初中英语语法：宾语-状语-定语从句-情态动词-冠词的用法

中学英语宾语从句语法讲解[宾语从句歌诀]宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。[歌诀解码]一、三姊妹宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：1.由that引导的宾语从句。如：Weknew（that）weshouldlearnfromeachother.2.由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：Pleasetellmeif/whetheryouhavebeentoAmerica.3.由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：CanyoutellmehowIcangettothenearestpostoffice？二、三关1.引导词关如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2.语序关①陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：Heisanhonestboy.Theteachersaid.→Theteachersaid（that）hewasanhonestboy.②一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：Doesheworkhard？Iwonder.→Iwonderif/whetherheworkshard.Whendidheleave？Idon’tknow.→Idon’tknowwhenheleft.3.时态关①如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：Ihaveheard（that）hewillcomebacknextweek.②如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：Hesaid（that）therewerenoclassesyesterday.注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.三、人称的变化和标点的使用1.从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：“MayIuseyourknife？”Heaskedme.→Heaskedmeifhemightusemyknife.“Doyouknowhertelephonenumber？”Heaskedme.→HeaskedmeifIknowhertelephonenumber.2.宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：Whowillgiveusatalk？Idon’tknow.→Idon’tknowwhowillgiveusatalk.Doyouknow？Wheredoeshelive？→Doyouknowwherehelives？四、两副面孔if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：Ifitrainstomorrow，Iwon’tcome.（时间状语从句）Idon’tknowifitwillraintomorrow.（宾语从句）五、从句的简化1.当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：Shefoundthatthewalletlay/waslyingontheground.→Shefoundthewalletlie/lyingontheground.2.当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：Sheagreedthatshecouldhelpmewithmymaths.→Sheagreedtohelpmewithmymaths.3.在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如：CanyoutellmehowIcangettothestation？→Canyoutellmehowtogettothestation？宾语从句专项练习一、将下面的句子连接成为含有宾语从句的复合句。1．TheseflowersarefromGuangdong.Hesaid.Hesaid_______theseflowers_______fromGuangdong.2.Lighttravelsfasterthansound.Myteachertoldme.Myteachertoldme_____light_______fasterthansound.3．Therewillbeameetinginfivedays.Jackdidn’tknow.Jackdidn’tknow_____there_________ameetinginfivedays.4．CantheyspeakFrench?Iwanttoknow.Iwanttoknow___________________________French.5．Arethechildrenplayinggames?Tellme.Tellme______thechildren____________games.6．Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?Mr.ZhaoaskedMaGang.Mr.ZhaoaskedMaGang____________________homeworkyet.7．Howmanypeoplecanyouseeinthepicture?Whoknows?Whoknows_______________________________inthepicture?8．Wheredidsheparkhercar?Doyouknow?Doyouknow______________hercar?9．Whatdoesheoftentalkabout?Thegirlwondered.Thegirlwondered__________often________about.10．Whoknockedatthedoorsoloudly?Idon’tknow.Idon’tknow___________atthedoorsoloudly.11.Doeshestillliveinthatstreet?Idon'tknow.Idon'tknow______hestill_______inthatstreet.12.What'shisname?Iaskedhim.

Iaskedhimwhat_______________.13.Whendoesthetrainarrive?Pleasetellme.Pleasetellme__________________________________.14.Dotheywantfriedchicken?Heaskedtheboys.Heaskedtheboys_______they______friedchicken.15.WasthewatchmadeinShanghai?Idon'tknow.Idon'tknow_______thewatch_______madeinShanghai.二、选择填空。()1.WhatdidMikesay?Hesaid____________________.A.ifyouarefreethenextweekB.whatcolourwasitC.theweatherisfineD.summercomesafterspring()2.Tomaskedmyfriend________________.A.wherewashefromB.thattheearthisbiggerthanthemoonC.whendidhecomebackD.nottobesoangry()3.Letmetellyou__________________.A.howmuchisthecarB.howmuchdoesthecarcostC.howmuchdidIpayforthecarD.howmuchIspentonthecar()4.Peterknew_______________.A.whetherhehasfinishedreadingthebookB.whytheboyhadsomanyquestionsC.therewere12monthsinayearD.whentheywillleaveforParis()5.Couldyoutellme___________?A.wheredoyouliveB.whoyouarewaitingforC.whowereyouwaitingforD.whereyoulivein()6.Ican'tunderstand______theboyalone.A.whysheleftB.whydidsheleaveC.whyshehadleftD.whyhadsheleft()7.Shetoldmethesun______intheeast.A.riseB.roseC.risesD.hadrisen()8.Idon'tknow________upsoearlylastSunday.A.whydidhegetB.whyhegetsC.whydoeshegetD.whyhegot()9.Themanagercameuptosee__________.A.whatwasthematterB.whatthematterwasC.whatthematterisD.what'sthematter()10.Heaskedhisfather_______.A.whereithappensB.wheredidithappenC.howithappenedD.howdidithappen()11.Noonetellsus______,soweneedyourhelp.A.howweshoulddoB.whatshouldwedoC.howtodoitD.whattodoit()12.Couldyoupleaseteachme_______thecomputer.A.howcheckB.tocheckC.howtocheckD.tohowchecking()13.Theydon'tknow_______theirparentsare.AthatBwhatCwhyDwhich()14.─Wheredoyouthink______he_____theTVset?─Sorry,I'venoidea.A./,boughtB.has,boughtC.did,buyD.didbought()15.Ourhomeworkhaschangedalot.Whocantell_____itwouldbelikein_____fiveyears.A.how,anotherB.what,moreC.how,otherD.what,another()16.─Couldyoutellme______?─Yes.He____totheUSA.A.whereishe/hasbeenB.whereheis/hasgoneC.wherewashe/hasbeenD.wherehewas/hasgone()17.─Mikewantstoknowif____apicnictomorrow.─Yes.Butifit_______,we'llvisitthemuseuminstead.A.youhave/willrainB.youwillhave/willrainC.youwillhave/rainsD.willyouhave/rains()18.Ireallydon'tknowifshe_______itwhenshe________.A.finds/arrivesB.finds/willarriveC.willfind/willarriveD.willfind/arrives()19.MissLiusaid______shewouldleavethemessageontheheadmaster”sdesk.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.what()20.Heaskedme_______.A.whowillkickthefirstgoalintheWorldCupB.whenwastheAPECmeetingheldC.whenChinabecameamemberoftheWTOD.wherethe2008Olympicswillbeheld()21.Inthebookshop,areaderaskedtheshopkeeper______WhoMovedMyCheesewasaninterestingbook.A.thatB.howC.whatD.if()22.Youmustremember_______.A.whatyourteachersaidB.whatdidyourteachersayC.yourteachersaidwhatD.whathasyourteachersaid()23.Idon”tknow______.A.whichroomIcanliveB.whichroomcanIliveC.whichroomIcanliveinD.whichroomcanIlivein()24.－－Doyouknowwhenhe______back?－－Sorry,Idon”t.Whenhe_______back,I”lltellyou.A.comes;comesB.comes;willcomeC.willcome;comesD.willcome;willcome()25Thegirlsaskedifthey____somefoodanddrinkwiththem.A.tookB.takeC.takesD.willtake()26Marysaidthatshe___toGuangzhou.A.hasnevergoneB.hadnevergoneC.hasneverbeenD.hadneverbeen()27Thestudentswanttoknowwhetherthey___aPEclasstoday.A.hadB.hasC.willhaveD.are()28.Canyoutellme___youwereborn,Betty?A.whoB.whatC.whenD.that()29.Idon'tknow___theyhavepassedtheexam.A.whatB.ifC.whenD.where()30.Doyouknow_____theylistenedtoyesterdayevening?A.whatBwhenCwhyDhow三、用合适的连接词填空。1.Jimtoldme____hedidn'tgofishingyesterdayafternoon.（how,why）2.Doyouknow______elseisgoingtobeondutytoday？（who,whom）3.Shesaid_____itwouldn'tmattermuch.（that,if）4.Healwaysthinks______hecandobetter.（how,who）5.Ireallydon'tknow________thebridgewillbefinished.（howlong,howsoon）6.Theydon'tknow_______togoorwait.(if,whether)7.Wearetalkingabout______we’llgobacktomorrow.(whether,if)8.Iwasreallysurprisedat______Isaw.(where,what)9.Idon'tknow____somanypeoplearelookingathim.(how,why)10.Doyouknow______youarestudyingfor?(why,what)四、句型转换。1.“Doyouwanttotryit?”Tom'smotheraskedhim.(同义句)→Tom'smotheraskedhim____________________totryit.2.Ithinkthisisagoodidea.（改为否定句）→I_______________this________agoodidea.3.Lucyhasn'tdecidedwhichtrouserstobuy.（改为复合句）→Lucyhasn'tdecided________________________________buy.4.Idon'tknowhowIcangettothehospital.（改为简单句）→Idon'tknow________________________tothehospital.5.Idon’tsupposetheywillcome,_____________?(改为反意疑问句)五、用所给动词的正确形式填空。1.Wearesurethathe________(go)toschooltomorrow.2.Doyouknowwho______(be)thefirstmantowalkonthemoon?3.Couldyoutellmewherethepostoffice______(is)?4.Ourfathersaidthathe_______(will)buyanewcomputer.5.Ihearthathe_______(swim)intheseayesterday.6.Thelittleboytellsuswherehisfather_______(work).7.Hesaidthathe_________(finish)hisworkalready.8.Theythoughttheycould_______(hike)tothetopofthemountain.9.Hewasgladthatsomanypeople_____(help)him.10.Shedoesn’tknowwhether________(go)orwait.宾语从句参考答案：一、1.that,were2.that,travels3.that,wouldbe4.if/whethertheycanspeak5.if/whether,areplaying6.if/whetherhehadfinishedhis7.howmanypeopleyoucansee8.wheresheparked9.whathe,talked10.whoknocked11.if/whether,lives12.hisnamewas14.if/whether,wanted15.if/whether,was二、1—5:DDDBB6—10:ACDBC11—15:CCBAD16—20:BCDAC21—25:DACCA26—30:DCCBA三、1.why2.who3.that4.how5.howsoon6.whether7.whether8.what9.why10.what四、1.if/whetherhewanted2.don’tthink,is3.whichtrousersshecan4.howtoget5.willthey五、1.willgo2.was3.is4.would5.swam6.works7.hadfinished8.hike9.helped10.togo状语从句讲解和练习

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：

1.Naturally,ourgrandparentswerepleasedtogetourphonecall.(副词)

2.Weworkedhard,fromsunrisetosunset.(介词状短语)

3.Tohelpmydisabledaunt,Ispendanhourworkinginherhouseeveryday.(不定式)

4.Seenfromadistance,thefarmhouselookeddeserted.(过去分词)

5.IknowhowtolightacampfirebecauseIhaddoneitbefore.（原因状语从句）

状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词

和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:

1．时间状语从句

常用引导词：when,as,while,assoonas,while,before,after,since,till,until

特殊引导词：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday，theinstant,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when

Ididn’trealizehowspecialmymotherwasuntilIbecameanadult.

WhileJohnwaswatchingTV,hiswifewascooking.

Thechildrenranawayfromtheorchard(果园)themomenttheysawtheguard.

NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.

EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Igetintotrouble.

2．地点状语从句

常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever,anywhere,everywhere

Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherearefactories.

Whereveryougo,youshouldworkhard.

3．原因状语从句常用引导词：because,since,as,since

特殊引导词：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat,consideringthat,

MyfriendsdislikemebecauseI’mhandsomeandsuccessful.

Nowthateverybodyhascome,let’sbeginourconference.

Thehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmore.

Consideringthatheisnomorethan12yearsold,hisheightof1.80misquiteremarkable.

4．目的状语从句

常用引导词：sothat,inorderthat

特殊引导词：lest,incase,forfearthat，inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat

Thebossaskedthesecretarytohurryupwiththeletterssothathecouldsignthem.

Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.

5．结果状语从句

常用引导词：so…that,so…that,such…that,

特殊引导词：suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,

Hegotupsoearlythathecaughtthefirstbus.

It’ssuchagoodchancethatwemustnotmissit.

Tosuchandegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tsleeplastnight.

6．条件状语从句

常用引导词：if,unless,

特殊引导词：as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposethat,incasethat,onconditionthat

We’llstartourprojectifthepresidentagrees.

Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.

Providedthatthereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.

7．让步状语从句

常用引导词：though,although,evenif,eventhough

特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while(一般用在句首)，nomatter…，inspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever

MuchasIrespecthim,Ican’tagreetohisproposal.

尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。

Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough.

Nomatterhowhardhetried,shecouldnotchangehermind.

Hewon’tlistenwhateveryoumaysay.

8．比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词：themore…themore…;justas…，so…;AistoBwhat/asXistoY;no…morethan;notAsomuchasB

Sheisasbad-temperedashermother.

Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours.

Themoreyouexercise,thehealthieryouwillbe.

Foodistomenwhatoilistomachine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

9．方式状语从句

常用引导词：as,asif,how

特殊引导词：thewayWheninRome,doastheRomando.

Shebehavedasifsheweretheboss.

Sometimesweteachourchildrenthewayourparentshavetaughtus.10.状语从句的简化

♠状语从句的省略

状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：

When(themuseumis)completed,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

He’llgototheseasideforhisholidayif(itis)possible.

另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：

I’mtallerthanhe(istall).

Thehigherthetemperature(is),thegreaterthepressure(is).

就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行"简化"。状语从句的"简化"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。

状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although,though,evenif/though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when,while,as,before,after,until/till等引导的时间状语从句;④由as,asif等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as,than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。

(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:

If(itis)possible,hewillhelpyououtofthedifficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。

Youmustattendthemeetingunless(itis)inconvenienttoyou.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。

(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:

a.连词+形容词

As(hewas)young,helearnedhowtorideabike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。

Whenever(sheis)free,sheoftengoesshopping.她有空就去逛商店。

Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou'llregret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

b.连词+名词

While(hewas)ayoungboy,hewasalwaysreadytohelpothers.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。

Although(hewas)afarmer,nowheisafamousdirector.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。

c.连词+现在分词

As(shewas)walkingalongtheriverbank,shewassingingapopsong.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。

Although(heis)doinghisbestinmathsthesedays,hehasstillgotnogoodmarks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。

d.连词+过去分词

Hewon'tgotherewithusunless(heis)invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。

Theconcertwasagreatsuccessthan(itwas)expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。

e.连词+不定式Hestoodupasif(hewere)tosaysomething.当时他站起来好像要说什么。Hewouldn'tsolvetheproblemevenif(hewere)totakecharge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。f.连词+介词短语

Shelookedanxiousasthough(shewas)introuble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。

HehadmasteredtheEnglishlanguagebefore(hewas)intheUSA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。

注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:

Whenthemeetingwasover,allthepeoplewentoutofthemeeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=Themeetingover,

巩固练习

1.Johnshuteverybodyoutofthekitchen______hecouldpreparehisgrandsurprisefortheparty.

A.whichB.whenC.sothatD.asif

2.Iwouldappreciateit________youcallbackthisafternoonforthedoctor’sappointment.

A.untilB.ifC.whenD.that

3.AsfarasIamconcerned，educationisaboutlearningandthemoreyoulearn，________.

A.themoreforlifeareyouequippedB.themoreequippedforlifeyouare

C.themorelifeyouareequippedforD.youareequippedthemoreforlife

4.Afterthewar，anewschoolbuildingwasputup________therehadoncebeenatheatre.

A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when

5.—IsMr.Smithintheoffice?

—Yes，________heisinchargeoftheoffice，hemustbethere.

A.sinceB.howeverC.whetherD.for

6.Asyourgoodfriend,Iwilldo________helpyou.

A.thatIcantoB.whatIcantoC.allthatIcanD.whatIcan

7.Johnmayphonetonight.Idon’twanttogoout________hephones.

A.aslongasB.inordertoC.incaseD.sothat

8.Someonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenight，buttheyhungup________Icouldanswerthephone.

A.asB.sinceC.untilD.before

9.—Don’tlookdownuponBob.Hehashisownadvantages.

—Oh,yes.________othersareweak,heisstrong.

A.IfB.WhenC.WhereD.Though

10.Itistenyears________hesmoked.

A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.while

11.Wemusthurryup________catchupwiththelasttrain.

A.thatB.sothattoC.inorderthatD.inorderto

12.Nomatter________harditmaybe，Iwillcarryitout.

A.whatB.whateverC.howD.however

13.________youmaydo，youmustdoitwell.

A.WhichB.WheneverC.WhateverD.When

14.—AreyouthinkingaboutgoingtoNewYorkfortheholiday?

—No.ButifI________thetime，Iwoulddefinitelygo.A.haveB.hadC.havehadD.wouldhave

15.________youaresoweak，you’dbetterstayathome.

A.SinceB.ForC.BecauseD.Though

16.EnglishandFrencharetaughthere.Youcanchoose________youlike.

A.nomatterwhichB.whicheverC.whichD.whatever

17.IsawMr.SmithlastSunday.Wehadnotseeneachother________IleftLondon.

A.asB.beforeC.sinceD.till

18.I’llbebackbeforeyou________.

A.willleaveB.willhaveleftC.leaveD.wouldleave

19.Theproblemwon’tbesettleduntilwe________achancetodiscussitthoroughly.

A.havehadB.willhaveC.willhavehadD.wouldhave

20.Ifyou________thisexperiment，youwillunderstandthetheorybetter.

A.willbedoingB.havedoneC.willhavedoneD.woulddo

21.Theywentonworking________itwaslateatnight.

A.evenifB.asifC.howeverD.asthough

22.Ihurried________Iwouldn’tbelateforclass.

A.sinceB.sothatC.asifD.unless

23.Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit________.

A.willrainB.rainsC.rainedD.israining

24.________youtalktosomeoneorwriteamessage，youshowyourskillstoothers.

A.AttimesB.SometimeC.BythetimeD.Everytime

25.Althoughheisconsideredagreatwriter，________.

A.howeverhisworksarenotwidelyreadB.buthisworksarenotwidelyread

C.hisworksarenotwidelyreadD.stillhisworksarenotwidelyread

26.Thenewsecretaryissupposedtoreporttothemanagerassoonasshe________.

A.willarriveB.isgoingtoarriveC.arrivesD.isarriving

27.Weshouldfinishtheimportantjob，________.

A.longittakeshoweverB.ittakeshoweverlong

C.longhoweverittakesD.howeverlongittakes

28.________hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.

A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How

29.________comestothepartywillreceiveagift.

A.WhichB.WhoC.WhichoneD.Whoever

30.Sheiswillingtohelpyou,________busysheis.

A.whatB.howC.howeverD.whatever

31.Idon’tcarewhetherhestays________goes.

A.norB.thenC.orD.otherwise

32.Nomatter________harditmaybe，I’llcarryitout.

A.whatB.whateverC.howD.however

33.Whydoyouwanttofindanewjob________you’vegotsuchagoodonealready?

A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when

34.________heis,hewillbethinkingofyou.

A.WhereverB.WhereC.NowthatD.Assoonas

35.Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethings________youcanfindthemagain.1~5CBBBA6~10BCDCC

11~15DCCBA16~20BCCAB

21~25ABBDC26~30CDADC

31~35CCDAB36~40BCDAD41~45ABBAD46~50DCBBC51~55DCBBD56~60BBACC【解析】1.sothat引导目的状语从句。2.if引导条件状语从句。3.本句是themore…themore…句型，第二个比较级修饰形容词equipped。4.where引导表示地点的状语从句。5.since在这里引导原因状语从句。7.incase以防万一。19.主句为将来时态时，状语从句一般用一般现在时表将来，但如果强调状语从句的动作先完成，可用完成时。24.此处的everytime当连词使用。37.这是对话省略，引出一个条件“除非他先完成作业”。38.本句意为“除非你努力，(否则)你决不可能获得成功”。43.本句的条件状语从句是虚拟语气。50.when在本句中相当于since，seeingthat，consideringthat，“既然；鉴于”。定语从句的用法以及精练一、定语从句的概念

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

二、定语从句的关系词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

四、关系代词的用法

1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

Marylikesmusicthatisquietandgentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)

Thecoat(that)Iputonthedeskisblue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

Thebuildingwhichstandsnearthetrainstationisasupermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)

Thefilm(which)wesawlastnightwaswonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

3.who,whom用于指人,who用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:

ThegirlwhooftenhelpsmewithmyEnglishisfromEngland.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Whoistheteacher(whom)LiMingistalkingto?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:

Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.这是我们去年居住的房子。

PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:

Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.这就是你要找的那个人。

(3)that作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:

Thecitythatshelivesinisveryfaraway.她居住的城市非常远。

(4)关系词只能用that的情况:

a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?

c.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,little,few等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:

Whoisthegirlthatiscrying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?

f.主句是therebe结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:

ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that的情况:

a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例如:

What’sthatwhichisunderthedesk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如:

Thisistheroominwhichhelives.这是他居住的房间。

c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例如:

Tomcameback,whichmadeushappy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。

五、关系副词的用法

(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。例如:

Thiswasthetimewhenhearrived.这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:

Thisisplacewhereheworks.这是他工作的地点。

(3)why指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:

Nobodyknowsthereasonwhyheisoftenlateforschool.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

六。"介词＋关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构

(1)"介词＋关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。"介词＋关系代词"结构中的介词可以是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。

例:Isthatthehouseinwhichyoulive?

(2)像listento,lookat,takecareof等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：

Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.

I.单项填空。

1.-Doyouknowtheman______istalkingwithyourfather?

-Yes,he’sourheadmaster.

A.heB.whoC.whichD.whom

2.Isthistheriver_____Icanswim?

A.whichB.inwhichC.thatD.theone

3.Thisisthebesthotelinthecity_____Iknow.

A.whereB.whichC.thatD.it

4.Canyoulendmethedictionary______theotherday?

A.thatyouboughtB.youboughtit

C.thatyouboughtitD.whichyouboughtit

5.Anyone______withwhatIsaidmayputupyouhands.

A.whichagreesB.whoagree

C.whoagreesD.whichagree6.Mywatchisnottheonlything______ismissing.

A.thatB.itC.whichwho

7.Theman______coatisblackiswaitingatthegate

A.who’sB.whoseC.thatofwhich.

8.Thegirl______isreadingunderthetree_____mysister.

A.which;isB.whom;wasC.who;isD.who;was

9.Iloveplaces______thepeoplearereallyfriendly.

A.thatB.whichC.whereD.who

10.Theworld______ismadeupofmatter.A.inthatweliveB.onwhichwelive

C.whereweliveinD.welivein

Ⅱ.用适当的关系代词that,which