高一英语语法归纳总结

高一英语语法归纳总结----定语从句的归纳一．几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as除外】6.引导词的功能（作用）：﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。7.定语从句的类型：﹙1﹚限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。①直接由引导词引导定语从句Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.②由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijing=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingThepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。①直接由引导词引导定语从句。②由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)引导。One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.(比较：Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比较：Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）。指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;指物做主语，宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where，也不能省略。Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.4.whose引导非限定性定语从句：Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.＝Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。①当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略。Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?②当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词＋whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.※注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.3.whose:指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.（主语）HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.（动宾）ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.（介宾）4.which/that指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。①当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。②当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词＋which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。※5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“thesame…as…；such…as…；so…as…；as…as…；asfollows”固定结构中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句：SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.※注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数．Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.区别：①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.=Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如：Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.③主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.④从句含否定意义时常用which.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.6.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表时间的名词）。IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.＝IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.＝Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.7.where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词一定是表地点的名词）。IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.＝IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.＝Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.※注：对关系副词when,where的认识。①.先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing.②.先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday.③.当句型为It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(second…last)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。It/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.8.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason,不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=forwhichIdon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.※注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why。Thisisthereason(that/which)hegave/explainedtous.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.(spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.（从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）Thereason（that/which）hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.(gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.（从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）三.值得注意的几个问题：第一.当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibrary.※Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.3.当先行词本身是all的，用that。(allthat=what)Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.=All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.Gooverallthat(what)welearned.=Gooverall(what)welearned.（that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略）4.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing时，用that.I’lltellyouanything(that)Iknow.5.当先行词前有all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修饰语时。Thisisoneofthebooks(that)I’mveryinterestingin.※ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI’mveryinteresting.Thisistheonlybook(that)Iread.Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.6.（人，物），当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用that引导以避免混淆．Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用that．Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.第二.当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时．Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.2.引导非限定性定语从句时（主，宾都用which,都不能省略）．Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句．Healwaysmakesfunofme,whichupsetsme.第三.其他特殊情况．1.先行词是these,those指人时，关系代词只用who.Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.2.先行词是人称代词(he,she…)时，关系代词只用who.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who.Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.4.①先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式（因为此时的先行词是theonlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复数）．Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.②先行词是oneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式（因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one）．Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.5.当主句缺先行词时，用theone代替，但须注意：theone只能代替可数名词单数．如为不可数名词时，指什么用什么．IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday?Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?6.当先行词是theway,在定语从句中充当方式状语时（theway表＂以…方式／方法＂），引导词通常用that或省略，也可用inwhich．Idon’tliketheway(that)youspeak.=Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.=Idon’tliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】在定语从句中，介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：1．介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when,where和why。如：Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。Thefactoryinwhich(=where)Iworkisalargeone.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。Thisisthereasonforwhich(=why)hewaslate.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。2．介词+which（指物）/whom（指人）在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.他来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。Isawaman,ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。3．介词+which（指物）/whom（指人）在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如：Couldyoutellmeforwhomyou’veboughtthiscoat?你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？Theman,fromwhomIlearnedthenews,isanengineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。4．介词+which/whom，用于被动结构的定语从句中，作状语，说明动作的出发者。如：Thewolfbywhichthesheepwaskilledwasshot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。Themanbywhomthewolfwasshotwasagoodhunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。5．不定代词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分，常用的不定代词有：both,all,any,some,each,none,most等。如：Therearealotofbookshere,noneofwhichbelongstome.这儿有许多书，可一本也不属于我。YesterdayMaryboughtafewclothes,allofwhichwereexpensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服，他们都很贵。6．数词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如：Inourclasstherearefifty-fourstudents,twenty-fiveofwhomaregirls.我们班有54名学生，25人是女生。Twowatcheswerestolen,oneofwhichwasmine.两只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7．名词+of+which代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：Isawsometrees,theleavesofwhich(=whoseleaves)wereblackwithdisease.我看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。Iliveinahouse,thewindowsofwhichareallbroken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。8．介词+which（指物）/whose（指人）修饰后边的名词。如：Itrainedallnightandallday,duringwhichtimetheshipwasbrokenintopieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。Thedriverwasthemanfromwhoseroomshehadstolenthemaps.司机就是那个人，她从他的房间偷走地图。9．形容词最高级+of+which/whom结构，在定语从句中，作定语，表部分关系。如：Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。Inourclasstherearetwentygirls,thecleverestofwhomisLiHua.我们班有20名女生，最聪明的是李华。10．介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个定语从句。如：Atlasthehadsomethingaboutwhichtowritehome.他终于有了给家里写信的内容了。Hehadnokeywithwhichtoopenthedoor.他没有开门的钥匙。Hehasasmallroominwhichtolive.【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyMarkTwain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。（先行词是books，因此动词应用were。）2．关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分，因此要注意避免从句中句子成分的重复出现。ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisitedit.ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisited.这是我参观过的最美的地方。（去掉it，因that代替先行词themostbeautifulplace在定语从句中作visit的宾语，再加it就多余了。）TheschoolwhereIworkedthereisabigone.TheschoolwhereIworkedisabigone.我所工作过的学校是一所大学校。（去掉the