types-of-s-writing公开课获奖课件

Chapter2

TypesofNewsWriting

新闻体裁contentsTypesofnews1Typesofnewswriting23Newsstories344Features5NewsCommentaries1.TypesofnewsMedianewspapercoverage(报纸新闻)magazinecoverage(杂志新闻)radionews(广播新闻)TVnews(电视新闻)cablenews(有线电视新闻)despatches(通讯社新闻)Locationworldnews

(国际新闻)homenews(国内新闻)localnews(地方新闻)Contentspoliticalnews(政治新闻)economicnews(经济新闻)technologicalnews(科技新闻)culturalnews(文化新闻)sportsnews(体育新闻)violenceandcrimenews(暴力与犯罪新闻)disasternews(劫难新闻)weathernews(天气新闻)obituary(讣告)entertainment

(娱乐）NatureofnewsHardnews/spotnews/straightnewsSoftnewsDifference1Hardnewsgenerallyreferstoup-to-the-minutenewsandeventsthatarereportedimmediatelysoftnewsisbackgroundinformationorhuman-intereststories. Politics,war,economicsandcrimeusedtobeconsideredhardnews,whilearts,entertainmentandlifestyleswereconsideredsoftnews.1TypesofNewsDifference2:thetoneofpresentationAhardnewsstorytakesafactualapproach:Whathappened?Whowasinvolved?Whereandwhendidithappen?Why?Asoftnewsstorytriesinsteadtoentertainoradvisethereader.InvertedPyramidStyle(倒金字塔构造)PyramidStyle(金字塔构造)MixedFormofInvertedPyramidandPyramidStyles（倒叙－－顺叙混合构造）StructureofNewsInvertedPyramidStyle也称“倒叙法Theleadoffersthemostessentialelementstellingwho,what,when,where,whyandhowofthestory.

Thesecondparagraphhaslessimportantinfo.andbeginstofillindetailsaboutthelead.Laterparagraphscontainstilllessimportantinfo.Thiswayofframinganewsstoryiscalledthe“invertedpyramid.”PyramidStyle（金字塔构造)usedtowritecomplex/complicatedemotionalnewseventorstoryaimedtoachievesuspenseandinterest(usedtowritesoftnews)Format:writteninthechronologicalstyleWiththeclimaxattheendbeginning+body+endingMixedFormofInvertedPyramidandPyramidStyles（倒叙—顺叙混合构造）：summarylead----firstprovidetheoutlineofnewsevent,thenwriteaccordingtothenaturalsequenceofnewseventsnewsstoriesJapan,2023Newscommentariesinterpretationofnewsandofcurrentissuesandthediscussionofmattersofgeneralinterest,particularlywithaviewtoconvincingreadersofthetruthorthefalsity

2.Typesofnewswriting

featurestimelyeventsofinterestandsignificancetoreadersandtimelyincidentsoflittleornonewsvaluedetailedpresentationsofmattersofrecentnews，timelytopicsorsubjectsofinterests3.Structureofnewsstories1Headline标题2Lead导语3Body正文Example1992年7月31日下午，中国通用航空企业一架由南京飞往厦门旳大型客机在南京机场起飞滑跑途中冲出跑道后不久发生爆炸，造成100多人伤亡．翌日，《中国日报》头版上刊登旳一则消息就是以“倒金字塔构造”报道这一残局旳：

Nanjingaircrashkillsatleast100

NANJING–AYak-42airlinercarrying116passengersand10crewmemberscrashedontakeofffromtheNanjingAirportinEastChinayesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime).Sofar,100peopleonboardaredeadand26injured.Afull-scalerescueattemptfortheinjuredisstillunderway.

TheaircraftofGP7552flightfailedtoliftoffandburstintoaballofflamesabout600metresfromtherunway.Theplane,operatedbyChinaGeneral-PurposeAirlineCompanyinXi’an,wasusedontheroutefromNanjingCityinJiangsuProvincetoXiamenCityinSoutheastChina’sFujianProvince.Aftertheaccident,ZhuRongji,Vice-PremieroftheStateCouncil,andleadingmembersofsomedepartmentsconcernedflewtoNanjingat20:00(Beijingtime)toinspectthesceneoftheaccident,lamentthedeadandexpresscondolencestothefamiliesofthedead.Theyalsowenttothehospitaltoexpresssympathytotheinjured.

Upontheaccident,afire-brigadeworkingneartheairportrushedtothesiteimmediately,whilemedicalteamsandpolicereinforcementsarrivedashorttimelater.Thecauseofthetragedyisstillunderinvestigation.TheNanjingAirporthasresumednormaloperation.

ChinaDaily,Aug.1,1992discussionInthelead(thefirstparagraph),thereportercoveredthemostimportantinformation,whichenablesreaderstoknowwhatthenewsisabout.WHO—116passengersand10crewmembersWHAT—AYak-42airlinercrashedontakeoff100peopleonboardaredeadand26injuredWHEN—yesterdayat15:06(Beijingtime)WHERE—theNanjingAirportinEastChinaHOW—ontakeoffThefollowingparagraphsconstitutethebodyofthenewsreport,describingtherescuework,backgroundinformationconcerningtheaccidentandtheresumptionoftheairportoperation,whichareoflessimportance．FeaturesFeaturestoriesaren'tdefinedsomuchbysubjectmatterastheyarebythestyleinwhichtheyarewritten.Inotherwords,anythingwritteninafeature-orientedwayisafeaturestory.featuresarefoundineverysectionofthepaper,fromnewstobusinesstosports.News:inclusiveandintegrated--panoramaFeatures:episode-focused---asetofenlargedcloseupsFeaturestories

Thelede:Afeaturelededoesn'thavetohavethewho,what,where,whenandwhyintheveryfirstparagraph,thewayahard-newslededoes.Instead,afeatureledecanusedescriptionorananecdotetosetupthestory.amoreleisurelypacethannewsstoriesUsuallylongerthanhardnewsarticlesAfocusonthehumanelement:Soifahardnewsstoryrecountshow1,000peoplearebeinglaidofffromalocalfactory,afeaturestorymightfocusonjustoneofthoseworkers,portrayingtheirgriefatlosingtheirjobExample HEEMERGEDFROMTHEMETROATTHEL'ENFANTPLAZASTATIONANDPOSITIONEDHIMSELFAGAINSTAWALLBESIDEATRASHBASKET.Bymostmeasures,hewasnondescript:ayoungishwhitemaninjeans,along-sleevedT-shirtandaWashingtonNationalsbaseballcap.Fromasmallcase,heremovedaviolin.Placingtheopencaseathisfeet,heshrewdlythrewinafewdollarsandpocketchangeasseedmoney,swiveledittofacepedestriantraffic,andbegantoplay. Itwas7:51a.m.onFriday,January12,themiddleofthemorningrushhour.Inthenext43minutes,astheviolinistperformedsixclassicalpieces,1,097peoplepassedby.Almostallofthemwereonthewaytowork,whichmeant,foralmostallofthem,agovernmentjob.L'EnfantPlazaisatthenucleusoffederalWashington,andtheseweremostlymid-levelbureaucratswiththoseindeterminate,oddlyfungibletitles:policyanalyst,projectmanager,budgetofficer,specialist,facilitator,consultant.KindsoffeaturestoriesPersonalityprofile人物特写anarticleaboutanindividual,andtheprofilearticleisoneofthestaplesoffeaturewriting.Reportersdothemonpoliticians,CEOs,celebrities,athletes,andsoon.What-feature事件特写focusesonatopicofinterestinthenewsLocalityfeature旅游特写focusesonthehistory,customs,historicsitesandspecialfoodsofaplacePersonal-experiencefeature亲身经历特写recountsthefirst-handexperienceNewsstoryUneasypeaceinbatteredCityofAngelsANUNEASYpeacetookholdinLosAngelesyesterdayasthousandsofNationalGuardsmenandpolicepatrolledstreetslitteredwithdebrisfromthreedaysofriotingthatleft40deadandnearly2,000injured.UnitedStatesPresidentMr.GeorgeBushsaidhewassendinginabout4,500federaltroopswithauthorizationtoshootiffiredupon,andMr.RodneyKingpleadedforanendtotheviolencecommittedinhisname.24Newsstory“Iwillusewhateverforceisnecessarytorestoreorder.”Mr.BushsaidinatelevisedaddressonFridaynight.Hesaidhewassendingin3,000Armytroopsand1,500Marinestoquellthenation’sworstriotingsincethe1960s.Thecitywascalmasdawnbroke,butsporadicviolenceovernight---afire,afatalshooting,amotoristassaultedatgunpoint---servednoticethefuryhadnotcometoanend.Theviolence,whichbrokeoutonWednesdayafterfourwhitepolicemenwereacquittedofbrutalityinbeatingMr.King,ablackmotorist,wascentredonthemostlyblackandHispanicneighbouredofsouthcentralLosAngeles.About5,200peoplehavebeenarrested.DamagewasputatUS$550million(HK$4.29billion)andrising.Morethan3,700fireshavebrokenout.Meanwhile,theJusticeDepartmentsaidithadopenedagrandjuryinvestigationtodetermineiftheofficerswhobeatMr.Kingcouldbechargedwithcivilrightsviolations.ElsewherearoundthecountryonFriday,Atlantapolicefiredteargasatacrowdofblackprotestershurlingbricks.InNewYorkblacksinHarlempulledtwowhitemenoutofatruck,stabbingoneandleavingtheotherwithcutsandbruises,policesaid.Bothwerehospitalizedinstablecondition.

newsstoryNewsstoryInLosAngeles,someresidentsbegancleaningupbutheldlittlehopeofrebuildinginmuchofthestrickenarea.Mr.ChadMac,a19-yearMarine,workedwithashovelonapileofemberswhereanappliancestoreoncestood.“JustayearagoIwasinthecleanupinKuwaitandSaudiArabia,”hesaid.“Nowyouhavetoturnaroundanddothesamethinginyourownbackyard.It’ssaid”FeaturestoryEmotionallydrainedKingurgespublictoendviolenceLOSANGELES:Shakingandonthevergeofemotionalcollapse,Mr.RodneyKinghaspleadedwithpeopletostoptheriots.Lookingcompletelyoverwhelmed,Mr.KingwentbeforethemediaonguiltyverdictsonfourLApoliceofficersaccusedofbeatinghim.ThepublicstatementwasextremelydifficultforMr.King,whowasdescribedbyhislawyer,Mr.SteveLerman,asbeing“completelyunglued”becauseofhisassociationwithoneoftheworstriotsinmodernUShistory.FeaturestoryMr.King,ashyandinarticulate26-year-old,tookdeepbreathsbeforeheaddressedthemediaandwastoldtospeakslowly.Severaltimesthroughouthisthree-minutestatement,madeupashewentalong,Mr.King’svoicebrokeashevergedontears.Hismessagewasclear,however---stopthelooting,stopthearson,stoptheviolence.“People,Ijustwanttosay,canweallgetalong,canwegetalong,”Mr.Kingbegan.“Canwestopmakingithorriblefortheolderpeopleandthekids.Imean,wehaveenoughsmoghereinLosAngeles,letalonetodealwiththefiresandthings.Itisnotright,itisnotright.”“Itisnotgoingtochangeanything.Wewillgetourjustice.Theywonthebattlebuttheyhavenotwonthewar.Wewillhaveourdayincourtandthat’sallwewant.”“Iamneutral.Ilovepeopleofallcolour.Iamnotlikewhatpeoplearemakingmeouttobe.”“Wehavegottoquit,wehavetoquit.Afterall,Icanunderstandthefirstupsetforthefirsttwohoursaftertheverdict,buttokeepgoingonlikethisandseethesecurityguardshotontheground,itisnotright,itisjustnotright.”“Becausesomepeoplewillnevergohometotheirfamiliesagain.Imean,please,wecangetalonghere,weallcangetalong.”“Weareallstuckhereforawhile.Let’strytoworkitout.”AreporterstartedtoaskaquestionbutMr.Lerman,yelled“noquestions”.HeexplainedMr.Kingcouldnotmakefurthercommentonanythingbecauseofthependingfederalaction.Mr.Kingapparentlybeggedtobeallowedtomakeapublicpleaforpeacesincethestartofriots,whichhewatchedontelevision.“Ididn’twantMr.Kingtoinflate,inciteorencouragecivilunrest,”Mr.Lermansaid.“Hisimagescouldhavebeenusedbyotherstofermentangerandbelookingtostrikeupproblems.”Thepressconference,heldinBeverlyHillsafterlocalpolicethereguaranteedhissafety,wasthefirsttimeMr.Kinghasbeenseeninpublicformorethanayear.AfewdaysafterthevideotapedbeatingonMarch3lastyearhegaveashortpressconference.Hesaidverylittle,lessthanhedidyesterday,buthisappearancethenspokeathousandwords.Injuriessustainedfromthe56blowstohisheadandbodybytheLosAngelesPoliceDepartmentofficers,lefthimunabletowalk,soMr.King,abigmanofmorethan1.8metrestall,hadtoattendtheconferenceinawheelchair.Hisfacewasmisshapenfromcutsandbruisesandhisfacehisbeenleftpartiallyparalysed.Mr.LermansaidMr.Kingwasnowgettingpsychiatrictreatment.Mr.Kingwatchedontelevisionathishomewhenthenotguiltyverdictswerereadout.Hewatchedasthefourpoliceofficerssmiledandhuggedeachother.Speechless,shakingandabsolutelystunned,Mr.Kinggotup,wentintohisbedroomandlockedthedoor.Itwassoonafterthathisoccasionalscreamsbegantobeheard,“Why?Why?Why?Whyaretheybeatingmeagain?”“Hewasdumbfoundedbytheverdicts,”Mr.LermantoldtheReuters.“Hecouldnotbelievethey(thejury)heardtheevidenceandcouldcomeoutwithanythingbutaguiltyverdict.”Newscommentary新闻评论Editorials社论Reviewsorcommentaries述评Columns专栏言论

美国报纸旳评论体系大致上涉及社论（Editorials)、社论版对页(OppositeEditorial，缩写为Op-Ed)、专栏文章(Columnists)和读者来信（Readers’Opinions)四种主要形式。其中，社论，又称社评，是报纸或杂志旳申明、言论或文章，用以体现其编辑、编审委员会或出版者针对近期发生旳某一政治、经济、文化以及民生事件旳意见或看法。它不但提供实时信息，更主要旳是必须发出报纸自己旳声音以体现本身旳立场，解释问题、引导舆论，使读者在其引导下能够做出判断。因为社论中旳观点往往代表着该报刊旳风格和立场，又被看作是报纸旳灵魂。Theme引论Demonstration论证Conclusion

结论GreenhouseTactics

TheBushadministrationhasdrawnsharpcriticismforweakeningtheglobalwarmingtreatythatwillbesignedattheUnitedNationsenvironmentalsummitinBrazilnextmonth.Thetreatywillsetnofirmtargetsandtimetablesforreducingtheemissionofgreenhousegasesthatcouldalterworldclimate. Itwillsimplyrequirecountriestoadoptgreenhouse-reductionprograms.Newspeg新闻由头Theme Buttheadministration’soppositiontomandatorylimitswasonsolidground---theneedisnotyetprovedandthecostcouldbehigh.Theadministration’srealfailureismorefundamental.Evenbyitsown“noregrets”policy,itisdoingfartoolittletocurbemissions.

Demonstration Globalwarmingremainsperplexing;despiteyearsofstudy,thereareenormousuncertainties.Allexpertsagreethatcertaingasesputintotheatmospherebyhumanactivities—notablycarbondioxide,methaneandnitrousoxide----trapheatandcauseaveragetemperaturestorise.Butnooneknowshowmuchorhowfasttemperatureswillriseandwhethertheincreasewillmakemuchdifference.DemonstrationThemostauthoritativeestimate,byscientistsassembledunderUnitedNationsauspices,projectsthataverageglobaltemperatureswillriseabout2.5centigradedegrees(4.5Fahrenheit)bytheyear2100.Thatwouldprobablynotmeanrecord-settingtemperaturesbutrathermorehotdaysorfewerfrostynights.Shoulditoccure,suchachangecouldcauseseriousdamage.Sealevelmightriseabout60centimeters(2feet),duetothermalexpansionofthewaterandmeltingofice,threateninglow-lyingareas.Hurricanesmightbecomemoreforceful.Weatherchangesmightdisruptagriculture.Cataclysmicchange,althoughunlikely,isatleastconceivable,perhapsasuddenshiftofoceancurrentsthatnowwarmorcoolsomeregions,orbreakupofthehugeWestAntarcticIc