翻译三级笔译综合能力分类模拟题3

翻译三级笔译综合能力分类模拟题3ReadingComprehension

PhyllisWheatleyisregardedasAmerica'sfirstblackpoet.She（江南博哥）wasborninSenegal,Africa,about1753andbroughttoAmericaaboardaslaveshipatabouttheageofseven.JohnandSusannahWheatleyboughtherforthreepoundsataslaveauctioninBostonin1761tobeapersonalservantofMrs.Wheatley.Thefamilyhadthreeotherslaves,andallweretreatedwithrespect.Phylliswassoonacceptedasoneofthefamily,whichincludedbeingraisedandeducatedwiththeWheatley'stwin15-year-oldchildren,MaryandNathaniel.Atthattime,mostfemales,evenfrombetterfamilies,couldnotreadandwrite,butMarywasprobablyoneofthebesteducatedyoungwomeninBoston.Marywantedtobecomeateacher,andinfact,itwasMarywhodecidedtotakechargeofPhyllis'seducation.Phyllissoondisplayedherremarkabletalents.AttheageoftwelveshewasreadingtheGreekandLatinclassicsandpassagesfromtheBible.Andeventually,Mrs.WheatleydecidedPhyllisshouldbecomeaChristian.

AttheageofthirteenPhylliswroteherfirstpoem.ShebecameaBostonsensationaftershewroteapoemonthedeathoftheevangelicalpreacherGeorgeWhitfieldin1770.ItbecamecommonpracticeinBostontohave"Mrs.Wheatley'sPhyllis"readpoetryinpolitesociety.Marymarriedin1771,andPhyllislatermovedtothecountrybecauseofpoorhealth,asateacherandcaretakertoafarmer'sthreechildren.MaryhadtriedtointerestpublishersinPhyllis'spoemsbutoncetheyheardshewasaNegrotheyweren'tinterested.

Thenin1773PhylliswentwithNathaniel,whowasnowabusinessman,toLondon.Itwasthoughtthataseavoyagemightimproveherhealth.Thirty-nineofherpoemswerepublishedinLondonasPoemson,VariousSubjects,ReligiousandMoral.ItwasthefirstbookpublishedbyablackAmerican.In1775PhylliswroteapoemextollingtheaccomplishmentsofGeorgeWashingtonandsentittohim.Herespondedbypraisinghertalentsandinvitinghertovisithisheadquarters.Afterbothofherbenefactorsdiedin1777,andMarydiedin1778,Phylliswasfreedasaslave.Shemarriedin1778,movedawayfromBoston,andhadthreechildren.Butaftertheunhappymarriage,shemovedbacktoBoston,anddiedinpovertyatthesageofthirty.1.

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.SlaveryandthetreatmentoftheblackpeopleinAmerica.B.TheWheatleyfamily,includingtheirslaves.C.ThelifeofAmerica'sfirstblackpoet.D.TheachievementsofPhyllisWheatley.正确答案：C[解析]本题考查主旨大意。通读文章可知，本文首先谈及PhyllisWheatley是美国第一个黑人诗人，接着描写了她的生平和生活经历，她的黑奴生活，她的教育、婚姻生活，直至死亡。由此可知，文章是讲述美国第一位黑人诗人的一生。所以，答案是C。

2.

Theunderlinedword"respect"inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.considerationB.disregardC.punishmentD.behavior正确答案：A[解析]本题考查词义理解。根据文章第一段内容可知，PhyllisWheatley虽被卖为奴隶，却受到了尊重，很快就被当作是家庭的一员。respect在句中意为“尊重”。consideration“体贴，照顾”；disregard“忽视”；punishment“惩罚”；behavior“行为”。所以，答案是A。

3.

Accordingtothepassage,howmanyslavesdidtheWheatley'shave?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第一段第四句“Thefamilyhadthreeotherslaves”可知，这个家庭还有其他三个奴隶，加上PhyllisWheatley总共有4个奴隶。所以，答案是D。

4.

Accordingtothepassage,anunusualfeatureofMarywasthatshe______.A.wasnotmucholderthanPhyllisB.wantedtobecomeateacherC.wascomparativelywelleducatedD.decidedtotakechargeofPhyllis'seducation正确答案：C[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第一段第六句“Atthattime,mostfemales,evenfrombetterfamilies,couldnotreadandwrite,butMarywasprobablyoneofthebesteducatedyoungwomeninBoston.”可知，即使是出身较好的女性都不会读书写字，但是Mary可能是波士顿受过最好教育的年轻女性之一。尽管A、B、D三项有关Mary的说法也是正确的，但本题问的是Mary本身拥有的与众不同的特点。所以，答案为C。

5.

Theunderlinedword"eventually"inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.ultimatelyB.slowlyC.reluctantlyD.gradually正确答案：A[解析]本题考查词义理解。根据文章第一段最后一句“Andeventually,Mrs.WheatleydecidedPhyllisshouldbecomeaChristian.”可知，最终，Wheatley夫人决定让Phyllis成为一个基督徒。eventually“最后，终于”；ultimately“最后”；slowly“缓慢地”；reluctantly“不情愿地”；gradually“逐渐地”。所以，答案是A。

6.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutPhyllisintheearly1770s?A.Shewroteherfirstpoemwheninherteens.B.Shemarriedin1771.C.Shebecameateacher.D.Shewasabletogetherpoemspublished.正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句“AttheageofthirteenPhylliswroteherfirstpoem.”可知，A项正确；根据第二段倒数第二句“Marymarriedin1771,andPhyllislatermovedtothecountrybecauseofpoorhealth,asateacherandcaretakertoafarmer'sthreechildren.”可知，C项正确；根据第三段第三句“Thirty-nineofherpoemswerepublishedinLondonas.PoemsonVarionsSubjects,ReligionsandMoral.”可知，D项也正确。文中提到Mary是在1771年结婚，所以B项不正确。所以，答案是B。

7.

Theunderlinedword"they"inParagraph2refersto______.A.publishersB.poemsC.childrenD.blackpeople正确答案：A[解析]本题考查细节理解。将解题点定位在第二段最后一句“MaryhadtriedtointerestpublishersinPhyllis'spoemsbutoncetheyheardshewasaNegrotheyweren'tinterested.”，分析句子结构可知，they是指该句前半部分提到的publishers。所以，答案是A。

8.

ItcanbeinferredthatPhyllis'striptoEnglandwithNathanielin1773______.A.didnotimproveherhealthB.wasforbusinessreasonsC.ledtobooksofherpoemsbeingavailableinAmericaD.ledtothepublicationofherpoemsbecausetheEnglishweremoreinterestedinreligiousandmoralsubjects正确答案：A[解析]本题考查推理判断。根据第三段第二句“Itwasthoughtthataseavoyagemightimproveherhealth.”可知，人们认为海上航行可能会改善他的身体状况，但这只是人们的希望，并不一定能实现。所以，答案是A。

9.

Theword"extolling"isclosestinmeaningto______.A.welcomingB.statingC.bemoaningD.praising正确答案：D[解析]本题考查词义理解。根据文章第三段第五句“In1775PhylliswroteapoemextollingtheaccomplishmentsofGeorgeWashingtonandsentittohim.”可知，Phyllis写诗“extolling”华盛顿的成就并将诗送给他。因此，extolling应为“赞美”之意，welcoming“欢迎”；stating“陈述”；bemoaning“抱怨”；praising“表扬”。所以，答案是D。

10.

WhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutPhyllisissupportedbythepassage?A.Shewouldhavebeenmorerecognizedasapoetifshehadnotbeenblack.B.ShewouldhavewrittenpoetryifshehadstayedinAfrica.C.Shewentunrecognizedasapoetduringherlifetime.D.Sheonlywrotereligiouspoetry.正确答案：A[解析]本题考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，Phyllis才华横溢，十二岁就能读希腊、罗马名著和《圣经》，十三岁时就写出了第一首诗；但当出版商得知她是黑人就对她不感兴趣了。因此我们可以得出：如果她不是黑人，她会得到更多的认可。所以，答案是A。

Somepeopleassociatemigrationmainlywithbirds.Birdsdotravelvastdistances,butmammalsalsomigrate.Anexampleisthecaribou,reindeerthatgrazeonthegrassyslopesofnorthernCanada.Whentheweatherturnscold,theytravelsouthuntilspring.Theirtracksaresowell-wornthattheyareclearlyvisiblefromtheair.AnothermigratingmammalistheAlaskafurseal.ThesesealsbreedonlyinthePribilotIslandsintheBeringSea.TheyoungareborninJuneandbySeptemberarestrongenoughtogowiththeirmothersonajourneyofover3,000miles.TogethertheyswimdownthePacificCoastofNorthAmerica.ThefemalesandyoungtravelasfarassouthernCalifornia.Themalesdonotjourneysofar.TheyswimonlytotheGulfofAlaska.Inthespring,malesandfemalesallreturntotheislands,andtherethecyclebeginsagain.Whalesareamongthegreatestmigratorsofall.Thehumpbackandbluewhalesmigratethousandsofmileseachyearfromthepolarseastothetropics.Whaleseathugequantitiesofplankton.Thesearemostabundantincoldpolarwaters.Inwinter,thewhalesmovetowarmwaterstobreedandgivebirthtotheiryoung.11.

Fromthepassagewecanlearnthat______.A.peoplemigratelikeanimalsB.onlybirdsmigrateC.thefemalefursealsmigrateonlytotheGulfofAlaskaD.notallmammalsmigrate正确答案：D[解析]本题考查推理判断。根据常识可知，A项不正确；根据第一段第二句“Birdsdotravelvastdistances,butmammalsalsomigrate.”可知，B项错误；根据第一段第六、七句“AnothermigratingmammalistheAlaskafurseal.ThesesealsbreedonlyinthePribilotIslandsintheBeringSea.”可知，C项错误；故这三项均可排除。所以，答案是D。

12.

Thephrase"Anexample"underlinedinParagraph1referstoanexampleofa______.A.migratorymammalB.placewhereanimalsmigrateC.migratingbirdD.personwhoassociatesmigrationwithbirds正确答案：A[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二、三句“Birdsdotravelvastdistances,butmammalsalsomigrate.Anexampleisthecaribou...”可知，上文提到哺乳动物也迁徙；紧接着就说其中一个例子是……。所以，这个例子应指迁徙的哺乳动物了。所以，答案是A。

13.

AllthemammalsalementionedasmigratingonesEXCEPT______.A.caribouB.finwhaleC.reindeerD.Alaskafurseal正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第三句和第六句“Anexampleisthecaribou,reindeerthatgrazeonthegrassyslopesofnorthernCanada.AnothermigratingmammalistheAlaskafurseal.”可知，caribou,reindeer和Alaskafurseal都被以哺乳动物提及。所以，只有B项没有提及。所以，答案是B。

14.

Wherecanyouseefromtheairthemigrationofthemammals?A.InthePribilotIslands.B.IntheBeringSea.C.InsouthernCalifornia.D.InnorthernCanada.正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第三、五句“Anexampleisthecaribou,reindeerthatgrazeonthegrassyslopesofnorthernCanada...Theirtracksarcsowell-wornthattheyareclearlyvisiblefromtheair.”可知，驯鹿在加拿大北部的草原吃草，他们的迁徙路径可以清晰地从空中看到。因此，答案为D。

15.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A.Whalesbreedinwinter.B.Youngwhalesalegivenbirthincoldwaters.C.Alaskafursealsgivebirthtotheyoungonlyinonearea.D.Alaskafursealsareborninwarmweather.正确答案：B[解析]本题考查是非判断。根据文章最后一句“Inwinter,thewhalesmovetowarmwaterstobreedandgivebirthtotheiryoung.”可知，在冬天，Alaskafurseals迁徙到温水中去繁殖和生养后代。故B项说法不正确。所以，答案是B。

16.

Together______ofAlaskafursealsswimdownthePacificCoastofNorthAmerica.A.mothersandtheyoungB.fathersandtheyoungC.parentsandtheyoungD.sealsandwhales正确答案：C[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章中的“TheyoungareborninJuneandbySeptemberarestrongenoughtogowiththeirmothersonajourneyofover3,000miles.TogethertheyswimdownthePacificCoastofNorthAmerica.ThefemalesandyoungtravelasfarassouthernCalifornia.Themalesdonotjourneysofar.”可知，母海豹和幼海豹会从白令海到北美太平洋海岸；而公海豹也会从白令海南下，只不过他们没有母海豹和幼海豹走得远罢了。所以，答案是C。

17.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTdescribedinthepassage?A.Whalesmigratetobreedandgivebirthtotheiryoung.B.Whale-watchinginBostoninsummerisattracting.C.Sealsbreedinthenorthbeforemigration.D.Reindeerfeedongrass.正确答案：B[解析]本题考查是非判断。根据文章最后一句“Inwinter,thewhalesmovetowarmwaterstobreedandgivebirthtotheiryoung.”第七句“ThesesealsbreedonlyinthePribilotIslandsintheBeringSea.”第三句“Anexampleisthecaribou,reindeerthatgrazeonthegrassyslopesofnorthernCanada.”可知，A、C、D三句在文中都有提及。只有B项在文中没有提到。所以，答案是B。

18.

Whalesliveon______.A.tinyplantsandanimalsintheseaB.thegrassyslopesofnorthernCanadaC.theiryoungincoldwinterD.theabundantseafoodintropicwaters正确答案：A[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第三、四句“Whaleseathugequantitiesofplankton(浮游生物).Thesearemostabundantincoldpolarwaters.”可知，鲸以大量浮游生物为生。所以，答案是A。

19.

Howmanykindsofmigratingmammalsarementionedinthepassage?A.Four.B.Three.C.Two.D.One.正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。阅读文章可知，文中主要提到了reindeer,theAlaskafurseal和Whales这三种迁徙的哺乳动物。所以，答案是B。

20.

Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.ThreeTypesofWhalesB.BirdsMigrationC.MammalsAlsoMigrateD.SeveralKindsofMigration正确答案：C[解析]本题考查主旨大意。阅读全文可知，本文主要讲不仅仅是鸟类迁徙，一些哺乳动物也迁徙，并讲述了三种迁徙的哺乳动物。文章并未仔细谈及几种类型的迁徙。所以，答案是C。

Electronicmailhasbecomeanextremelyimportantandpopularmeansofcommunication.

Theconvenienceandefficiencyofelectronicmailarethreatenedbytheextremelyrapidgrowthinthevolumeofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmail.Unsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailiscurrentlyestimatedtoaccountforoverhalfofallelectronicmailtraffic,upfromanestimated7percentin2001,andthevolumecontinuestorise.Mostofthesemessagesarefraudulentordeceptiveinoneormorerespects.

Thereceiptofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailmayresultincoststorecipientswhocannotrefusetoacceptsuchmailandwhoincurcostsforthestorageofsuchmail,orforthetimespentaccessing,reviewing,anddiscardingsuchmail,orforboth.Thereceiptofalargenumberofunwantedmessagesalsodecreasestheconvenienceofelectronicmailandcreatesariskthatwantedelectronicmailmessages,bothcommercialandnoncommercial,willbelost,overlooked,ordiscardedamidstthelargervolumeofunwantedmessages,thusreducingthereliabilityandusefulnessofelectronicmailtotherecipient.Somecommercialelectronicmailcontainsmaterialthatmanyrecipientsmayconsidervulgarorpornographicinnature.

ThegrowthinunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailimposessignificantmonetarycostsonprovidersofInternetaccessservices,businesses,andeducationalandnonprofitinstitutionsthatcarryandreceivesuchmail,asthereisafinitevolumeofmailthatsuchproviders,businesses,andinstitutionscanhandlewithoutfurtherinvestmentininfrastructure.Manysendersofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailpurposefullydisguisethesourceofsuchmail.

Manysendersofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailpurposefullyincludemisleadinginformationinthemessages'subjectlinesinordertoinducetherecipientstoviewthemessages.Whilesomesendersofcommercialelectronicmailmessagesprovidesimpleandreliablewaysforrecipientstoreject(or"opt-out"of)receiptofcommercialelectronicmailfromsuchsendersinthefuture,othersendersprovidenosuch"opt-out"mechanism,orrefusetohonortherequestsofrecipientsnottoreceiveelectronicmailfromsuchsendersinthefuture,orboth.

ManysendersofbulkunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailusecomputerprogramstogatherlargenumbersofelectronicmailaddressesonanautomatedbasisfromInternetwebsitesoronlineserviceswhereusersmustposttheiraddressesinordertomakefulluseofthewebsiteorservice.

Theproblemsassociatedwiththerapidgrowthandabuseofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailcannotbesolvedbythegovernmentalone.Thedevelopmentandadoptionoftechnologicalapproachesandthepursuitofcooperativeeffortswithothercountrieswillbenecessaryaswell.21.

Accordingtothepassage,efficiencyofe-mailisthreatenedby______.A.heavye-mailtrafficB.fraudulente-mailmessagesC.largevolumeofmessagesD.increasingamountofunwantede-mail正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段第一句“Theconvenienceandefficiencyofelectronicmailarethreatenedbyunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmail”，从第三段得知unsolicitedcommercialelectronicmail指的是unwantedmessages。所以，答案是D。

22.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutunwantede-mail?A.Itcostsmoneytoreceivethem.B.It'sfreetostorethem.C.Ittakestimetoaccessthem.D.Ittakestimetothrowthemaway.正确答案：B[解析]本题考查是非判断。根据文章第三段第一句“Thereceiptofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailmayresultincoststorecipientswhocannotrefusetoacceptsuchmailandwhoincurcostsforthestorageofsuchmail,orforthetimespentaccessing,reviewing,anddiscardingsuchmail,orforboth.”可知，A、C、D三项均正确；根据此句可知，储存此信息要收费用，因此选项B不正确。所以，答案是B。

23.

Unwantede-mailmay______.A.causecompaniestofailinbusinessB.causewantede-mailmessagestoloseC.damagethecreditofacompanyD.dogoodtoasmallcompany正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第三段第二句“Thereceiptofalargenumberofunwantedmessagesalsodecreasestheconvenienceofelectronicmailandcreatesariskthatwantedelectronicmailmessages,bothcommercialandnoncommercial,willbelost,overlooked,ordiscarded...”可知，收到大量垃圾短信有可能会使有用的信息丢失。所以，答案是B。

24.

"Pornographic"inParagraph3probablymeans______.A.decentB.instructionalC.sexualD.commercial正确答案：C[解析]本题考查词义理解。将解题点定位在第三段最后一句“Somecommercialelectronicmailcontainsmaterialthatmanyrecipientsmayconsidervulgarorpornographicinnature.”or前后连接的内容也应该相近，因此，pornographic应与or前面的vulgar“粗俗的”近义；decent“正派的，有分寸的”，instructional“指导的，教育的”，sexual“性的”，commercial“商业的”。pornographic“色情的”。所以，答案是C。

25.

Whatdoesunwantede-mailmessagesdototheprovidersoftheInternetservices?A.Raisingtheircost.B.RaisingtheInternetspeed.C.Improvingtheirbusiness.D.Attractinginvestment.正确答案：A[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第四段第一句“ThegrowthinunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailimposessignificantmonetarycostsonprovidersofInternetaccessservices,businesses,andeducationalandnonprofitinstitutionsthat...”可知，未加选择的商业电子邮件的增多会增加因特网服务提供商的费用。所以，答案是A。

26.

"Disguise"inParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto______.A.revealB.hideC.deliverD.post正确答案：B[解析]本题考查词义理解。根据文章第四段最后一句“Manysendersofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailpurposefullydisguisethesourceofsuchmail.”可知，很多未加选择的商业电子邮件的发送者会故意disguise此类邮件的来源。根据上文可知，未加选择的商业电子邮件有许多危害，所以发送者不希望人们知道信息来源；因此，hide“隐藏，掩饰”符合语境。reveal“展现，揭示”；deliver“递送，陈述”；post“邮递，张贴”；均不正确。disguise“隐瞒，掩饰”。所以，答案是B。

27.

Theword"induce"inParagraph5isclosestinmeaningto______.A.cheatB.introduceC.provideD.harm正确答案：A[解析]本题考查词义理解。根据文章第五段第一句“Manysendersofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailpurposefullyincludemisleadinginformationinthemessages'subjectlinesinordertoinducetherecipientstoviewthemessages”可知，很多未加选择的商业电子邮件的发送者会故意包含一些误导人的信息以induce邮件的接收者。cheat“欺骗，骗取”，introduce“介绍”，provide“提供”，harm“伤害”，A项意思符合语境。所以，答案是A。

28.

"Opt-out"mechanismisprobably______.A.amachinethatcanbeattachedtoyourcomputerB.abuttonthatyoucanmakeachoicetoreadornottoreadC.asoftwarethatyoucanplayacomputergameD.ane-mailthatsayssomegoodwordstoyou正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。解题点位于第五段第二句“Whilesomesendersofcommercialelectronicmailmessagesprovidesimpleandreliablewaysforrecipientstoreject(or'opt-out'of)receiptofcommercialelectronicmailfromsuchsendersinthefuture,othersendersprovidenosuch'opt-out'mechanism,orrefusetohonortherequestsofrecipientsnottoreceiveelectronicmailfromsuchsendersinthefuture,orboth.”分析句子可知，一些垃圾邮件发送者为接收者提供一些简单可靠的方式让他们拒绝在以后受到此类信息，而另一些发送者不提供此类方式。'opt-out'mechanism应指“提供一些简单可靠的方式让他们拒绝在以后受到此类信息”，即接收者有权选择读或是不读此类信息。所以，答案是B。

29.

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph6thatbulkunsolicitedcommerciale-mailwillprobablyspread______.A.harmfulvirusB.unpleasantnewsC.advertisementsD.adultjokes正确答案：C[解析]本题考查推理判断。根据文章第六段内容可知，未加选择的商业电子邮件的发送者利用电脑程序自动从国际互联网站或在线服务来收集大量的e-mail地址，他们会向这些地址发送unwantedmessages，发送这些邮件的目的当然是发送广告。所以，答案是C。

30.

Theunwantede-mailproblemcanbesolvedif______.A.thegovernmenttakesactionB.anewtechnologyisadoptedC.morepeopleareawareoftheproblemD.jointeffortsaremadeandnewtechnologyisused正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段“Theproblemsassociatedwiththerapidgrowthandabuseofunsolicitedcommercialelectronicmailcannotbesolvedbythegovernmentalone.Thedevelopmentandadoptionoftechnologicalapproachesandthepursuitofcooperativeeffortswithothercountrieswillbenecessaryaswell.”可知，A、B两项均不全面；C项内容未提及。只有D项“人们共同的努力和新技术的使用”最全面。所以，答案是D。

Thefirstandmostimportantagentsofsocializationarethepeoplewhocareforinfants.Intheearliestmonths,messagesfromnurturersconstitutethechild'sbasicunderstandingoftheworldaroundit.Thisistheinfant'sfirstintroductiontothelanguagethatshapesperceptionandelicitsemotion.

Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationandsocializationisthefriendshipofpeers.Peersareequalsthatonecandealwithonthesamelevelasoneself,whereasparentsaresuperiors.Theheavyemotionaloverlayoffamilyrelationshipsmakessomekindsoflearningdifficult.

Muchformalsocializationisplacedinthehandsofprofessionals.Teachersfromkindergartenonarespecificallydesignatedagentsofsocialization.Ideally,ateacherisonewhohasbothknowledgeandtheskillstopresentit.Duringthecourseofteachingtheirsubjects,classroominstructorsproviderolemodelsandattempttoconveytheexcitementoflearningitself.

Inearliertimes,parents,friendsandteacherswouldcomprisethelistofprimarychildhoodsocializers.Children'sbooks,comicsandmagazinesmightalsohavebeenmentionedassourcesofinformationonnormsandrolemodels.Todayonemustaddthreepowerfulindirectornon-personalsocializationagents:radio,moviesandtelevision.Manypeoplelearnaboutpolitics,formavisionofwell-being,anddevelopattitudestowardsothersfromwhattheyseeonthescreenandhearthroughthespeakers.31.

Inthispassage,agentsofsocializationreferto______.A.themediaB.individualsC.allchannelsD.organizations正确答案：C[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第一段第一句“Thefirstandmostimportantagentsofsocializationarethepeoplewhocareforinfants.”和第二段第一句“Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationandsocializationisthefriendshipofpeers.”可知，agentsofsocialization是sourceofinformationandsocialization，即是信息和社会渠道。因此，正确答案是C。

32.

Theauthor'schiefagentsincludethefollowingEXCEPTthe______.A.familyB.groupC.schoolD.Internet正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第一段第一句“Thefirstandmostimportantagentsofsocializationarethepeoplewhocareforinfants.”第二段第一句“Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationandsocializationisthefriendshipofpeers.”和第三段第一二句“Muchformalsocializationisplacedinthehandsofprofessionals.Teachersfromkindergartenonarespecificallydesignatedagentsofsocialization.”可知，A、B、C三项均正确。只有D项在文中没有提及。故答案是D。

33.

Thechild'sbasicunderstandingoftheworldarounditisformed______.A.atkindergartenB.intheearliestmonthsC.byclassroominstructorsD.throughinteractionwithparents正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第一段第二句“Intheearliestmonths,messagesfromnurturersconstitutethechild'sbasicunderstandingoftheworldaroundit.”可知，答案是B。

34.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Languageshapesaninfant'sperception.B.Languageelicitsaninfant'semotions.C.Languageformsaninfant'sculturalawareness.D.Languageformsaninfant'sbasicunderstanding.正确答案：C[解析]本题考查非题判断。根据第一段第二、三句“Intheearliestmonths,messagesfromnurturersconstitutethechild'sbasicunderstandingoftheworldaroundit.Thisistheinfant'sfirstintroductiontothelanguagethatshapesperceptionandelicitsemotion.”可知，A、B、D三项均正确。只有C项在文中未提及。所以，答案是C。

35.

Accordingtothispassage,______makessomekindoflearningdifficult.A.longdistanceB.formalityC.muchindulgenceD.familyinfluence正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段最后一句“Theheavyemotionaloverlayoffamilyrelationshipsmakessomekindsoflearningdifficult.”可知，令某种学习困难的是Theheavyemotionaloverlayoffamilyrelationships，即D项familyinfluence。所以，答案是D。

36.

Peersareoneofthe______agentsofsocialization.A.formalB.indirectC.primaryD.personal正确答案：C[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第四段第一句“Inearliertimes,parents,friendsandteacherswouldcomprisethelistofprimarychildhoodsocializers.”可知，其中的friends即本题中所指的peers。所以，答案是C。

37.

______arethefirstformalsocializationagents.A.InfantnurturersB.FamilymembersC.GrouppeersD.Schoolteachers正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第三段前两句“Muchformalsocializationisplacedinthehandsofprofessionals.Teachersfromkindergartenonarespecificallydesignatedagentsofsocialization.”可知，其中的professionals和后面的teachersfromkindergartenon指的即是从幼儿园开始的教师教育。所以，答案是D。

38.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTimpliedinthepassage?A.Teachersaresociable.B.Teachersarerolemodels.C.Teachersarepaidagentsofsocialization.D.Teachersareknowledgeableandskillful.正确答案：A[解析]本题考查推理判断。根据文章第三段第二、三、四句“Teachersfromkindergartenonarespecificallydesignatedagentsofsocialization.Ideally,ateacherisonewhohasbothknowledgeandtheskillstopresentit...classroominstructorsproviderolemodelsandattempttoconveytheexcitementoflearningitself.”可知，B和D两项正确。根据specificallydesignated...可推论出既然是委派，则应该带薪的，故C正确。因此，答案为A。

39.

______are/ispowerfulindirectsocializationagents.A.ParentsB.FriendsC.TeachersD.Themedia正确答案：D[解析]本题考查细节理解。将解题点定位于文章第四段倒数第二句“Todayonemustaddthreepowerfulindirectornon-personalsocializationagents:radio,moviesandtelevision.”其中广播、电影和电视均属于媒体。因此，答案是D。

40.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.ChildhoodSocializersB.Norms&RoleModelsC.SourcesofInformationD.AgentsofSocialization正确答案：D[解析]本题考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，本文全从头至尾主要是列举一些重要的agentsofsocialization/sourceofinformationandsocialization，因此，D项为文章最佳标题。而A、B、C三项均比较片面。所以，答案是D。

Cooperationisthecommonendeavoroftwoormorepeopletoperformataskorreachajointlycherishedgoal.Likecompetitionandconflict.therearedifferentformsofcooperation,basedongrouporganizationandattitudes.

Inthefirstform,knownasprimarycooperation,groupandindividualunite.Thegroupcontainsnearlyallofeachindividual'slife,Therewardsofthegroup'sworkaresharedwitheachmember.Thereisaninterlockingidentityofindividual,group,andtaskperformed.Meansandgoalsbecomeone,forcooperationitselfisvalued.

Whileprimarycooperationismostoftencharacteristicofpreliteratesocieties,secondarycooperationischaracteristicofmanymodernsocieties.Insecondarycooperation,individualsdevoteonlypartoftheirlivestothegroup.Cooperationitselfisnotavalue.Mostmembersofthegroupfeelloyalty,butthewelfareofthegroupisnotthefirstconsideration.Membersperformtaskssothattheycanseparatelyenjoythefruitsoftheircooperationintheformofsalary,prestige,orpower.Businessofficesandprofessionalathleticteamsareexamplesofsecondarycooperation.

Inthethirdtype,calledtertiarycooperationoraccommodation,latentconflictunderliesthesharedwork.Theattitudesofthecooperatingpartiesarepurelyopportunistic;theorganizationislooseandfragile.Accommodationinvolvescommonmeanstoachieveantagonisticgoals;itbreaksdownwhenthecommonmeansceasetoaideachpartyinreachingitsgoals.Thisisnot,strictlyspeaking,cooperationatall,andhencethesomewhatcontradictorytermantagonisticcooperationissometimesusedforthisrelationship.41.

Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinParagraph1ofthepassage?A.ToexplainhowcooperationdiffersfromcompetitionandconflictB.ToshowtheimportanceofgrouporganizationandattitudesC.ToofferabriefdefinitionofcooperationD.Tourgereaderstocooperatemoreoften正确答案：C[解析]本题考查主旨大意。根据文章第一段“Cooperationisthecommonendeavoroftwoormorepeopletoperformataskorreachajointlycherishedgoal.Likecompetitionandconflict,therearedifferentformsofcooperation,basedongrouporganizationandattitudes.”可知，此句主要是解释Cooperation的定义，随后又作了类比。所以，答案是C。

42.

Theunderlinedword"cherished"inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto______.A.prizedB.basedonC.definedD.setup正确答案：A[解析]本题考查推理判断。reachajointlycherishedgoal应与or前的performatask同义或近义；后者表示“完成一项任务”，所以前者表示“达到一个共同______的目标”。prized“有价值的”，basedon“基于”，defined“定义”，setup“建立”。比较可知，答案是A。

43.

Intheprimarycooperation______.A.groupandindividualdon'thavetouniteB.thegroupcontainsnearlyallofeachperson'slifeC.individualsworkforthemselvesD.peopledon'tvaluecooperation正确答案：B[解析]本题考查细节理解。根据文章第二段第一句及第二句“Inthefirstform,knownasprimarycooper