决战阅读之说明文-物品说明类1 精讲课件 强化篇

(高中说明文)物品说明1决战阅读之巅

培养快速理清篇章结构，抓取文章大意的能力。运用说明文体裁分析，规范阅读理解的解题步骤。学会使用“脱衣服”大法分析长难句。积累与物品说明类说明文相关的主题词汇。真题讲解示例22020

全国卷ID篇PART3123①Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.②TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.2020年全国卷I·D篇题目见讲义③Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(发光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.④Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.⑤Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(电源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(传输).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.2020年全国卷I·D篇题目见讲义摘要一般特殊型

说明文引言正文总结Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.

Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.Theengineershavetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglowinexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.Q6.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?Q7.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?Q8.Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?快速通读文章完成下面的摘要，并找出所对应的题目。We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday.MindMap2020

全国卷ID篇研发背景说明对象物品用途Recentstudieshavefoundplantshavepositiveeffectsonpeople.showwhenplantsareshortofwaterlasttheplant’slifetimebyreducingthedistancedetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwaterfadetheglowwhenexposedtodaylightsaveenergylesscrimemoreproductivelighttheroomsturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlampsbymakingtheplantsglowbychangingtheactualcompositionbysprayinginaone-offtreatmentbydevelopinganonandoffswitchQ9.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?completedprojectslatestprojectsprojectsinthefuture题目速览WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A.Todetectplants’lackofwaterB.TochangecompositionsofplantsC.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totestchemicalsinplants.7Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?A.Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C.Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.D.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.8Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?9细节理解题细节理解题主旨大意题6Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.

Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.段落大意题Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）段落大意题6STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位研发背景Recentstudieshavefoundplantshavepositiveeffectsonpeople.lesscrimemoreproductive①Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.技巧点拨：同义复现Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.话题不一致以偏概全话题不一致WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A.Todefectplants’lackofwater.B.Tochangecompositionsofplants.C.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totextchemicalsinplants.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题7STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位物品用途因果倒置张冠李戴张冠李戴showwhenplantsareshortofwaterbychangingtheactualcomposition②TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.

技巧点拨：同义复现toshowwhenthey’reshortofwater答案指向句分析参考译文Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.Theseincludeplantsandaplant这些包括在叶子上打印有传感器的植物，以显示它们何时缺水，以及一种可以检测到地下水中有害化学物质的植物。thathavesensorstoshow定语从句whenthey’reshortofwater1主谓宾3thatcandetectchemicals定语从句宾语从句过去分词后置定语2ingroundwater4地点状语形容词作定语Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?ATheywillspeedupenergyproduction. Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption. Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）细节理解题8STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位物品用途无中生有无中生有偷梁换柱saveenergybyreducingthedistance③Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.④Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(电源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(传输).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.技巧点拨：同义复现Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?拆解：说明文（一般特殊型）主旨大意题9STEP1：标关键词STEP2：定位信息段题干定位说明对象话题不一致话题不一致话题不一致We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday.②TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.技巧点拨：同义复现We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday.答案指向句分析参考译文We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday.Wearethinkingabout我们正在思考如何能让植物起到代替我们日常生活用品的作用。howwecanengineerplants介词about+宾语从句32toreplacefunctionsofthethings不定式作状语4thatweuseeveryday定语从句11We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday.回顾2020

全国卷ID篇研发背景说明对象物品用途Recentstudieshavefoundplantshavepositiveeffectsonpeople.showwhenplantsareshortofwaterlasttheplant’slifetimebyreducingthedistancedetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwaterfadetheglowwhenexposedtodaylightsaveenergylesscrimemoreproductivelighttheroomsturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlampsbymakingtheplantsglowbychangingtheactualcompositionbysprayinginaone-offtreatmentbydevelopinganonandoffswitchcompletedprojectslatestprojectsprojectsinthefutureQ6Q8Q9Q7Tip1:阅读理解满分还在于____________的理解。Tip2:长难句分析可以采用_________________：①_________________________________________________________;②_________________________________________________________;③_________________________________________________________。Tip3:善于比较_______________________________

SUMMARY长难句脱衣服大法去枝叶留主干，去掉定语、状语、同位语、插入语等找主干，括从句，弄懂主干汉语意思依次还原枝叶，得到完整句意文中长难句与选项的关系干扰选项特征近年来，高考阅读理解难度增加，一方面由于生词量增加、常用词转义、句式复杂化；另一方面命题专家巧妙的干扰项设置也造成了一定困难，使得考生不知不觉落入陷阱。因此，了解干扰选项特征显得十分必要。常见的干扰项特征有：1.______________;2._____________;3.____________;

4.______________;5._____________;6.____________;7.______________;8._____________;9.____________。颠倒是非张冠李戴无中生有话题不一致偷梁换柱强加比较关系绝对词汇以偏概全常识错误应对策略Tip1：紧抓主旨大意

选入高考的文章，不管是文本内容还是文本结构一定是经多次精打细磨的，不会有无关的内容，文本中的每一句话都围绕主题展开，且服务文章主旨。因此，在答题前，应确定文章主旨再一一分析选项。而一些看上去比较复杂难懂的选项，一旦与文章主旨联系起来就不难解决了。说明文更是如此，当题目出与举例子有关，正确选项不会只谈例子中的细节问题，而与文章主旨有关。应对策略Tip2：准确定位原文近年来，阅读理解干扰选项越来越难分辨，原因在于选项

关键词基本都在原文提及，但却巧妙地利用原文内容张冠

李戴、偷梁换柱、以偏概全、颠倒是非、强加比较关系。

有些则完全是无中生有，由命题者杜撰而来。

正确的的做法是根据题干中的关键词，准确定位，然后跟

选项进行一一比对。应对策略Tip3：研究选项逻辑

认真比对选项逻辑，会发现选项之间可能存在并列关系或

矛盾关系，如此，便能缩小选择范围。如果出现并列关系，

两个都不选。如果出现矛盾关系，择其一。应对策略Tip4：常识判断

研究历年高考真题可发现，有些干扰选项中的语句只是就文本中的个别字眼进行设计，无中生有，仔细分析便会发现逻辑漏洞，甚至常识错误。这类选项可以直接排除，节约考试时间。

即便有些常识正确，若偏离文章主旨，慎选。Tip5:着眼未来

从高考阅读选题来看，文本内容越来越贴近生活，经常涉及新现象、新发明、新趋势，若选项中出现new，change，tendency,往往是正确选项。应对策略Tip6:保持中庸

在分析选项时，要保持中庸，若选项出现never,all,only,everyone,noone等词时，慎选。

应对策略词汇梳理：同义/近义复现①

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.researchpositiveeffectsdiscovered6Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.词汇梳理：同义/近义复现②TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”

explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.shortofWhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A.Todetectplants’lackofwaterB.TochangecompositionsofplantsC.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totestchemicalsinplants.7词汇梳理：同义/近义复现④Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff

“switch”

wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.⑤Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(电源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(传输).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.save8Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?

A.Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C.Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.D.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.词汇梳理：同义/近义复现①

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.②TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”

explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.③Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(发光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.④Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineer