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甘肃省靖远第二中学2025届高考冲刺英语模拟试题注意事项:1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分(共20小题,每小题1.5分,满分30分)1.—I’mafraidIcouldn’tgotoyourbirthdayparty.IhaveatestnextMonday.—Oh,!You’remybestfriendandyoumustbethere!A.goahead B.comeon C.youneedn’t D.itdoesn’tmatter2.HadMarynotbeenhurtinthecaraccident,________thenextweek’smarathon.A.shewouldrun B.shewouldhaverunC.shewillrun D.shemusthaverun3.Mysister______thebabywhileI’matyoga.A.arrangesB.mindsC.assesses4.AfterreceivingtheOscarforBestSupportingActress,AnneBenedictwentonallthepeoplewhohadhelpedinhercareer.A.tothank B.thankingC.havingthanked D.tohavethanked5.Icertainlyexpecttobeelectedbeststudentoftheyear.It’sreally________!A.agoodSamaritanB.awetblanketC.afeatherinmycapD.apieceofcake6.—Daddy,wouldyoupleasebuymeaniPhoneX?—Ifyoucanpassthismidtermexamination,you__________haveoneasareward.A.must B.needC.would D.shall7.WolfWarrior2,which________the“AwardforBestVisualEffects”attheBeijingFilmFestival,indicatesChina'sfilmindustryhascomeofage.A.winsB.wonC.haswonD.hadwon8._______thatIwouldn’tsupportmyselfatthatmoment.A.IwasweakenoughB.IwastooweakC.SoweakwasID.SuchweakwasI9.AgrandbanquetwasheldbyElizabethII_____PresidentXi’scurrentstatevisittotheUK.A.intermsofB.inhonorofC.infavorofD.inmemoryof10.Sheis____________beingpleasedaboutit;sheisveryangry.A.freefrom B.freeof C.outof D.farfrom11.Thepartylastmonthreallygavemealotoffun.Socanwehavethismonth,Mr.James?A.any B.one C.another D.theother12.Thenewmovie________tobeoneofthebiggestmoney-makersofalltime.A.pretends B.agrees C.promises D.declines13.—It’ssohumidthesedays!—Don’tworry!Therain________tostopfromtomorrow.A.willexpectB.expectsC.willbeexpectedD.isexpected14.Shesaidher________isenoughtosupportherinlateryearsandthatheronlyhopeisthathersoncanvisitregularly.Afterallshehadnotmuchtimeleft.A.pension B.benefit C.allowance D.bonus15.I'llhaveallofthereadingsbytheendofthistermifmyplangoeswell.A.completing B.tocompleteC.completed D.beingcompleted16.Variousefforts________inthepastdecadestoprotecttheenvironment.A.hadmadeB.havemadeC.weremadeD.havebeenmade17.Heswitchedoffthelightandwasabouttoleavetheclassroomandonlythen____torainheavily.A.itbeganB.itbeginsC.doesitbeginD.diditbegin18.Tomissocreativeapersonthathealwayshaslotsof_________ideasinhismind,andsometimeswedon’tevenknowwhatheisthinkingabout.A.meanB.novelC.slimD.instant19.Wecancommunicate________peopleineverypartoftheworld________theInternet.A.with;with B.with;throughC.through;through D.through;with20.—Whatdidhedoinreturnforfree________andfoodofferedbythekindcouple?—Hehelpedtheirsonwithhislessons.A.conservation B.admissionC.accommodation D.immigration第二部分阅读理解(满分40分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。21.(6分)Wheneverwetalkaboutholidays,mymotherteasesmysisterandmeabouthowwe“makeoutlikerobbers.”SheisreferringtothefactthatwearehalfJewishandhalfIndian,sowereceivegiftsonboththe.festivalsoflights.HanukkahandDiwali.Thoughmymotherteasesus,Idonotmindgettingtwosetsofgifts!Hanukkahiscelebratedonthe25thdayoftheJewishmonth.whichisusuallysometimeinDecember.OnHanukkah,likemostJewishfamilies.welightamenorahandsayaprayereachnight.Wealsosayaspecialprayeronthefirstnight.Afterthat,itisatraditiontormysisterandmetodo‘hotandcold’,forourhiddenHanukkahgifts.Whenwewalktowardsthegift,ourparentssay‘hot’andwhenwewalkfurtheraway,theysay‘cold’.WeeachreceiveonepresenteverynightofHanukkah.AnotherpartIlikeaboutthisholidayisseeingfamilymemberswhowedonotseeoften.Myauntusuallystaysforafewdays,andwesometimesvisitotherrelatives.Diwaliiscelebratedonthe13thdayofthedarkfortnightofthemonthofAshwin(October/November).TocelebrateDiwali,myfamilydoesapooja,orprayers,inhonorofthegoddessLakshmi.Sincesheisthegoddessofwealthandprosperity,thepoojaincludeswashingsilvercoinsinmilkandwater.InIndia,peopledecoratetheirhouseswithlamps,similartothewayyoumightlightupyourhouseforChristmas.MyfamilyjustplacesafewcandlesoutsideWealsosetofffirecrackers,whichismyfavoritepart.Weoftendothisactivitywithfriendstoaddtotheexcitement.BothholidayshavedifferenthistoriesandstoriesWecelebratethemindifferentways,yettheybothhavethesamemeaning.Theybothtranslateinto.FestivalofLights,andtheybothmeanfamilyandpresentsforme!1、WhydoestheauthorreceivegiftsonbothHanukkahandDiwali?A.Becausehelivesinarichfamily.B.Becausehelivesintwodifferentcountries.C.Becausehisparentslikecelebratingtheirdifferentcultures.D.Becausehisparentslikespendingmoneybuyinggiftsforthem.2、Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“hotandcold”inParagraph2referto?A.AkindofHanukkahgame.B.AkindofHanukkahgift.C.Acanoffestivaldrink.D.Ariddlewrittenonlights.3、wecanlearnfromthetextthatHanukkahandDiwali.A.sharethesamehistoryandcultureB.arecelebratedbybothJewsandIndiansC.arebothrelatedtothelegendoflightsD.encouragethefamiliestodotheirprayers4、Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsHanukkahandDiwali?A.Sheenjoyscelebratingbothofthem.B.Shedoesmindspendingthem.C.ShelikesHanukkahbetter.D.ShelikesDiwalibetter.22.(8分)Whatisbigdataexactly?Goodquestion.Afterall,we'vealwayshadlargeamountsofdata.AsLaurieMiles,head,ofanalyticsforbigdataspecialistSAS,says,“Thetermbigdatahasbeenaroundfordecadesandwe'vebeen,doinganalyticsallthetime.It'snotbig;it'sjustbigger."Mosttraditionaldatawasstructured,orneatlyorganizedindatabases.ThentheworldwentdigitalandtheInternetcamealong.Mostofwhatwe1docouldbetranslatedintodatacapableofbeingrecorded,stored,searched,andanalyzed.Therewasalsoso-calledunstructureddatageneratedbyallourdigitalinteractions(互动),fromemailstoonline’shopping,textmessagestotweets,andFacebookupdatestoYouTubevideo's.Somesaythatabout90%ofallthedataintheworldtodayhasbeencreatedinthepastfewyears.“About75%ofdataisunstructured,comingfromsourcessuchastextvoiceandvideo,”saysMrMiles.“Bigdataisnotjusthistoricbusinessintelligence,’'saysMr,Miles.“It'stheadditionofreal-timedataandtheabilitytocombinetogetherseveraldatasetsthatmakesitsovaluable.”Practically,anyonewhomakes,growsandsellsanythingCanusebigdataanalyticstomaketheirmanufacturingandproductionprocessesmoreefficientaridtheirmarketingmoretargetedandcost-effective.Andmanybusinessesareonlyjustbeginningtorealizethatdataissomethingthattheyneedtoprotectanduse.“Banksonlyuseathirdoftheiravailabledatabecauseitoftensitsindatabasesthatarehardtoaccess,”saysMrMiles,“Weneedtofindwaystomakethisdatamoreeasilyaccessible.”Whoownsitall?Socialmediaplatformswilloften,saythattheirusersowntheirowncontent,butthenlayclaimtohowthatcontentisused,reservingtherighttoshareitwiththirdparties!Sowhenyoutweetyoueffectivelygiveupanycontroloverhowthattweetisusedinfuture,eventhoughTwittertermsandconditionssay,“What'syoursisyours.”Privacy(隐私)andintellectualproperty1lawshavenotkeptupwiththepaceoftechnologicalchange.1、Accordingtothefirstparagraph,bigdata______.A.isalsocalledmoderndata B.meanswedon'thaveenoughdataC.getsitsnamefromaresearchinstitute D.hasbeenresearchedformanyyears2、Whatcontributesgreatlytothedevelopmentofunstructureddata?A.Theincreasingnumberofdatabases. B.Ourincreasingexposuretodigitalactivities.C.Agreatdecreaseinstructureddata. D.Thelackofpeoplewhocantranslatedata.3、Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Thefutureofbigdata. B.Thevalueofbigdata.C.Theprotectionofbigdata. D.Theproblemsofbigdata.4、Whydobanksonlyuseasmallpartoftheirdata?A.Becauseithasdifferentresources. B.Becausethespeedistooslow.C.Becausethecostisveryhigh. D.Becauseitisdifficulttoobtain.23.(8分)Highlevelsofchocolateconsumptionmightbeassociatedwithaonethirdreductionintheriskofdevelopingheartdisease,suggestsastudypublishedonlineintheBritishMedicalJournal.Thefindingsconfirmresultsofexistingstudiesthatgenerallyagreeonapotentialbeneficiallinkbetweenchocolateconsumptionandhearthealth.However,theauthorsstressthatfurtherstudiesareneededtotestwhetherchocolateactuallycausesthisreductionorifitcanbeexplainedbysomeotherunmeasuredfactor.TheWorldHealthOrganizationpredictsthatby2030,nearly236millionpeoplewilldiefromheartdisease.However,lifestyleanddictarekeyfactorsinpreventingheartdisease,saysthepaper,Anumberofrecentstudieshaveshownthateatingchocolatehasapositiveinfluenceonhumanhealthduetoitsantioxidantandanti-inflammatoryproperties.Thisincludesreducingbloodpressureandimprovinginsulinsensitivity.However,theevidenceabouthoweatingchocolateaffectsyourheartstillremainsunclear.So,DrOscarFrancoandcolleaguesfromtheUniversityofCambridgecarriedoutalargescalereviewoftheexistingevidencetoevaluatetheeffectsofeatingchocolateoncardiovascular(心血管)eventslikeheartattackandstroke.Theyanalyzedtheresultsofsevenstudies,involvingover100,000participantswithandwithoutexistingheartdisease,Foreachstudy,theycomparedthegroupwiththehighestchocolateconsumptionagainstthegroupwiththelowestconsumption.Fivestudiesreportedabeneficiallinkbetweenhigherlevelsofchocolateconsumptionandtheriskofcardiovascularevents.Theyfoundthatthe“highestlevelsofchocolateconsumptionwereassociatedwitha37%reductionincardiovasculardiseaseanda29%reductioninstrokecomparedwithlowestlevels.”Nosignificantreductionwasfoundinrelationtoheartfailure.Theauthorssaythefindingsneedtobeinterpretedwithcaution,inparticularbecausecommerciallyavailablechocolateisverycalorific(around500caloriesforevery100grams)andeatingtoomuchofitcouldleadtoweightgain,riskofdiabetesandheartdisease.However,theyconcludethatgiventhehealthbenefitsofdatingchocolate,initiativestoreducethecurrentfatandsugarcontentinmostchocolateproductsshouldbeexplored.1、WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Thereusedtobestudiesaboutthebeneficiallinkbetweenchocolateconsumptionandhearthealth.B.MillionsofpeoplewilldiefromheartdiseaseaccordingtotheWHOC.Therearestillotherfactorsthatmayreducetheriskofheartdisease.D.Thereisclearevidenceabouthoweatingchocolateaffectsyourheart.2、Whatarethepossiblecausesofheartdisease?A.EatingchocolateB.UnhealthydietC.ExercisingregularlyD.Drinkingcoffee.3、What’stheauthors’attitudetowardsthefindings?A.cautiousB.doubtfulC.disapprovingD.negative4、Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Weshouldeatlesschocolate.B.Chocolatebenefitsourhealth.C.Weshouldconsiderthefatandsugarproblem.D.Eatingchocolatewillleadtofatgainnaturally.24.(8分)InspiringArchaeologicalStudyToursacrosstheWorldin2017…AnArchaeologicalToursgetawayisanarchaeologylover’svacationlikenoother.Wehaveanexcitingselectionoftoursdepartingin2017withunsurpassedservice.Here’sasmallselectionofwhatwehavetooffer.Alsoacodeforyou:Neverallow(Jogstorunfreelytheretokeeptheplantsandanimalsliveinpeaceandgetridofrubbishproperly.Becarefultoburyyourtoiletwasteandkeeptothedesignedtracks.Guatemala&BelizeCoonthetrailofMesoamericancivilizationsinthelushforests,ruggedfoothills(丘陵地带),andmoderncitiesofthesefascinatingsitesincentralAmerica.January6-20,2017l$6,495Ghana,Togo&BeninWitnessthemeetingofthrivingtraditions,ancientpast,andforward-lookingpresentinincomparableWestAfrica.February7-22,20171$7,495AncientEgyptFromthepyramidsofGizatotheValleysoftheKingsandQueens,discovertheglorioussplendorsofancientEgypt.February&November2017l$5,995CentralMexicoFollowtheancientcivilizationsoftheToltec,Aztec,Zapotec,OlmecandMixtecacrossthecentreofmagnificentMexicoinNorthAmerica.March11-24,2017l$5,795IranDiscoverthebeautyandmajestyofIran’slong-passedempires,earlymodemdynasties,andtimelessscenery.April,September&October2017l$7,995Malta,Sardinia&CorsicaExplorethecharacteristicgeologicalenvironmentsanduniqueculturalandpoliticalhistoriesofthesethreeislandsinSouthEurope.April19-May4,20171$7,49569、Accordingtothetravelleaflet,visitorsshouldtour________.A.withcalmnessandcuriosityB.withself-defenceandhonourC.withconventionandreligionD.withself-disciplineandprotection1、TomiskeenonearlymoderndynastywhilehiswifeenjoysAfricatraditions.Whichplacesaretheirbestchoices?A.AncientEgyptandCentralMexico.B.Guatemala,BelizeandIran.C.Ghana,Benin,TogaandIran.D.Malta,SardiniaandCorsica.25.(10分)Itwasalwaysverycoldonthatlakeshoreinthenight,butwehadplentyofblanketsandwerewarmenough.Wenevermovedamuscleallnight,butwakedatearlydawnintheoriginalpositions,andgotupatonce,thoroughlyrefreshed.Thereisnoendofmedicineinsuchanexperience.Thatmorningwecouldhavedefeatedtensuchpeopleaswewerethedaybefore—sickonesatanyrate.Buttheworldisslow,andpeoplewillgoto“watercures”and“movementcures”andtoforeignlandsforhealth.ThreemonthsofcamplifeonLakeTahoewouldbringbackEgyptianmummytolife,andgivehimahealthyappetite.Idonotmeantheoldestanddriestmummies,ofcourse,butfresherones.Theairupthereinthecloudsisverypureandfine.Andwhyshouldn’titbe?—itisthesametheangelsbreathe.Ithinkthathardlyanyamountoftirednesscanbegatheredtogetherthatamancannotsleepoffinonenightonthesandbyitsside.Notunderaroof,butunderthesky;itseldomorneverrainsthereinthesummertime.Iknowamanwhowenttheretodie.Buthemadeafailureofit.Hewasaskeleton(骨瘦如柴的人)whenhecame,andcouldbarelystand.Hehadnoappetite,anddidnothingbutreadtracts(小册子)andreflectonthefuture.Threemonthslaterhewassleepingoutofdoorsregularly,eatingallhecouldhold,threetimesaday,andhuntinggameoverthemountainsthreethousandfeethighforfun.Andhewasaskeletonnolonger,butweighedpartofaton.Thisisnofancysketch,butthetruth.Hisdiseasewasconsumption.Iconfidentlyrecommendhisexperiencetootherskeletons.—MarkTwain1、Whichofthefollowingisthetopicofthepassage?A.HowtolivenearLakeTahoeB.TheimaginationofLakeTahoeC.TheareaofLakeTahoehasamazingpowerstobringbackpeople’shealthD.LakeTahoe’sairandwaterqualityarefantasticforEgyptianmummies2、Thewriter’stoneofthispassageis________.A.determinedB.persuasiveC.homesickD.entertaining3、Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingtheairis“thesametheangelsbreathe”?A.Thealtitudeisveryhigh.B.Thewetairsurroundedthelake.C.Thecoldwindinthearea.D.Thewidenessoftheland.4、Theauthorusesthe“Egyptianmummy”tocompareto________.A.peoplewholosttheirfamiliesB.sickandexhaustedpeopleC.adeadmanD.thewritersbaddream第三部分语言知识运用(共两节)第一节(每小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项.26.(30分)MichelleBruceandherhusband,Jeremy,bothhadcancers,andtheirsonHoldenhadabraintumor(肿瘤).Withthreeotherchildrento1,thefamilymovedtoMichelle’shometownofFranklin,Nebraska,sixyearsagosoher2couldgiveahand.WhenlivinginasmalltownoutsideLincoln,Nebraska,Holden3twooperationatadultclinicsinOmaha.Bothtreatmentsweretough,andswellinglefthimin4careforaboutaweek.WhenHolden’scancer5in2017,theOmahaclinicwasn’tabletooperate.ButtheBrucefamilywouldn’t6.TheyreachedouttoBostonChildren’sHospital,whichhadbetterequipmentandsurgeons.AfterlookingatHolden’s7,thedoctorsaidshecould8thetumorforgood.9,thesurgerywouldcost$39,000–morethantheparentscould10.Inatownofjust1,000people,though,11traveledfast.Withindays,alocalwomanMichellehadnevermetcalledtosayshewasplanninganeventto12moneyforHolden.Michellewas13.Thedayofthefundraiserwas14,butthatdidn’tpreventFranklincitizensshowingup.Michelle15ithadprobablyraisedacouplethousanddollars.Backatherparents’house,Michellegotacallfromthefundraiser’s16.Inall,thetownraised$45,000–enoughto17notjustHolden’shospitalbills,butforherandJeremy’s18toBostonwiththeirson.Holden’sthirdsurgerywentmore19thanbefore.“Hehadno20,nopain,”saidMichelle.“Itwasreallyamazing!”1、A.takecareofB.catchholdofC.getawaywithD.putupwith2、A.husbandB.parentsC.neighboursD.children3、A.performedB.designedC.hadD.arranged4、A.ordinaryB.traditionalC.patientD.special5、A.returnedB.recoveredC.wentD.reacted6、A.defendB.quitC.failD.ignore7、A.statusB.filesC.passwordD.records8、A.removeB.dressC.endD.update9、A.BesidesB.HoweverC.ThereforeD.Even10、A.saveB.promiseC.affordD.bargain11、A.faithB.curiosityC.wordD.promotion12、A.chargeB.borrowC.earnD.raise13、A.puzzledB.satisfiedC.touchedD.embarrassed14、A.freezingB.gentleC.warmD.cool15、A.doubtedB.figuredC.admittedD.guaranteed16、A.colleagueB.explorerC.acquaintanceD.organizer17、A.coverB.oweC.presentD.order18、A.marchB.guideC.paceD.trip19、A.casuallyB.calmlyC.smoothlyD.fluently20、A.injuryB.swellingC.coldD.recovering第二节(每小题1.5分,满分15分)阅读下面材料,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。27.(15分)Inthe17thcentury,dentistsdidtheirbest1.(make)falseteeth.Theproblem,however,wasnotmakingtheteeth,2.waskeepingtheminplace.Theyhadtotieeachtoothtotheoneoneithersideofit.Onlyrichpeoplecouldaffordfalseteeth,3.wereusuallymadeofgoldorsilver.Asmoreandmorepeoplewantednewteeth,poorpeople4.(sell)theirteethtotherichsothattheycouldbuyfoodandclothing.Duringthenext200years,manychangesweremadetofalseteethalthoughsomeofthesewerenotreallyimprovements.Towardstheendofthe19thcentury,forexample,cheapelasticteethwereintroduced.Buttheycaughtfirevery5.(easy),andanumberofmenwerebadlyburnedwhentheirteethcaughtfirewhiletheyweresmoking6.(cigarette).Nowadays,falseteeth7.(be)sowellmadeandlooksorealthatitisoften8.(possible)totellfromaperson’sappearancewhetherornottheyhavethem.Andin9.nearfuture,veryfewpeoplewillhavethemby10.(add)certainthingstothewaterwedrink,wehavebeenabletokeepourteethsohealthythatmostpeoplewillneverneedfalseteeth.第四部分写作(共两节)第一节短文改错(满分10分)28.(10分)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处,每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。修改:在错的词下划—横线,并在该下面写出修改后的词。注意:1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2、只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。WhenIwasinJuniorMiddleSchool,IoncequarrelwithmyfavoriteteacherMr、Yangbecausehecriticizedmestrictly、Beforethat,IwassoashamedthatIhadnocouragestoseehimagain、Tomysurprised,Mr、Yangfoundmeorapologizedtomeforhissharpwordsthenextday、HehadsaidhecouldunderstandwhyIwassoangryatthatmoment、Mr、YangalsohopedIcouldunderstandthathewassostrictwithmeifhethoughtIshouldhavebehavedbetter、Howhehadsaidmademeverytouching、Therefore,Iwasdeterminedtolethimdownanylonger、第二节书面表达(满分25分)29.(25分)假定你是高一学生李华。请你给你的美国网友Tony写一封e-mail,把你的寒假安排告诉他,并询问他的寒假安排。内容包括:1.完成作业,适量阅读;2.庆祝春节,走亲访友;3.参加社区组织的志愿者活动。注意:1.词数80左右;信的开头已经写好。2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。DearTony,Howiseverythingwithyourecently?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yourssincerely,Lihua
参考答案第一部分(共20小题,每小题1.5分,满分30分)1、B2、B3、B4、A5、C6、D7、B8、C9、B10、D11、C12、C13、D14、A15、C16、D17、D18、B19、B20、C第二部分阅读理解(满分40分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。21、1、C2、A3、D4、A22、1、D2、B3、B4、D23、1、D2、B3、A4、C24、America’sbusinessesaregettingolderandfatter,whilemanynewbusinessesaredyingininfancy.AstudylastmonthbytheBrookingsInstitutionfoundthattheproportionofolderfirmshasgrownsteadilyoverseveraldecades,whilethesurvivalrateofnewcompanieshasfallen.Inaddition,youngpeoplearestartingcompaniesatasharplylowerratethaninthepast.AnewreportfromtheNationalAssociationofManufacturersshowsamajorcause:Thecostofobeyinggovernmentregulationshasrisentomorethan$2trillion(12.26trillionyuan)annually,or12percentoftheGDP,andthiscostfallsdisproportionatelyonsmaller,newerbusinesses.It’srisky,difficultandexpensivetostartabusiness,andgettingmoreso.Governmentsareimposingvariousnewrulesonaseeminglydailybasis:healthinsurance,minimumwageincreasesand,mostrecentlyinCalifornia,compulsorypaidsickdaysforevenhourlyemployees.Theseregulationsshifthugesocialwelfarecostsdirectlyontooften-strugglingsmallbusinesses,whilebeingproportionallymuchlesscostlyforlargercompanies.Thisispartlyanunintendedissueofresources—establishedcompaniescancopewithnewcostsmoreeasily—butit’salsodeliberate.Forinstance,biginsurancecompaniesgotaseatatthetabletohelpwriteObamacare,butlesspoliticallypowerfulfirms—likemedicaldevicemanufacturers—gotsqueezed.Mature,successfulcorporationscanemployex-lawmakerswithconnections,distributecampaigncontributionsandevenwriteregulationsforthemselves.Theyarealsomorelikelytowanttoprotectsteadyrevenuestreamsthanrevolutionizetheirindustry.Majorcompaniesthathavebeensoill-managedtheywouldotherwisecollapse—airlines,carcompaniesandbanks—stagger(蹒跚)onbecausepoliticiansridetotherescuewithbagsoftaxpayermoney.Thegeniusofouruniquesystemofgovernmentisthedeterminationtoprotectanddefendtherightsoftheindividualovertherightsofthenation.Assuch,theriseofawell-connectedoligarchy(寡头政治)thatprotectsbigbusinessattheexpenseofsmallbusiness,andtheestablishedoverthenew,isoppositetoAmericanideals.Incomeinequality—whic
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