwearecalculatingsmallnumbers.C．MikedisagreeswithJeff’scommentontheirlifeinRockyMount.D．Individualaccomplishmentsareunrelatedtoworldwideaccomplishments.59．Mikeisgivingadviceon______.A．whathappinessis B．whatsuccessisC．howtoachievemore D．howtolandabetterjob（B）Mostofushaveheardtheterm"runner'shigh,"butwhatexactlydoesthismean?Exercisecreateschemicalresponsesinthebrain,whichleadtobothtemporaryandlong-termmentalhealthbenefits.Hereishowitworks:Whathappenswhenwearestressed?●Cortisol（皮质醇）:Thisstresshormoneislinkedtomood,motivationandfear.Italsoaltersimmunesystemresponsesandsuppressesthedigestivesystem.●Adrenaline（肾上腺素）:Thisstresshormoneraisesyourheartrate,elevatesbloodpressure,andboostsenergystores.●Hypothalamus（下丘脑）:Thisregionofthebrainisthebody'snaturalalarmsystemwhichstimulatestheproductionofcortisolandadrenaline.●Hippocampus（海马体）:Toomuchcortisolcutscellproductioninthebrain'shippocampusregion,damagingthoughtorganizationandmemoryformation.Feelingoverwhelmed?Hitthegym!Asyourheartbeginstopound,yourbrainchemistryreactsalmostimmediatelytogetyoufeelingbetterbothphysicallyandmentally.Brainderivedneurotrophicfactor:BDNFprotectsthebrainfromemotionaldisordersandrepairsdamagefromstressanddepression.Norepinephrine:Thisneurotransmitterworkswithdopamine（多巴胺）asa"feelgood"mood-boostingchemical.Itisalsocriticalinthedecision-makingprocess.GABA:Exerciselowersstresslevels,whichtriggersthereleaseofthiscalmingneurotransmitter（神经递质）.FrequentboostsofGABAbuildimmunitytostress,enhancingyourabilitytotakeonlife'schallenges.Antibodies（抗体）:Bothexerciseandhappinessincreaseantibodyproduction.Antibodiesarespecialproteinsproducedbytheimmunesystemtohelpfightviruses,bacteriaanddiseases.Endocannabinoids:Thesenaturalchemicalcompoundsplayaroleinprocessingappetite,painsensation,moodandmemory.Theyareverycloselyrelatedtotheactiveingredientsofthecannabis（大麻）plant.Dopamine:Thisneurotransmitterisa"feelgood"mood-boostingchemical.Italsocontrolsthebrain'srewardandpleasurecenterandisresponsibleforfeelingsofrelaxationandgreatjoy.Endorphins:Endorphinsnaturallygetmostofthecreditforfeelingsofextremehappiness,buttheyplayonlyasmallpartintheexercise-inducedrush.Thesepainfightingpeptidesincreasewithaslittleas20minutesofexercise.Serotonin（血清素）:Thisneurotransmitterisresponsibleforfeelingsofcalmnessandhopefulness.Lowlevelsarelinkedtodepression.Antidepressantsincreasetheselevels,andsodoesexercise.60.Johnhasbeenfeelinganxioussincehestartedhisnewjob.Accordingtothearticle,hewouldNOTlikelytoifhefailedtoadapthimselftohisnewworkingenvironment.A.frequentlygetsick B.haveapoormemoryC.easilylosehistemper D.losehisappetite61.Havingexercisedregularlyforonemonth,Johnfoundthathefeltbetterwhenitcomestomakingdecisions.Accordingtothearticle,thisislargelyduetotheincreasedlevelsofinhisbrainfollowingworkouts.A.GABA B.dopamineC.endorphins D.norepinephrine62.Wherecanweprobablyfindthetext?A.Inafashionmagazine. B.Inaphysicstextbook.CInapopularsciencebook. D.Inanacademicpaper.（C）Inthenear2050,diningatyourfavoriterestaurantislikelytobeanaltogetherdifferentexperience.Foryourstarter,you’lltuckintoadeliciousCaesarsaladcontainingprotein-richmealwormsinsteadofchicken.Next,yourandroidwaiter2.0willbringoverthemouth-wateringmaincourse;ameatyburgerthathasbeengrowninaPetridish(有盖培养皿),decoratedwithcrisplettucefreshlypickedfromanundergroundfarmandjuicytomatothathasbeengeneticallymodifiedtocontainextravitamins.Then,ifyoustillhaveroomfordessert,you’llbeabletochoosefromarangeofsweettreatsthathavebeendesignedonacomputerandprinteddirectlyontotheplate.Theseunconventionaldishesmayseemstomach-churningtousnow,butinthefuturetheycouldhelptosolveaglobalfoodcrisis.Overthenext35years,theworld’spopulationisexpectedtoexceedninebillion,meaninganextratwobillionhungrymouthstofeed.Tofulfillthisdemand,theamountoffoodwegrowwillneedtoincreaseby70percent,butwithmostoftheplanet’sfarmlandalreadybeingused,andbillionsofitsinhabitantsalreadyundernourished,thisisgoingtobeamajorchallenge.Today’sglobalfoodindustryisalreadyunsustainable,withagricultureresponsibleforalmostathirdofallhuman-causedgreenhousegasemissions.Fromthenitrousoxidegivenoffbycropfertilizers,tothecarbondioxidegeneratedastheproduceistransportedaroundtheworld,thesegasesareatrappingheatintheatmosphereandgraduallywarmingthesurface.Inturn,thechangingclimatemakesitdifficulttogrowmorecrops,andsoscientistswillneedtostepinmoreandmoretohelp.Bygeneticallymodifyingtheplantswegrow,notonlycanthemorevulnerablespeciesbemadeabletowithstandharsher,inhospitableenvironment,butthehardierspeciesthatcansurvivecouldalsobemademorenutritioustoensureweallgetvitaminsandmineralsweneed.Althoughgrowingfruitandvegetablesgeneratesagreatdealofgreenhousegas,itislivestockproductionthatisthebiggestcontributortoglobalemissions.Asdemandformeatgrows,sodoesthelistofnegativeconsequencesforourplanet,sosomethingneedstobedoneverysoon.Ofcourse,onesimplesolutiontotheproblemistoeatlessmeat,butforamostlycarnivorous(食肉的)globalpopulation,thisideaisunlikelytocatchon.Therefore,tastyalternativesneedtobefound,andideaofwhatweconsidertobemeatmayneedtochangetoo.Insteadofpacketsandtins,yourlocalsupermarketwillsellingredientsincartridgesthatyoucanloadintoyour3Dprinterathome.Then,withapressofabutton,youcansitbackandrelaxwhilethemachinebuildsadeliciousdish—layerbylayer—thatissuretoimpressyourdinnerpartyguests.63.Inthefuturerestaurant,________mightbeservedaccordingtothepassage.A.beefburgerswithoutcalories B.deliciousvegetariandishesC.popularhand-madecakes D.breadmadeusinginsectflour64.Thereasonwhywemayadoptunconventionaldishesis__________.A.toprovidenutritionforpeoplearoundtheworldB.todecreasethefarmlandsbeingusedintheplanetC.tobalancefoodsupplyanddemandD.tofeedtheextratwobillionhungrymouths65.Whichofthefollowingiscorrectregardingtherelationshipbetweenfoodandclimate?A.cropscultivation→gasemission→climatechanges→morecropsB.geneticalmodification→betteradaptability→morenutritionC.livestock→minorinfluence→lessconsequence→remainunchangedD.lessmeatlovers→moretastychoices→morefoodchanges66.Whatmightbediscussedintheparagraphsfollowingthelastone?A.Hi-techfarms. B.Lab-grownmeat.C.Geneticallymodifiedfood. D.3D-printdmeals.SectionCDirections:thefollowingpassages.ineachblankwithasentenceintheEachsentencebethatsentencesneed.YourIncredibleBrainA.Butthatshouldcomeasnosurprise.B.Ourbrain-bodyconnectionhasneverbeensostrong.CPugh’sclaimappearstobewidelychallengedamongscientificcircles.D.Yeteachnewinsightraisesmorequestions,whileitalsocastsage-oldproblemsinanewlight.E.Weseemtohavealongwaytogobeforewewillbeabletoshedanyfurtherlightonthestructureofthebrain.F.However,itcanfeellikeanamazingachievementtoestablishevenbasicfacts,suchashowmanydifferentkindsofbraincellswehave.PhysicistEmersonPughoncesaidthatifthehumanbrainweresosimplethatwecouldunderstandit,wewouldbesosimplethatwecouldn’t.Thankfully,thecomplexityofbrainissogreatthatwearenotsimpleandneither,therefore,isthetaskofunderstandingit.___67___Ourlatestattempttocountthemsuggeststhereare75differenttypesintheneocortexalone,thearearesponsibleforourmostadvancedthoughtsandbehaviors.Thatisn’ttosayoureffortstoexplorethebrain’smysteriesareinvain.DespitePugh’sobservation,wearealwayslearningmoreandmoreabouthowa1.5-kilogramlumpoftissuethatfluttersandcracklesinsideourskullcancomeupwithourmostelaborate―behaviors.____68____Breakthroughsintheunderstandingofhowourbrainstitch(缝合)togetheroursenseofrealityareredefiningwhatitmeanstobeconscious.Theyarealsohighlightingthepersistentpowerofthemind,eveninthecasesinwhichourbodieshideallsignsofawareness.Wedon’tappeartobeheadingtowardsaworldofjarsfullofbrains,bodiesthrownaway,justyetthough.___69___Gutthinkingisnotjustacleverturnofphrase:microbesinourintestines(肠道)affectourriskforneurologicalconditions,andcaninfluenceourmoodandmentalhealth.Andwhenitcomestopreventingcognitivedecline,physicalactivityiscrucial.Still,let’snotrejectasci-fifutureentirely―weknow,forinstance,thatmagneticstimulationcanhavemanyuses,fromtreatingdepressiontosuperchargingourbrain’sprocessingpower,effectivelymakingussmarter.Thehumanbrainhasmanymorerevelationsinstore,andtheymayrequireustorethinkoldideasorcorrectourassumptions.____70____Afterall,betweenourearsliesthemostcomplexobjectintheknownuniverse.IV.SummaryWriting(10分)Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.ThelostartoflisteningDoyouthinkyou’reagoodlistener?Chancesarethatyoudo.Butstudiesshowthatmostpeopleseriouslyoverestimatetheirabilitytolisten.Thetruthiswearegenerallynotgoodatlistening,andourlisteningcomprehensiondeclinesasweage.ThiswasprovenbyDr.RalphNichols,whoconductedasimpleexperimenttoteststudents’listeningskills.HehadsomeMinnesotateachersstopwhattheyweredoingmid-class,andthenaskedstudentstodescribewhattheirteachershadbeentalkingabout.Whileolderkidswithmoredevelopedbrains,areusuallyassumedtobebetterlisteners,theresults,however,showedotherwise:While90percentoffirst-andsecond-gradersgavecorrectresponses,thispercentagedroppedrapidlyasthestudentsgotolder.Onereasonforourpoorlisteningconcernsthespeedatwhichwethink.Theadultbraincanprocessuptoaround400wordsperminute,morethanthreetimesfasterthant