论文-Abstract-conclusion-开题报告课件

Abstract

conclusion

开题报告1.

HowtoWrite

Abstract？DefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwriting2.

AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion.AsHoughton(1975)putsit,“Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.”

美国《化学文摘》、《生物文摘》和英联邦农业局的文摘系统对文摘的定义是“对原文献内容准确、扼要的表达。不加补充解释和评论”。

I.Definition3.The

Abstractshould

(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeofthe

investigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.4.WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.Payattention！5.informativeabstract

信息性/报道性/资料性摘要

-theprimaryresearchobjectiveorpurpose

-methodemployedinsolvingtheproblems

-principalfindingsorresults

-majorconclusionsandservesasasubstituteforthefullpaperdescriptiveabstract

指示性/说明性/描述性摘要

outlinesthetopicscoveredinthepaperandislikeatableofcontentsinparagraphform.Structureofabstract|

Classificationofabstracts6.Structureofabstract|

Structureof

aninformativeabstractBackground

–whydoyouwanttodotheresearch?Researchquestion

–whatquestion

areyoutryingtoanswerandwhatistheresearchtopicofyourpaper?Method

–how(whatmaterial,whatmethod,andwhatprocedures)doyougetanswerstoyourresearchquestion?Results–whatisyouranswertothequestion?Conclusions–whatimplications

doestheanswerimply?7.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDEFINEthebackgroundandargumentofthepresentstudyAlthough(theresearchsubject)…,(therelatedproblem)…isasyetundetermined.(Theresearchsubject)…,however,(therelatedproblem)…remainsunsolved.(Previousstudies)haveexamined…,(therelatedproblem)isthat…,despite…(Problemsincertainresearcharea)are…,yet(thepresentsolution)hasfrequentlybeenquestionedbecause…Thispaperdescribes/presents…(theargument)within…(atheoreticalcontext)While(thedebateoncertainresearchsubject)seemsto…,(thepresentagreement)isstillproblematic.8.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToSTATEthepurposeofthepresentstudyThispaperadvancestheviewthat…Thearticleadvocates/discusses/develops/focuseson/givesdetailedexplanationfor/investigatesinto/proposes/holdsthat/…Thepurpose/intentionofthispaperis…Theprimarygoal/aimofthisresearchis…Theoverallobjectiveofthisstudyis…Inthispaper/study,weaimat…Thework/investigationpresentedinthispaperfocuseson…Thisresearchisdesignedtodetermine/measure/evaluate…Theauthorintends/attemptsooutlinetheframeworkof/obtainsomeknowledgeof…9.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDESCRIBEtheangleofobservingissues…fromtheangleof……inthelightofthecontextthat…Toviewsomethingatadifferentangle/fromvariousangles…Fromthepointofviewof…Fromtheperspectiveof…10.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDESCRIBEresearchmethodandproceduresDetailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing..Severalsetsofexperimentshavebeenperformedtotestthevalidityof…Thetechniquetheauthoradoptedisreferredtoas…Theexperimentsconsistedoffoursteps,whicharedescribedin…Themethod/approachusedinthepresentstudyis…Theexperiment/investigationinthepaperisconductedbyadopting…Theprocedurethepresentstudyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedas…Theexperiment/studyconsistedofthefollowingsteps:…Includedintheexperimentwere…Basedontheideathat…,weconductedthepresentstudy,categorized…,andevaluated…11.

SAMPLE

Abstracts

12.UsefulEXPRESSIONSTheSampleofABSTRACTTheperformanceonthethreeindexesonthethreeindexesoftheacrossforyearsandthenativespeakersformaconyinuum./However,YearFourstudentsweresignificantlylowerinfluencyandwordvariationsthannativespeakers,butsimilartothenativespeakersinlexicalfrequencyprofile./TheperiodbetweenYearTwoandYearThreesawthemostnoticeableprogress./Thestudentswithdifferentstartinglevelsofthethreeindexesvariedintermsoftheirchanges./Thelow-levelgroupmadgreaterprogressthanthemiddle-levelgroupwhichproducedslightlyfasterprogressthanthehigh-levelgroup.13.UsefulEXPRESSIONSTheTranslationoftheSAMPLE摘要:本研究采用英语专业学生四年的口语跟踪语料，用流利度、词汇多样性与词频广度三个指标分析词汇的使用，并与美国大学生的语料进行比较，旨在揭示其变化的趋势与特点。学习者语料来源于2001年入学的56名英语专业学生，他们每天在语言实验室里完成一篇议论文文体的口头作文。本民族语语料源于15名美国大学生，其口头作文的要求同于中国大学生，研究结果表明，学习者总体样本在流利度、词汇多样性和词频广度上的发展呈上升趋势，与本族语大学生的表现形成连续体。四年级学生在流利度和词汇多样性方面显著低于本族语大学生，但在词频广度上的差别与本族语大学生的差异不具有统计意义。2-3年纪是三个指标变化的最佳时段。三个指标起点不同的组别，进行轨迹不完全相同。低起点组明显进步显著大于中起点组，中起点组稍高于高起点组。14.How

to

Write

the

Conclusion？15.TheConclusionContentWhatisconclusionHowtowriteconclusionExamples16.DefinitionAconclusionisananswercreatedfromthehypothesis,andsumsupthehypothesis.Conclusionsalwaysareputattheendofawritingpiece.Theystatewhathasbeenprovenandwhathasbeenlearned.TheConclusion17.PurposesofaConclusionwrapthingsupandendyouressay,evaluatesthesignificanceofthepaper,reemphasizesthemainpoints,predictsanoutcome,offersasolution,orsuggestsafurtherstudy.TheConclusion18.Aconclusionshouldback• stresstheimportanceofthethesisstatement,• givetheessayasenseofcompleteness,• leaveafinalimpressiononthereader.TheConclusion19.

ChecklistforConclusion

1．“结论”部分的信息结构是从具体到普遍：作者从讨论具体的研究及研究成果出发，解释结果，设法总结出带有普遍性的结论。

2．一篇典型的“结论”通常包含六个信息要点：复述研究目的或假设；评述主要的研究成果；解释研究成果；指出研究的局限性;探析研究成果的普遍意义和启示；提出进一步研究或成果运用的建议。3．重述研究目的或假设，重述研究成果用动词的过去时；解释研究成果、讨论成果局限性用动词的现在时、过去时和情态动词；讨论研究成果带来的启示、提出进一步研究的建议，用动词的现在时、情态动词或表示探测性的动词或动词词组。20.Aconclusionismorethanasummary.Weneedto1.Confirmthethesissentenceandthecentralmissionofyourstudy.Ifappropriate,giveastatementinsupportornonsupportofanoriginalenthymemeorhypothesis.2.Discussandinterpretthefindings.Giveanswers.Nowisthetimetodrawinferencesandtoemphasizeatheory,andtofindrelevanceinthedetailsoftheresults.3.Offersuggestionsforactionandfornewresearchbasedonthetheoreticalimplicationsofthestudy.TheConclusion21.Strategiesforwritinganeffectiveconclusion• Returntothethemeorthemesintheintroduction.• Synthesize,don'tsummarize.• Includeaprovocativeinsightorquotationfromtheresearchorreading.• Proposeacourseofaction,asolutiontoanissue,orquestionsforfurtherstudy.• Pointtobroaderimplications.TheConclusion22.Strategiestoavoid• Statingthethesisfortheveryfirsttimeintheconclusion.• Introducinganewideaorsubtopicinyourconclusion.• Endingwitharephrasedthesisstatementwithoutanysubstantivechanges.• Makingsentimental,emotionalappealsthatareoutofcharacterwiththerestofananalyticalpaper.• Includingevidence(quotations,statistics,etc.)thatshouldbeinthebodyofthepaper.TheConclusion23.Somepopularwaysofconcludingapaper:1.RestatingthethesisstatementProvidesaretrospectiveviewthatsummarizesthemajorpointsinthepaperandexplainstheirsignificanceThemostcommontypeofconclusionThemainideaissaidagainbutindifferentwordsReinforcesthemainpointsthewritertriestomakeinthepaper.

TheConclusion24.2.OfferingasolutionForapaperwhichfocusesonaproblemorseveralproblems,itisagoodwaytoenditbyofferingsomepossiblesolutions.3.ProvidingevaluationsThepapercanconcludewithanevaluationofsignificanteffects,adescriptionandanalysisoftheresults.Hencedrivehomethekeypointsofthepaper.4.LookingtothefutureThepapercanconcludewithsomepredictions.TheConclusion25.UsefulTransitionsback

Itissometimeshelpfultohaveatransitionatthebeginningofyourconclusiontosignaltheendofyouressay.Somecommontransitionsusedinconclusionsarelistedbelow.Remembertouseacommaafteryourtransitions.Inconclusion,Insummary,Thus,Therefore,Toconclude,Inshort,TheConclusion26.TheConclusion☆Thispaperhaveshown…☆Thispaperhaveexamined…,andhaveproposed…☆Thisstudyshowedthat…☆Ithasbeenshownthat…☆Takingintoaccountthefactthat…☆Thispaperhassuccessfullydemonstratedthat…☆Thispaperhasdefined…andstudied…☆Itwasalsonotablethat…27.Example1Conclusion:①

Overall,ourstudyhasrevealedavarietyofpatternsatthecommunityandpopulationlevels,noneofwhichseemtoindicateobviousdeclineinsoutheasternOhio\'soak-hickory(橡树与山核桃科树木)forests.②Clearly,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands(树林).③Somestandsexhibitedmortalityashighas40%.④However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.⑤Likewise,certainspecieswereinanobviousstateofdecline,butthesegenerallyhadaclearpathogenicexplanation.⑥Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon(Castelloetal.1995).⑦Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallersizeclassesmightprovideadditionalusefulinfo