罗宾斯《组织行为学》12版OB12-04人格与价值观资料

PersonalityandValuesChapter

FOURWhatIsPersonality?PersonalityThesumtotalofwaysinwhichanindividualreactsandinteractswithothers,measurabletraitsapersonexhibits人格是个体对他人的反应方式和交往方式的综合，它通常通过个体表现出来的、可以测量的人格特质进行描述。PersonalityTraitsEnduringcharacteristicsthatdescribeanindividual’sbehavior能预测工作表现的人格特质是什么？PersonalityDeterminantsHeredityEnvironmentSituationTheMyers-BriggsTypeIndicatorPersonalityTypesExtrovertedvs.Introverted(EorI)Sensingvs.Intuitive(SorN)Thinkingvs.Feeling(TorF)Judgingvs.Perceiving(PorJ)Scoreisacombinationofallfour(e.g.,ENTJ)Myers-BriggsTypeIndicator(MBTI)Apersonalitytestthattapsfourcharacteristicsandclassifiespeopleinto1of16personalitytypesMeyers-Briggs(cont’d)AMeyers-BriggsScoreCanbeavaluabletooforself-awarenessandcareerguidanceBUTShouldnotbeusedasaselectiontoolbecauseithasnotbeenrelatedtojobperformance!

TheBigFiveModelofPersonalityDimensionsExtroversion外边性

Sociable,gregarious,andassertiveAgreeableness宜人性

Good-natured,cooperative,andtrustingConscientiousness尽责性

Responsible,dependable,persistent,andorganizedOpennesstoExperience开放性

Curious,imaginative,artistic,andsensitiveEmotionalStability情感稳定性

Calm,self-confident,secureunderstress(positive),versusnervous,depressed,andinsecureunderstress(negative)哪一项特质最能预测工作表现？MeasuringPersonalityPersonalityIsMeasuredby:Self-ReportSurveysObserver-RatingSurveysProjectiveMeasuresRorschachInkblotTestThematicApperceptionTestMajorPersonalityAttributesInfluencingOBCoreSelf-EvaluationSelf-EsteemLocusofControlMachiavellianismNarcissismSelf-MonitoringRiskTakingTypeAvs.TypeBPersonalityProactivePersonalityCoreSelf-Evaluation:TwoMainComponentsSelf-Esteem

自尊能预测工作表现吗？Individuals’degreeoflikingordislikingthemselves

LocusofControl过于自信的有利于工作吗？ThedegreetowhichpeoplebelievetheyaremastersoftheirownfateInternals(Internallocusofcontrol)内控

IndividualswhobelievethattheycontrolwhathappenstothemExternals(Externallocusofcontrol)外控

IndividualswhobelievethatwhathappenstothemiscontrolledbyoutsideforcessuchasluckorchanceMachiavellianismConditionsFavoringHighMachsDirectinteractionwithothersMinimalrulesandregulationsEmotionsdistractforothersMachiavellianism(Mach)Degreetowhichanindividualispragmatic,maintainsemotionaldistance,andbelievesthatendscanjustifymeans在国内，哪些地方适合马基雅维利主义者发展？NarcissismANarcissisticPersonHasgrandiosesenseofself-importanceRequiresexcessiveadmirationHasasenseofentitlementIsarrogantTendstoberatedaslesseffective如何做自恋者的上司？

Self-MonitoringSelf-MonitoringApersonalitytraitthatmeasuresanindividual’sabilitytoadjusthisorherbehaviortoexternal,situationalfactors

HighSelf-MonitorsReceivebetterperformanceratingsLikelytoemergeasleadersShowlesscommitmenttotheirorganizations自控与《普通心理学》的那个概念关系最密切？“吃糖果的表现”能反应一个人未来的成就吗？Risk-Taking人有多大胆？HighRisk-TakingManagersMakequickerdecisionsUselessinformationtomakedecisionsOperateinsmallerandmoreentrepreneurialorganizationsLowRisk-TakingManagersAreslowertomakedecisionsRequiremoreinformationbeforemakingdecisionsExistinlargerorganizationswithstableenvironmentsRiskPropensityAligningmanagers’risk-takingpropensitytojobrequirementsshouldbebeneficialtoorganizationsPersonalityTypesTypeAsArealwaysmoving,walking,andeatingrapidlyFeelimpatientwiththerateatwhichmosteventstakeplaceStrivetothinkordotwoormorethingsatonceCannotcopewithleisuretimeAreobsessedwithnumbers,measuringtheirsuccessintermsofhowmanyorhowmuchofeverythingtheyacquireTypeBsNeversufferfromasenseoftimeurgencywithitsaccompanyingimpatienceFeelnoneedtodisplayordiscusseithertheirachievementsoraccomplishmentsPlayforfunandrelaxation,ratherthantoexhibittheirsuperiorityatanycostCanrelaxwithoutguilt心脏病与性格有关系吗？PersonalityTypesProactivePersonalityIdentifiesopportunities,showsinitiative,takesaction,andperseveresuntilmeaningfulchangeoccursCreatespositivechangeintheenvironment,regardlessoreveninspiteofconstraintsorobstacles积极主动是人的天性吗？

Whichofthefollowingisnotatypicalpersonalitytraitconsideredtobeorganizationallyrelevant?LocusofcontrolSelf-monitoringSelf-enhancingSelfesteemMachiavellianism

ChapterCheck-up:PersonalityDiscusswithyourneighborhoweachofthethreetraitsabovewouldinfluenceacollegeinstructor’sbehavior,andwhereyouthinkyourteacherfallswithrespecttoeachofthem.ChapterCheck-up:Personality

Alisonarrivestoclassandrealizesthatshe’sforgottenherhomeworktoturnin.Shesays“Ohman,it’sjustnotmyluckydaytoday.”Alisonhas______________.

Alisonhasahighexternallocusofcontrol.Alisonbelievesthatthingsoutsideofhercontroldeterminewhathappens.

IfAlisonworksonateamwithyou,andyouhaveaveryhighinternallocusofcontrol,whatkindsofdiscussionsdoyouthinkthetwoofyoumighthave?Discusswithafriend.

Juliaisknownforbeingago-getter.Sheneverleavesataskincomplete,andisinvolvedinanumberofactivities.Moreover,she’satthetopofherclass.She’ssobusythatsometimes,sheforgetstostopandeatlunch.Juliacanbeeasilycharacterizedassomeonethathas/isaType____Personality.ChapterCheck-up:PersonalityAJuliaisalsolikelytonotbevery: Happy? Fun? Creative? Stressed?

ChapterCheck-up:PersonalityIngeneral,TypeAsarerarelycreativebecausetheygenerallydon’tallocatethenecessarytimefornewsolutiondevelopment;theyusuallyrelyonpastexperiencestosolveproblemsinordertobespeedy.Definition:Modeofconductorendstateispersonallyorsociallypreferable(i.e.,whatisrightandgood)

个人或社会偏向的，具体的行为模式或终极生存状态TerminalValuesDesirableendstatesInstrumentalValuesTheways/meansforachievingone’sterminalvaluesValueSystem:Ahierarchybasedonarankingofanindividual’svaluesintermsoftheirintensityNote:ValuesvarybycohortValuesImportanceofValuesProvideunderstandingoftheattitudes,motivation,andbehaviorsofindividualsandculturesInfluenceourperceptionoftheworldaroundusRepresentinterpretationsof“right”and“wrong”ImplythatsomebehaviorsoroutcomesarepreferredoverothersTypesofValues—RokeachValueSurveyTerminalValuesDesirableend-statesofexistence;thegoalsthatapersonwouldliketoachieveduringhisorherlifetimeInstrumentalValuesPreferablemodesofbehaviorormeansofachievingone’sterminalvaluesValuesintheRokeach

SurveyEXHIBIT4-3Source:M.Rokeach,TheNatureofHumanValues(NewYork:TheFreePress,1973).ValuesintheRokeachSurvey

(cont’d)EXHIBIT4-3(cont’d)Source:M.Rokeach,TheNatureofHumanValues(NewYork:TheFreePress,1973).MeanValueRankingsofExecutives,UnionMembers,andActivistsEXHIBIT4-4Source:BasedonW.C.FrederickandJ.Weber,“TheValuesofCorporateManagersandTheirCritics:AnEmpiricalDescriptionandNormativeImplications,”inW.C.FrederickandL.E.Preston(eds.)BusinessEthics:ResearchIssuesandEmpiricalStudies(Greenwich,CT:JAIPress,1990),pp.123–44.Values,Loyalty,andEthicalBehaviorEthicalClimatein

theOrganizationEthicalValuesandBehaviorsofLeadersPowerDistanceIndividualismvs.CollectivismMasculinityvs.FemininityUncertaintyAvoidanceLong-termandShort-termOrientationValuesAcrossCultures:Hofstede’sFramework

中国、日本、美国在这五项指标上处于何种位置？Hofstede’sFrameworkforAssessingCulturesPowerDistanceTheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequally.Lowdistance:Relativelyequalpowerbetweenthosewithstatus/wealthandthosewithoutstatus/wealthHighdistance:Extremelyunequalpowerdistributionbetweenthosewithstatus/wealthandthosewithoutstatus/wealthHofstede’sFramework(cont’d)

CollectivismAtightsocialframeworkinwhichpeopleexpectothersingroupsofwhichtheyareaparttolookafterthemandprotectthem

Individualism

Thedegreetowhichpeopleprefertoactasindividualsratherthanamemberofgroupsvs.Hofstede’sFramework(cont’d)MasculinityTheextenttowhichthesocietyvaluesworkrolesofachievement,power,andcontrol,andwhereassertivenessandmater-ialismarealsovaluedFemininityTheextenttowhichthereislittlediffer-entiationbetweenrolesformenandwomen

vs.Hofstede’sFramework(cont’d)UncertaintyAvoidanceTheextenttowhichasocietyfeelsthreatenedbyuncertainandambiguoussituationsandtriestoavoidthemHighUncertaintyAvoidance:Societydoesnotlikeambiguoussituationsandtriestoavoidthem.LowUncertaintyAvoidance:Societydoesnotmindambiguoussituationsandembracesthem.做“乡愿”较好？还是“是非分明”较好？Hofstede’sFramework(cont’d)Long-termOrientationAnationalcultureattributethatemphasizesthefuture,thrift,andpersistenceShort-termOrientationAnationalcultureattributethatemphasizesthepresentandthehereandnowvs.为天地立心……逝者如斯夫……流芳百世……千秋功业……如隔三秋……中国人是长期导向？

还是短期导向？AchievingPerson-JobFitPersonalityTypesRealisticInvestigativeSocialConventionalEnterprisingArtisticPersonality-JobFitTheory(Holland)Identifiessixpersonalitytypesandproposesthatthefitbetweenpersonalitytypeandoccupationalenvironmentdeterminessatisfactionandturnover找喜欢的工作？还是找喜欢的环境？Holland’sTypologyofPersonality

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