高考英语语法单选归纳总结

2014高考英语语法单选归纳一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事，相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.有个男孩在等你。3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事—Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?—Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn't______Mr.Smithhere.A.不填B.aC.theD.oneThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.（活雷锋）6用于固定词组中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词)→asuccess(具体化)成功的人或事afailure失败的人或事ashame带来耻辱的人或事apity可惜或遗憾的事amust必需必备的事agoodknowledgeof精通掌握某一方面的知识II.定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物InmanyplacesinChina,___bicycleisstill___popularmeansoftransportation.A.a;theB./;aC.the;aD.the;the2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于演奏乐器playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）—Couldyoutellmethewayto____Johnsons,please?

—Sorry,wedon’thave____Johnsonhereinthevillage.

A.the;the B.the;a C./;the D.the;/7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s(二十世纪九十年代)11用于表示度量单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通方式的名词前Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby______seainsteadofdrivingacross______continent.A.the;the B.不填；the C.the;不填 D.不填；不填7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.二、名词和主谓一致I.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower花儿个体名词开花抽象名词①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名词年轻人个体名词①Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.②—HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?—Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名词成功的事个体名词物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质①Ironisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词①Iboughtachickenthismorning②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作①—I’dlike______informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.—Well,youcouldhave____wordwiththemanager.HemightbehelpfulA.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,a②Theysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.消息（抽象名词）A.aB.anC./D.the③Couldwehavewordbeforeyougotothemeeting?话（个体名词）A.aB.anC./D.the类例：haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(进步)/makeanearlystart(早点出发)/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain(发出痛苦的叫声)/giveatry表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分①Manypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin____internationaltradetoday.A.a,/B.the,anC.the,theD./,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道实际情况)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速记的知识)②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave______atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime③ismoney.A.ThetimeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰①Oh,John._____yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.HowpleasantsurpriseC.WhatapleasantsurpriseD.Whatpleasantsurprise②ShelookedupwhenIshouted.A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.insurpriseD.insomesurprise其它例子：Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise③Itis_____workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.A.sounusualB.suchunusualC.suchanunusualD.soanunusualII.名词的数规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.主谓一致规则情况举例语法一致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,anyno,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.LucyandLilyaretwinsThewriterandartisthascome.Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.Eachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusismatter若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。Noneofthesugarwasleft.Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.在定语从句里，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.(他的一家)HisfamilyarewatchingTV.（他的家人）Classfourisonthethirdfloor.（四班）ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.（四班的学生）由alotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外，还有anumberof+复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但thenumberof+复数名词的数就得依number而定（用单数）。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.逻辑意义一致原则What,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoodear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.表数量的短语“oneandahalf”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。Idon’tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰时（clothes被asuitof修饰）谓语动词用单数。Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.Thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.就近/远一致原则当两个主语由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,whetheror连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.Neithertheynorheiswhollyright.Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?therebe句型中be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,alongwith,including,inadditionto等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.Awomanwithababywasonthebus.NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit.三、代词I.代词可以分为以下八大类1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them形容词性物主代词my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性物主代词mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs2反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves3指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some4疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever5关系代词/连接代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as6不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittleother/another,all/both,neither/either7相互代词eachother,oneanotherII.不定代词用法注意点类别区别例句one,some，any和itone可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones①We’vebeenlookingatthehousesbuthaven’tfound___welikeyet.A.oneB.ones C.itD.them②Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreserious_______thanmobilephonesdo.A.oneB.ones C.itD.thosesome可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等—Yourcoffeesmellsgreat!—It’sfromMexico．Wouldyoulike________?A.itB.someC.thisD.1ittlesome和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个①Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.②—WhichofthethreewaysshallItaketothevillage?—________wayasyouplease.A.EachB.EveryC.AnyD.Eitherone指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。—Thereisstillacopyofthebookinthelibrary.Willyougoandborrow?—No,I’dratherbuyinthebookstore.A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itsome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句①There’s________cookingoilinthehouse.Wouldyougotothecornerstoreandget________.A.1ittle,someB.1ittle,anyC.alittle,someD.alittle,any②Wehadthreesetsofgardentoolsandweseemedtohavenousefor________.A.noneB.eitherC.anyD.each③Hedoesn’thave_________furnitureinhisroom--justanolddesk.A.anyB.manyC.someD.mucheach和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上①Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.Each(ofus)hasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.②Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.none和nono等于notany，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以①Thereisnowaterinthebottle.②Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.③Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个，复数为theothers①Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract.A.anotherB.theotherC.neitherD.each②Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”①Wehadapicniclasttermanditwasalotoffun，solet’shave______onethismonth．A．theotherB．someC．anotherD．other②Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.③Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.either和neither前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都①—Doyouwantteaorcoffee? —______,Ireallydon'tmind.A.noneB.neitherC.eitherD.all②ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishinafamily,inwhich_____oftheparentsspokethelanguage.A.noneB.neitherC.bothD.each四、形容词和副词I.形容词1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等作定语时后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith7enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置______totakehisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.(NMET2000)A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbreavestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.Studentsenoughbrave注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。规则：限定语（The、A）+描绘性形容词+size（小）+shape（形状）+age（年龄、时间）+color（颜色）+origin（国籍、来源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名词。▲This________girlisLinda’scousin.(05北京卷)A.prettylittleSpanishB.SpanishlittleprettyC.SpanishprettylittleD.littleprettySpanish2.复合形容词的构成1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year3.形容词（短语）作伴随状语Ashelookedatthegoat,itrolledover,dead.当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身，死了。Afraidofdifficulties,theyprefertotaketheeasyroad.由于害怕困难，他们宁愿走好走的路。II.副词的分类：1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。项目例句同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…Sheisastallashermother.Iamnotas/sogoodaplayerasyouare.双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级（+than）”的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.Ihaveneverseensuchamoreinterestingfilm(thanthisone).表示一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的结构表示Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake用比较级来表达最高级的意思Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。（意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）倍数的表达表达法一：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。表达法二：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。表达法三：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.注意：1.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal；2.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect，superior,junior等。五、动词和短语动词知识网络动词的分类行为动词（实义动词）①及物动词（带宾语）：study,develop;②不及物动词（不带宾语）work,swim,go,come③状态动词（相对静止）contain,exist,own,prefer,belong④动作动词：延续性（work,stay）；非延续性（marry,go,come）连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类）助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall情态动词can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类Pleaseturneverylightinthehouseoff.请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物）Harryturnedupafterthepartywheneveryonehadleft.晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物）注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开Sheturnedoffallthelightswhichhadbeenlefton.她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间Shegavethemaway.她送掉了它们。=3\*GB3③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异ringback回电话ringoff挂断电话ringup打电话putaway放好puton穿，上演putup挂起，举起。=4\*GB3④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异breakout发生，爆炸carryout进行，开展goout熄灭handout分发letout放出lookout当心sellout卖完setout出发,takeout取出workout算出动词+介词(及物)I'mlookingformyglasses.我在找我的眼镜。注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。lookafter照料，lookat看，lookfor寻找动词+副词+介词Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。Inthiswaybothgrainandvegetablecanbewelllookedafter.(不能漏掉after)这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。考点聚焦及解题点拨(单个动词)同义词近义词辨析从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词）系动词的用法状态系动词be持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest表象系动词seem,appear感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come终止系动词prove,turnout解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：gohungry,cometrue,turnwriter接双宾语的动词givesb.sth=givesth.tosbbuysb.sth.=buysth.forsb但是我们只能说：suggeststh.tosb.explainsth.tosb.readsth.tosb.短语动词的辨析熟记常考的短语动词的意义容易被我们忽视的知识点sell,write,wash,wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义happen,occur,takeplace,breakout,comeout,belongto等无被动形式六、动词的时态和语态1.常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）名称构成用法一般现在时do/does,(连系动词is/am/are)1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。I’llgothereafterIfinishmywork.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon’tgothere.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Therecomesthebus.汽车来了。Hereshecomes.她来了。一般过去时did,(连系动词was/were)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。现在进行时is/am/aredoing1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。SheisleavingforBeijing.她要去北京。Heisworkingasateachertomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。MyfatheriscomingtoseemethisSaturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。TheChangjiang长江江水滚滚向东流。Thesunisrisingintheeast.太阳从东方冉冉升起。过去进行时was/weredoing1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.4.表示过去将来动作Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.现在完成时has/havedone1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。Ihavefinishedthereport./Shehascleandtheroom.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”,“since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。HehaslearnedEnglishforsixyears.Theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/hasbeento”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/hasgoneto”。—WhereisLiHua?－Hehasgonetothereading-room.—SheknowsalotaboutShanghai.－Shehasbeenthere.4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用①“ago法”Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.②“延续法”Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.③“since法”Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.过去完成时haddone1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。Hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup.Everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。Attheageoften,hehadlearned500Englishwords.Hehadbeenillforaweekwhenwelearnedaboutit.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthematch.将来完成时will/shallhavedone用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。WewillhavefinishedseniorBook2bytheendofthisterm.现在完成进行时has/havebeendoing用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。Hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00.过去完成进行时hadbeendoing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。一般将来时will/shalldois/am/aregoingtodois/am/are（about）todo一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）过去将来时would/shoulddowas/weregoingtodowas/were（about）todo1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态HetoldmehewouldgotoBeijing.他告诉我他将去北京。Iwastoldthathewasgoingtoreturnhome.有人告诉我他准备回家。2.woulddo(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常

Hewouldsitsilentforhours.他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较将来时用法例句1be+doing进行时表将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?2beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.3beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.4一般现在时表将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.3.容易混淆的时态比较项目区别例句一般过去时与现在完成时的比较现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.Whatdoyousuppose_______toher?A.washappeningB.happensC.hashappenedD.happened说明：说话者强调Jane目前的状况.Mr.Lee,who________asacarpenterforover10years,isnowaveryfamousstatesmaninthiscountry.A.hasworked B.hadworked C.worked D.works(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Hello,I____youwereinLondon.Howlong_________here?A.don’tknow;wereyouB.hadn’tknown;areyouC.haven’tknown;areD.didn’tknow;haveyoubeen说明：didn’tknow强调见面前不知道Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时—Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.—Iamtired.I_______thelivingroomallday.A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续现在进行时与过去进行时的比较现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作Idon’treallyworkhere.I____untilthenewsecretary_______.A.justhelpout;comesB.havejusthelpedout;willcomeC.amjusthelpingout;comesD.willjusthelpout;hascome说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作,until引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作—Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!—Oh,I’mterriblysorry._______.A.I’mnotnoticing.B.Iwasn’tnoticing.C.Ihaven’tnoticed.D.Idon’tnotice.说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.一般过去时与过去进行时的比较一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Tom________intothehousewhennoone___________.A.slipped;wasnoticingB.hadslipped;noticedC.slipped;hadnoticedD.wasslipping;noticed说明：slip和notice为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），whennoonewasnoticing指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作.He______abookaboutChinalastyear,butIdon’tknowifhe______it.A.wrote;hasfinishedB.waswriting;hasfinishedC.waswriting;hadfinishedD.wrote;willfinish说明：正确选项为B.从Idon’tknowifhehasfinishedit.推断，他去年一直在写。II.动词的被动语态常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/aredone6过去进行时was/werebeingdone2一般过去时was/weredone7现在完成时have/hasbeendone3一般将来时shall/willbedone8过去完成时hadbeendone4过去将来时should/wouldbedone9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeendone5现在进行时am/is/arebeingdone10含有情态动词的can/must/maybedone注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer.Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…被动语态的句型1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。Shelentmeabike.被动：①Iwaslentabike(byher).②Abikewaslenttome(byher).4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.下面主动形式常表示被动意义1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。Thisknifecutswell.这把刀好切。Thesebookssellwell.这些书好卖。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。Theclothwasheswell.这种布好洗。2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。Theapplestastegood.Theflowersmellswonderful.Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue.Cottonfeelssoft.不可变为被动语态的几种情况1.IteachmyselfFrench.不可变为MyselfistaughtFrench.因为反身代词不可作主语。2.Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可变为Eachother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因为相互代词不可作主语。3.Helostheart.不可变为Heartwaslostbyhim.因为象loseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不能变为Thesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.因为象takepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢Muchattentionmustbepaidtoyourhandwriting.特别注意以下句子的结构：EveryminutemustbemadefulluseoftostudyEnglsih.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七、非谓语动词非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语补足语定语状语V-ing形式现在分词△△△△动名词△△△△不定式（todo）△△△△△△过去分词(done)△△△△注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分generallyspeaking一般说来；franklyspeaking坦白地说；judgingfrom/by...根据……来判断；considering.../oconsideration考虑到……；totellyouthetruth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；providedthat如果非谓语动词的形式变化非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式todotobedoneforsb.todosth.或ofsb.todosth.在“to”前加not或never进行式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成式tobedoing/完成进行式tohavebeendoing/动名词一般式doingbeingdonesb.或sb’sdoing作主语要用sb’sdoing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式：sb’snotdoingsb’snothavingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。一、谓语与非谓语的比较非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是Hewillcomevisityou，而是Hewillcometovisityou.这里就用了不定式tovisit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。例：Tomsatunderatreeandseeinghisfriend,upinnotime.A.tostandB.standing