人教版-全套高中英语语法大全-非谓语动词总结

TeachingplanforNon-definiteVerbs---byTaylorZhangCHAPTERONETheInfinitive(1)I.Whatistheinfinitive?Infinitivesarethestemsofverbs.Inotherwords,theyarethebaseformofverbs.Theymaysometimesbeusedaloneandsometimeswith'to'.Forinstance,'sing'isthebaseformofaverb,infull,itspasttenseis'sang'anditspastparticipleis'sung'Thiscanbeillustratedbythefollowingtable.Infinitive3rdpersonsingularPresentparticiplePasttensePastparticiplesingsingssingingsangsungII.UsageoftheinfinitiveA.iInfinitivesareusedafterverbsofsaying,thinkingandperception.Herearesomeexamples:agree,hope,expect,want,watch,learn,refuse,decide,intend,hesitate,remember,try,mean,choose,promisee.g.1.Jennydecidedtojointhedancingclubnextyear.2.Theprincipalwatchedthestudenthittheteacher.3.Irefusedtotakepartinthisadhocproject.iiInfinitivesareusedafterauxiliaryverbssuchas'shall','will','should','would','can','could','may','might','ought','must'and'be'.e.g.1.Petercouldnotclimbupthewall.2.ImaygotoCaliforniathissummer.TheInfinitive(2)II．.UsageoftheinfinitiveB.InfinitivesareusedaftermanyadjectivesiAnadjectiveprecedeby'too',followedby'enough'orinbetween'so...as'isfollowedbyaninfinitive.e.g.1.Thatmanistooselfishtoreturnallthesouvenirsgivenbythecommunitycenter.2.Kenisnotboldenoughtofightwiththebully.3.Heissorudeastogivemeapushintheback.iiWhenanadjectiveisprecededby'Itis'andfollowedby'for'or'of',aninfinitiveisusedafterthisstructure.e.g.1.Itisunwiseofyoutoinvestallyourmoneyinthestockmarket.2.Itisimpossibleformetofinishtheprojectwithinthisweek.iiiInfinitivesareusedaftermanyadjectivesthatshowhowapersonfeels.Examplesoftheseadjectivesinclude:angry,happy,surprised,anxiousandexcited.e.g.1.She'shappytohearthathermotherhastotallyrecoveredfromherillness.2.He'sanxioustoundergothesurgery.C.Infinitivescanbeusedassubjectse.g.1.Tohaveaquizeverydayisreallyexhausting.2.Toleanoutofthewindowisnotallowed.D.Infinitivescanbeusedasobjectse.g.1.Sheknowshowtocareforthedisabled.2.Idon'tknowwheretobuythehandicrafts.E.Infinitivesareusedaftercertainnounssuchas'plan','attempt','wish','request','ability','promise','offer'and'failure'.e.g.1.Sarah'splantomovetoSaiKungwillbepostponed.2.HerrequesttosendtheflowersonMondaywasacceptedbytheflorist.F.Aperfectinfinitiveisformedby'(to)have'followedbyapastparticiple.Itisusedtorefertoactionsthattakeplaceearlier.e.g.1.Johnseemstohavefailedintheexamination.2.Heisbelievedtohavewitnessedthemurder.NOTE:1.Asforpassivevoice,theinfinitiveisprecededby'to'afterverbsofperception.e.g.ShewasseensingingintheCityHall.2.Thereisadifferenceinmeaningbetweengerundandinfinitive.Whenanactionisfollowedbyagerund,thegerundgivesageneralmeaning.Whenaninfinitiveisused,themeaningismorespecificandtheactionisrelatedtoaparticularsubject.CHAPTERTWO-ING'FORMTHEGERUNDThislooksexactlythesameasapresentparticiple,andforthisreasonitisnowcommontocallbothforms'the-ingform'.Howeveritisusefultounderstandthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Thegerundalwayshasthesamefunctionasanoun(althoughitlookslikeaverb),soitcanbeused:a.asthesubjectofthesentence:Eatingpeopleiswrong.Huntingelephantsisdangerous.Flyingmakesmenervous.b.asthecomplementoftheverb'tobe':Oneofhisdutiesisattendingmeetings.ThehardestthingaboutlearningEnglishisunderstandingthegerund.Oneoflife'spleasuresishavingbreakfastinbed.c.afterprepositions.Thegerundmustbeusedwhenaverbcomesafterapreposition:Canyousneezewithoutopeningyourmouth?Sheisgoodatpainting.They'rekeenonwindsurfing.Sheavoidedhimbywalkingontheoppositesideoftheroad.WearrivedinMadridafterdrivingallnight.MyfatherdecidedagainstpostponinghistriptoHungary.Thisisalsotrueofcertainexpressionsendinginapreposition,e.g.inspiteof,there'snopointin..:There'snopointinwaiting.Inspiteofmissingthetrain,wearrivedontime.d.afteranumberof'phrasalverbs'whicharecomposedofaverb+preposition/adverbExample:tolookforwardto,togiveup,tobefor/against,totaketo,toputoff,tokeepon:Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.(attheendofaletter)Whenareyougoingtogiveupsmoking?Shealwaysputsoffgoingtothedentist.Hekeptonaskingformoney.NOTE:Therearesomephrasalverbsandotherexpressionsthatincludetheword'to'asapreposition,notaspartofato-infinitive:-tolookforwardto,totaketo,tobeaccustomedto,tobeusedto.Itisimportanttorecognizethat'to'isaprepositioninthesecases,asitmustbefollowedbyagerund:Wearelookingforwardtoseeingyou.Iamusedtowaitingforbuses.Shedidn'treallytaketostudyingEnglish.Itispossibletocheckwhether'to?isaprepositionorpartofato-infinitive:ifyoucanputanounorthepronoun'it'afterit,thenitisaprepositionandmustbefollowedbyagerund:Iamaccustomedtoit(thecold).Iamaccustomedtobeingcold.e.incompoundnounsExample:adrivinglesson,aswimmingpool,bird-watching,train-spottingItisclearthatthemeaningisthatofanoun,notofacontinuousverb.Example:thepoolisnotswimming,itisapoolforswimmingin.f.aftertheexpressions:can'thelp,can'tstand,it'snouse/good,andtheadjectiveworth:Theelephantcouldn'thelpfallinginlovewiththemouse.Ican'tstandbeingstuckintrafficjams.It'snouse/goodtryingtoescape.Itmightbeworthphoningthestationtocheckthetimeofthe-ING'FORMCHAPTERTHREETHEPRESENTPARTICIPLEThepresentparticipleofmostverbshastheformbase+ingandisusedinthefollowingways:a.aspartofthecontinuousformofaverb(SeecontinuoustensesinVERBTENSES)Example:Iamworking,hewassinging,theyhavebeenwalking.b.afterverbsofmovement/positioninthepattern:verb+presentparticipleExample:ShewentshoppingHelaylookingupatthecloudsShecamerunningtowardsmeThisconstructionisparticularlyusefulwiththeverb'togo',asinthesecommonexpressions:togoshoppingtogoski-ingtogofishingtogosurfingtogowalkingtogoswimmingtogorunningtogodancingc.afterverbsofperceptioninthepattern:verb+object+presentparticipleExample:Iheardsomeonesinging.Hesawhisfriendwalkingalongtheroad.Icansmellsomethingburning!NOTE:Thereisadifferenceinmeaningwhensuchasentencecontainsazero-infinitiveratherthanaparticiple.Theinfinitivereferstoacompleteaction,buttheparticiplereferstoanincompleteaction,orpartofanaction.Compare:IheardJoannasinging(=shehadstartedbeforeIheardher,andprobablywentonafterwards)IheardJoannasing(=Iheardhercompleteperformance)d.asanadjectiveExamples:amazing,worrying,exciting,boring.Itwasanamazingfilm.It'sabitworryingwhenthepolicestopyouDarkbillowingcloudsoftenprecedeastorm.Racingcarscangoasfastas400kph.Hewastrappedinsidetheburninghouse.Manyofhispaintingsdepictthesettingsun.e.withtheverbsspendandwaste,inthepattern:verb+time/moneyexpression+presentparticipleExample:Mybossspendstwohoursadaytravelingtowork.Don'twastetimeplayingcomputergames!They'vespentthewholedayshopping.f.withtheverbscatchandfind,inthepattern:verb+object+presentparticiple:Withcatch,theparticiplealwaysreferstoanactionwhichcausesannoyanceoranger:IfIcatchyoustealingmyapplesagain,there'llbetrouble!Don'tlethimcatchyoureadinghisletters.Thisisnotthecasewithfind,whichisunemotional:Wefoundsomemoneylyingontheground.Theyfoundtheirmothersittinginthegarden.g.toreplaceasentenceorpartofasentence:Whentwoactionsoccuratthesametime,andaredonebythesamepersonorthing,wecanuseapresentparticipletodescribeoneofthem:Theywentoutintothesnow.Theylaughedastheywent.Theywentlaughingoutintothesnow.Hewhistledtohimself.Hewalkeddowntheroad.Whistlingtohimself,hewalkeddowntheroad.Whenoneactionfollowsveryquicklyafteranotherdonebythesamepersonorthing,wecanexpressthefirstactionwithapresentparticiple:Heputonhiscoatandleftthehouse.Puttingonhiscoat,heleftthehouse.Shedroppedthegunandputherhandsintheair.Droppingthegun,sheputherhandsintheair.Thepresentparticiplecanbeusedinsteadofaphrasestartingas,since,because,anditexplainsthecauseorreasonforanaction:Feelinghungry,hewentintothekitchenandopenedthefridge.(=becausehefelthungry...)Beingpoor,hedidn'tspendmuchonclothes.Knowingthathismotherwascoming,hecleanedtheflat.CHAPTERFOUR(Chinese)动名词一、动名词的基本特征表主动的，抽象的，无时间概念二、A.“色普·玛尔格·菲克斯”Cep.marg.fiks“色普·玛尔格·菲克斯”是指后面只能用动名词作宾语的动词。C——consider,can'thelp,can'tstandE——enjoy,excuse,escapeP——practise,putoffM——miss,mindA——avoid,admitR——riskG——giveupF——finishI——imagineK——keepS——suggestB.firecamps(火烧连营):thewordsasfollowing:finish,imagine,reject,enjoy,consider,avoid/admit,miss,practise/putoff,suggest三、在begin,start,continue等词后，既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词。但其后如是：see,understand,realize时，一般用不定式。四、love,like,hate,prefer之后，用不定式表示某一具体动作或情况（一般在其前加would或should）；用动名词表示一般性动作（如爱好或习惯）。五、need,demand,want,require在表示“需要”时，用动名词的主动形式表被动，或用不定式的被动形式，但动名词形式更常见。六、“八个双面人”“八个双面人”是指既可以用动名词作宾语，又可以用不定式作宾语，但意义完全不同的动词。八个双面人+todosth.doingsth.stop停下来做…停止做…try企图做…试着做…mean想要做…意味着…regret遗憾未做…后悔做了…agree答应别人的要求(to)赞成别人的意见remember记住要做…记得做过…forget忘记了要做…忘记了做过…goon接着再做别的事继续做…七、使用动名词的其他情况1.在any(some,no)use,any(some,no)good等词后要用动名词Thereisnousedoingsth.=Itisnousedoingsth.Itisnogooddoingsth.Itisofnousedoingsth.(=todosth.)2.在下列结构中要用动名词havenobusinessdoingsth.（无权做…）feellikedoingsth.（想要做…）makeapointofdoingsth.（认为…是必要的）Ondoingsth.（一…就…）beworthdoing（值得做…）lookforwardto3.注意：advise(allow,consider,permit,encourage,forbid)sb.todosth.advise(allow,consider,permit,encourage,forbid)doingsth.分词●现在分词一、现在分词的基本特征表主动的，进行的，表特征二、现在分词的用法①现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征或和连系动词连用构成进行时态。Thebookisinteresting.Thepresentsituationismoreencouragingthaneverbefore.Thegirliswateringthetrees.现在分词作表语一般可以译成“使、令…的”②现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的特征，或修饰名词所做的动作。单个的现在分词作定语必须前置；现在分词短语则后置。现在分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句，都可以变成一个相应的定语从句。现在分词作定语所修饰的名词有主谓关系。boilingingweeksettingsunshiningexamplerunningwaterwalkingtractorwaitingcarsleepingchildflyingfishHeisapromisingyoungman.IhaveafriendlivinginLondon.(=IhaveafriendwholivesinLondon.)③现在分词作状语，多用来表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。现在分词作状语它的逻辑主语是主句的主语。如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，并且已经完成，用现在分词的完成形式。Theystoodbytheroad,readingbooks.Havingsteppedintothecave,Crusoelitafire.④现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行，动作是宾语发出的，主动的，多用于使役动词或感官动词之后。Wesawalightburninginthewindow.Ican'tgettheclockgoingagain.●过去分词一、过去分词的基本特征表被动的、完成的、表状态二、过去分词的用法①过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态或和连系动词一起表示被动语态（动词应是及物动词）。Theglassisbroken.Sheisquitepleased.TheglasswasbrokenbyLiHua.②过去分词作定语多表示被动意义和完成意义。动作发生在谓语动词之前。其前置和特征与现在分词相同。过去分词作定语所修饰的名词有被动关系或系表关系。Heisamanlovedbyall.Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.③过去分词作状语与现在分词作状语一样，可以表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。过去分词作状语必须注意它表示的动作是该句主语发不出来的或表示主语的状态。但其逻辑上的主语应是主句的主语。Whenheated,waterchangesintosteam.④过去分词作宾补，多表示宾语的状态或被动意义。动作是宾语发不来的。多用于使役动词、感官动词和like,want,wish,order等表示“希望”“要求”等意义的动词后面。特别注意“have＋宾语＋过去分词”这一结构的用法。Isawalightburningintheroom.Ican'tgettheclockgoingagain.Ihavetohavemyhaircut.CHAPTERSIX动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较：一、作主语⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)把不定式置于句首。如：Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：①It＋be＋名词＋todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.②Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?③It＋be＋形容词＋forsb＋todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositionaquarterofanhour.④It＋be＋形容词＋ofsb＋todoItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.⑤Itseems(appears)＋形容词＋todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sbis＋形容词＋todo句式，如：It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⒉动名词作主语Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：①It's+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing…It'snogoodreadingindimlight.It'snousesittingherewaiting.②It's＋形容词＋doingIt'sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如：It'simportantforyoutokeepfit.③Thereisno+doingThereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It'simpossibleto…"结构。⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：It'snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules.二、作宾语⒈不定式作宾语在以下动词后只能接不定式agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如：Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋todo句式。如：Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.③介词but,except,besides+todo(do)在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如：Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don'tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。如：Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.②动名词作介词的宾语Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：Ourteachersdon'tpermitourswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme.HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.②meantodo打算做某事doing意味着……Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.③trytodo设法尽力做某事doing试着做某事Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）doing停止做某事Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.You'dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.⑤can'thelpdoing禁不住……todo不能帮助干……Theycouldn'thelpjumpingupatthenews.SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan'thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同内容的事doing继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势。We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.⑦leaveofftodo离开某地去干什么（目的状语）doing停下某事It'stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.Theyleftofftogofishing.三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定式说明主语的内容。④Ourworkisservingthepeople.⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。四、作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister?③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：(1)表示将来的动作（例①）。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。⒉动名词作定语①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.五、不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary?②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.(2)部分动词后常接tobe＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时tobe可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。①Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如：Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform?I'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但：HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.(5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.常这样用的短语动词有：askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor（渴望），preparefor,wishfor等。⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.六、不定式作状语⒈作目的状语(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.(2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加inorder或soas。如：Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首，但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句，如：Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。①Wearegladtohearthenews.②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。⒉作结果状语Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：①so…asto;such…astoI'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.②enough…toThespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.③onlytoJanehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.④too…toI'mtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：①I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰gladtohave…，相当于very）②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.常见的短语有tobeexact（确切地说），tobeginwith（首先），todohimjustice（说句对他公道的话），tobesure（真的）等等。七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词＋不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如：①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.②Mr.Smithdidn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①Whenweshallleave…③…howIcouldlearn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。⒉动词不定式的时态、语态(1)时态①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.（tobecome发生在hope之后）WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.（play和hear同时发生）②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：It'sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary'sbirthdayparty.（不定式作主语）Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.（不定式作主语）Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.（不定式作宾语）Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired?（不定式作定语）Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.（不定式作状语）在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)⒊动名词的时态、语态(1)时态①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如：Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.Wearenotafraidofdying.②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：Iimaginehavingtraveledonthemoon.Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.(2)被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如：Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：Thebikeneedsrepairing.Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用"to"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如：①—DidyougotovisittheGreatWall?—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn'tenoughtime.②—Wouldyouliketocometoaparty?—I'dloveto.③—Don'tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou?—I'lltrynotto.④—Trytobebackby12,won'tyou?—OK,I'lltry.另外，begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于这一结构中。⒌在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如：Whyspendsuchalotofmoney?Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays?⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如：It'squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.⒎"to"在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：devote…to,faceupto（勇敢地面对），lookforwardto（盼望），objectto（反对），taketo（养成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），beusedto（习惯于）等。C．独立不定式1776虽说不定式的作用和分词差不多，但我们必须说tospeakthetruth，而不能说speakingthetruth，只能说tobefrank，而不能说beingfrank；必须说consideringhisage，而不能说toconsiderhisage，只能说regardingsuchmatters，而不能说toregardsuchmatters，这个现象是十分有趣的。下面例子说明在什么情况下需用不定式（参阅1142）：Tospeakthe（precise）truth（大致相当于IfIamtospeakthetruth），Icandoverylittleforyou．Tospeakplainly（orfrankly），itisnobusinessofours．Tobefrank（orplain，sincere）withyou，Ihavenomoneytospare．Nottomincematters，Igetmarriednextweek．Toputitbluntly，thatisnothingbutalie．Nottoputtoofineapointonit，heisratherhardup．Todohimjustice，Johnhaslivedanddiedforhiscountry．Todoherdue，shelooksattractive．Toreturn（orTogetback）tooursubject，thefarmerhadadaughter…Toresume（orTogoonwithmystory），JohndecidedtomarryLilian…Tochangethesubject，inthecountrysidetherelivedaprettygirl…Toproceedtotheotherreasons…Toleaveasidealltheseproblems…Tosumup（orToconclude），scienceisveryimportantto-day，butmorallawismoreso．Tomake（orcut）alongstory（ortale）short，theygotmarriedafterfiveyearsofadversity．Toillustrate（orTotakeasimpleexample，Togiveanin-stance），Johnhascuredhisillnessbymerelydrinkingwater．Davidlosthisjob，hissonwasexpelledfromtheschooland，tocrownall，hiswifediedofcancer．Thejourneywaslonganddrearyand，tomakemattersworse，itrainedfrommorningtillnight．Tobeginwith（orTostartwith），weshouldbehealthy．Secondly，weshouldbeoptimistic．Tousehisownwords，Idon'tcaresolongasmypocketsarefull．Thisman，toputitmildly（orstrictly），knowssomethingabouthisjob．Society，toputitanotherway，isaschool．Thisfellowactslike，sotosay（orsotospeak，sotoputit），aVIP．Heisbroad-minded，tosaytheleastofit．HeknowsFrench，German，andItalian，nottosay（ornottomention，nottospeakof，tosaynothingof，letalone）English，averycommonlanguage．HedoesnotknowEnglish，averycommonlanguage，nottosayFrenchandGerman．Heisafoolish—nottocallithonest—countryman．Hevisitedheralmosteveryday，letalonelastSunday．Heisshyathome，letaloneinpublic．Hewritespoem