新高考英语二轮复习题型专练13 议论文体类阅读理解(原卷版)

高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）13专练13议论文体类阅读理解【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。 议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。注意事项：1.避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)2.要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。3.阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：(1)标志类、指示类的信息。①表示并列关系：and,also,coupledwith等；②表示转折关系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；③表示因果关系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；④表示递进关系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；⑤表示重要性的词：prime,aboveall,first等。以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬),excessively过分的(贬),objective(客观)等。4.常见问题：(1)读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。unconsciousincompetent(无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；consciousincompetent(有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；consciouscompetent(有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconsciouscompetent(无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【得分要点】解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause&Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。解题方法：1.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。2.互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。3.推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。【真题再现1】【2020·天津卷，D】Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驱策力)countformuchmorethatambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom’sCabinwhilecooking.You’retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto________.A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparisonC.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContentedB.ReflectionsonHumanNatureC.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearn【答案】51.D52.D53.B54.C55.C【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。51.推理判断题。根据第一段内容Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。52.推理判断题。根据第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。53.细节理解题。根据第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”及第四段中的“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。54.推理判断题。根据第六段中的Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.及第七段中的Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.以及列举了ThomasCostain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，GrandmaMoses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。55.主旨大意题。根据第一段内容Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项TheKeystoAchievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。【真题再现2】【2020·江苏卷，D】IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon(亚马逊)withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewonasmallplanetoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoftenthannot,didnotentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldnothavefeltmoreforeign.Wewereraisedonbooksandcomputers,highwaysandcellphones,butnowwewerelivinginavillagewithoutrunningwaterorelectricityItwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthedayfeelingalittlemisunderstood.ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillagegreen,weplayedsoccer.Iamnotgoodatsoccer,butthateveningitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.Asdarknesscameoverthefieldandthematchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamatter-of-factway,“Inyourhome,doyouhaveamoontoo?”Iwassurprised.AfterIexplainedtoJuanthatyes,wedidhaveamoonandyes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe(敬畏)atthepossibilitiesthatexistedinhisworld.InJuan’sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJuan’sworld.theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwaspossible.Inoursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplanetfromeveryangleandfoundallofthewildestthingslefttofind.Ican,frommycomputerathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan’svillage.Therearenomorecontinentsandnomoremoonstosearchfor,littlelefttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthatway.Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan’squestion,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam,inpart,anantbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchintheworldofinsectsremainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant(无知的)arewe?Thequestionofwhatweknowanddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider…,andonandontheyappear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundinthehumanstomach.TheseconddrawerbegantofillandasitdidIwonderedwhethertherewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjustspecies,butlifethatdependsonthingsthoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,butallthesame,itfills.Inlookingintothestoriesofbiologicaldiscovery,Ialsobegantofindsomethingelse,acollectionofscientists,usuallybrilliantoccasionallyhalf-mad,whomadethediscoveries.Thosescientistsveryoftenseethesamethingsthatotherscientistssee,buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion(穷尽),andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.Inlookingforthestoriesofdiscovery,Ifoundthestoriesofthesepeopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.Wearerepeatedlywillingtoimaginewehavefoundmostofwhatislefttodiscover.Weusedtothinkthatinsectswerethesmallestorganisms(生物),andthatnothingliveddeeperthansixhundredmeters.Yet,whensomethingnewturnsup,moreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.65.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazon?A.Outofplace. B.Fullofjoy. C.Sleepy. D.Regretful.66.WhatmadethatAmazonianeveningwonderful?A.Helearnedmoreaboutthelocallanguage.B.Theyhadaniceconversationwitheachother.C.Theyunderstoodeachotherwhileplaying.D.Hewonthesoccergamewiththegoalkeeper.67.WhywastheauthorsurprisedatJuan’squestionaboutthemoon?A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.B.Juanknewsolittleabouttheworld.C.Theauthordidn’tknowhowtoanswer.D.Theauthordidn’tthinkJuanwassincere.68.Whatwastheauthor’sinitialpurposeofcollectingnewspaperarticles?A.Tosortoutwhatwehaveknown.B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.C.Toimprovehisreputationasabiologist.D.Tolearnmoreaboutlocalcultures.69.Howdidthosebrilliantscientistsmakegreatdiscoveries?A.Theyshiftedtheirviewpointsfrequently.B.Theyfollowedotherscientistsclosely.C.Theyoftencriticizedtheirfellowscientists.D.Theyconductedin-depthandclosestudies.70.Whatcouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A.ThePossibleandtheImpossible.B.TheKnownandtheUnknown.C.TheCivilizedandtheUncivilized.D.TheIgnorantandtheIntelligent.【答案】65.A66.C67.B68.A69.D70.B【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。65.推理判断题。根据第一段“Wedidn’tspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustomsandmoreoftenthannot,didn’tentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldn’thavefeltmoreforeign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。66.细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。67.推理判断题。根据第四段“InJuan’sworld,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B项。68.推理判断题。根据第七段“Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newspider...,andonandontheyappear,mydrawerquicklyfilled,Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies...Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。69.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion,andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。70.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。【题型演练】1It’ssummertime.Thatmeanslonghotdays,noschool---andsummercamps.Lotsofkidsspendatleastsomeofthesummeratcamps.Somekidsspendthewholeyearplayingonesport.Andwhatdotheydoduringthesummer?Theygotoacampandkeepplayingthatsport.Sowhat’swrongwiththat?AstudypublishedinthejournalSportsHealthfoundthat“formostsports,thereisnoevidencethatintense(集中的)trainingandplayingonesportbefore13or14arenecessarytoachieveelite(精英的)status.”Howbigistheriskofinjuryifyouspecializeinonesport?ALoyolaUniversityChicagostudyof1,200youthathletesfoundthatkidswhospecializedinonesportwere70percentto93percentmorelikelytobeinjuredthanmulti-sportathletes.That’salot.Kidswhospecializeinonesportalsogetburnedout.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyfoundthatkidswhoplayedasinglesportweremorelikelytoquittheirsportandbephysicallyinactiveasadults.Butdon’tyouhavetospecializeinonesportwhenyou’reakidtohaveachancetoplayincollegeorbeaprofessional?No!Sorry,butIhavetotalkaboutanotherstudy.ThisonewasasurveyofcollegeathletesbytheAmericanSocietyofSportsMedicine.Thestudyfoundthat88percentofcollegeathletesplayedmorethanonesportwhentheywerekids.Lookatthisyear’sNationalFootballLeague(NFL)draft,26ofthe31first-roundpicks,includingJaredGoff,theplayerdraftedaheadofalltheothers,hadbeenmulti-sportathletesinhighschool,accordingtoTrackingFootball.Itwasn’tjustthefirstround:224ofthe256draftpickshadplayedmorethanonesportinhighschool.Morethanathirdofthedraftedplayerswerethree-sportathletes.Soifyouareayear-roundbaseballkid,trysoccerthissummer.Itwillgetyouintogreatshapeandhelpyoumoveyourfeetinthefield.Orifyou’reasoccerkid,trytennisorrockclimbing.Havesomefun,andtrysomethingnew.It’ssummertime.1.What’sthepurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?A.Toinvitemorekidstoplaysports.B.Toinspirekidstoplaysportsforfun.C.Toencouragekidstotrymoretypesofsports.D.Togivekidsadviceonbecomingprofessionalathletes.2.WhathasthestudyinSportsHealthfound?A.Playingonesportissuitableforadults.B.Toomuchtrainingdoesn’tliftsportspirits.C.70%-93%kidsgetinjuriesfromplayingsports.D.Kids’sportspecializationdoesn’tpromisefuturesuccess.3.WhatcanwelearnaboutNFLdraftedplayers?A.Mostofthemweremulti-sportplayers.B.Theyarecollegestudents.C.Theyareprofessionalathletes.D.Mostofthemweresummer-campinglovers.4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthetext?(P---paragraph)A. B. C. D.2AttheWorldEconomicForumlastmonth，PresidentTrumpdrewclapswhenheannouncedtheUnitedStateswouldrespondtotheforum'sproposaltoplantonetrillion（万亿）treesjofightclimatechange.ThetrilliontreeideawonwideattentionlastsummerafterastudypublishedinthejournalScienceconcludedthatplantingsomanytreeswas"themosteffectiveclimatechangesolutiontodate".Ifonlyitweretrue.Butitisn't.Plantingtreeswouldslowdowntheplanet'swarming,buttheonlythingthatwillsaveusandfuturegenerationsfrompayingahugepriceindollars，livesanddamagetonatureisrapidandconsiderablereductionsincarbonreleasefromfossilfuels，tonetzeroby2050.Focusingontreesasthebigsolutiontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion（偏离）.Worsestill，ittakesattentionawayfromthoseresponsibleforthecarbonreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.Forexample，intheNetherlands，youcanpayShellGroupofCompaniesanadditional1eurocentforeachliterofregulargasolineyouputinyourtanktoplanttreestobalancethecarbonreleasefromyourdriving.That'sclearlynomorethandisasterslightlydelayed.Theonlywaytostopthisplanetfromoverheatingisthroughpolitical，economic，technologicalandsocialsolutionsthatendtheuseoffossilfuels.Thereisnowaythatplantingtrees，evenacrossthesizeoftheUnitedStates，canabsorbthehugeamountsoffossilcarbonreleasedfromindustrialsocieties.Treesdotakeupcarbonfromtheatmosphereastheygrow.Butthisuptakemerelyreplacescarbonlostwhenforestswereclearedinthefirstplace，usuallylongago.Regrowingforestswheretheyoncegrewcanundosomedamagedoneinthepast，butevenatrilliontreescan'tstoreenoughcarbontoheadoffdramaticclimatechangesthiscentury.Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScience,JustinGilliswroteinthesamejournalinOctoberthatthestudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsoftheglobalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat"theclaimthatglobaltreerestorationisourmosteffectiveclimatesolutionissimplyscientificallyincorrectanddangerouslymisleading".5.Whatdoweknowaboutthetrillion-treeidea?A.Itwaspublishedinajournal.B.Itwasproposedlastsummer.C.ItwasputforwardbyTrump.D.Itdrewlotsofpublicattention.6.Whatparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Adrawbackofthetreeplantingstrategy.B.Anexampleofbalancingcarbonrelease.C.AnanecdoteofmakingapurchaseatShellD.Aresponsibilityforpoliticiansandeconomists.7.WhatwasJustinGillis'sattitudetowardsglobaltreerestoration?A.Reserved B.Opposed C.Hesitant D.Supportive8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ContradictoryIdeasonTreePlantingB.ATrillionTreesCometotheRescueC.PlantingTreesWon'tSavetheWorldD.TheBestSolutiontoClimateChange3Wehavetomakecertainourlimitedmoneyiswellspent.Butwhatshouldwespendourmoneyon?A20-yearstudyconductedbyDr.Gilovich,aprofessoratCormellUniversity,reachedapowerfulandstraightforwardconclusion:don'tspendyourmoneyonthings.Thetroublewiththingsisthatthehappinesstheyprovidepetersout.Wegetusedtonewpossessions,andwhatonceseemedexcitingquicklybecomesthenorm.Wekeepraisingthebarandalwayslookforanevenbetterone.Possessions,bytheirnature,causecomparisons.Webuyanewcarandarethrilledwithituntilafriendbuysabetterone—andthere'salwayssomeonewithabetterone.Mostofususuallyassumethatthehappinesswegetfrombuyingsomethingwilllastaslongasthethingitself.Itseemsintuitive(直觉的)thatinvestinginsomethingwecansee,hear,andtouchonapermanentbasisdeliversthebestvalue.Butit'snotthecaseatall.Gilovichhasfoundthatexperiencesdelivermore-lastinghappinessthanthings.Experiencesbecomeapartofouridentity.Everyone'sexperienceisunique.Wearenotourpossessions,butwearetheaccumulationofeverythingwe'veseen,thethingswe'vedone,andtheplaceswe'vebeento.“Ourexperiencesareabiggerpartofourselvesthanourmaterialgoods,”saidGilovich.“Youcanreallylikeyourmaterialstuff.Youcaneventhinkthatpartofyouridentityisconnectedtothosethings,buttheyremainseparatefromyou.Incontrast,yourexperiencesreallyarepartofyou.Wearethesumtotalofourexperiences.”Besides,wedon'tcompareexperiencesinthesamewaythatwecomparethings.It'shardtoquantifytherelativevalueofanytwoexperiences,whichmakesthemthatmuchmoreenjoyable.Andexpectationofanexperiencecausesexcitementandenjoyment,whileexpectationofobtainingapossessioncausesimpatience.Experiencesareenjoyablefromtheveryfirstmomentsofplanning,allthewaythroughtothememoriesyoukeepforever.Thetemporaryhappinessachievedbybuyingthingscanberegardedas“puddles(水坑)ofpleasure.”Inotherwords,thatkindofhappinessevaporates(蒸发)quicklyandleavesuswantingmore.Thingsmaylastlongerthanexperiences,butthememoriesthatremainarewhatmattermost.9.Theunderlinedphrase“petersout”canbereplacedby_________________.A.diesaway B.istoolittle C.isnotreal D.coststoomuch10.WhatdoesGilovichthinkofexperiences?A.Experiencesdeliverless-lastinghappinessthanthings.B.Experiencescanexistinourmemoryforever.C.Ourexperiencestakeupallpartsofourselves.D.Ourexperiencesarewhatseparateusfromothers.11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________________.A.experiencescanbecomparedwitheachotherB.expectinganexperienceincreasesourfeelingofanxietyC.peoplearemorelikelytobeimpatientwhenbuyingthingsD.spiritualwealthisthemostvaluableforus12.Whichisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howcanwegainhappinesswithmoney?B.Howcanwemakehappinesslastlong?C.Whyshouldwespendmoneyonexperiencesinsteadofthings?D.Whydoexperiencesachievepermanenthappinessthanthings?4Someoneoncesaid,‘thepoorestmanonearthisnotthemanwithoutmoney,butthemenwithoutadream.’Thisimpliesthatthetotalityofaman'slifeisrootedindreams.Ihaveneverseenasuccessfulmanwithoutadream;infact,forplanstoconetobeingitmustfirstbeimaginedasadream.Bringingone'sdreamtorealizationisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsanyonecandotobesuccessfulinlife.However,weneedtounderstandthattolifetherearedesignsandrulesthatcannotbebrokenorreplaced;forinstance,foodhasnosubstituteinourlives.Why?Itisbecauseweneedfoodforenergytodoworkandgrowth.Also,havingdreamisvitalinmakingthemostofouradventureinlife.HaveyoueverwonderedwhyeachtimesuccessisdiscussedsomenamessuchasBillGate,MartinLutherKing,ThomasEdison,BarrackObanaandotherscometoourminds?Weneedtounderstandthatallthesemenatonepointintheirliveshaddreams,whichtheyputintoplansGreatnessisneverachievedinaday;itfirststartsinthemindlikeadream,beforethecarrierputsitintoplans.Dreamisthestartingpointofsuccess.itisthebeginningofanycreation.Lifewithoutadreamisdoomediofailure.Wherethereisnodream,thereisnohope.Withouta,dream,one'sfutureisuncertain.Whenthenisdream?Itcanbedescribedasthementalpictureofadesiredfuture.Ibelievetherearetwoworlds;thephysicalworldwecanseeandrelatewith,andtheworldthatexistsinthemind(imaginedworld).Concreteitemsexistedfirstinimaginedworldbeforebirthedinformofinventionorotherwise.Everythingthatexiststoday,wascreatedtwice.Firstinthemindandthenprocessedintorealorseenworld.Dreamis,therefore,thecurrencyandpowerofhope.Ourdreamsaremuchmoreimportantthanourpresentcircumstances,becausetheyenableustohaveideasaboutthefuture.13.Whatisthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A.Togiveanexample. B.Todescribeadream.C.Toleadtothemaintopic. D.Toattractreader’attention.14.Whydoestheauthortakethefoodforexample?A.Itbrings1senergytogrow. B.Ittakestheplaceofadream.C.Ithelpsustoliveasuccessfullife. D.Ithasthesamefunctionasadream.15.WhydoestheanthermentionthesesuccessfulpeoplelikeBillGateinparagraphthree?A.Theysucceededinbusiness. B.Theyhadtheirowndreams.C.Theysetagoodexampletous. D.Theylikedadventuringinlife.16.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.IHaveaDream! B.NoDream,NoHope!C.ADreaminLifeIsImportant! D.SuccessStartswithaDream!5WhenIwas17yearsoldIhadsurgerybecauseofadisease.Thedayafterthesurgery,Iawoketofindafriendofminesittinginachairacrossfrommybed.Idon'tremembermuchabouthisvisit.ButIwillnotforgetthathevisitedmeonthatday,andsatthereforIdon'tknowhowlong,whileIwasundertheinfluenceofamorphinedrip(输液).Webenefitgreatlyfromourclosefriendships,buttheyarenotamatterofcalculablegainorloss.Ourage,whatwemightcalltheageofeconomics,isstronglyinfluencedbytwotypesofrelationshipsthatreflectthelivesweareencouragedtolead.Thereareconsumerrelationships,thosethatweparticipateinforthepleasuretheybringus.Theyarefocusedonthepresent.Itiswhatbringsimmediatepleasurethatmatters.Andthereareentrepreneurial(商业的)relationships,thosethatweinvestin,hopingtheywillbringussomereturn.Aristotlethoughtthattherewerethreetypesoffriendship:thoseofpleasure,thoseofusefulness,andtruefriendship.InPleasureFriendships,hesaid,“Ttisnotfortheircharacterthatmenloveready-wittedpeople,butbecausetheyfindthempleasant.”Abouttheusefulnessfriendships,hesaid,“Thosewholoveeachotherfortheirutility(效用)donotloveeachotherforthemselves,butbecauseofsomegoodwhichtheygetfromeachother.”Althoughwebenefitfromourclosefriendships,thesefriendshipsarenotamatterofcalculablegainandloss.Consumerpleasuresarelastingforonlyalimitedtime.Theysurroundusforashortperiodandthentheyfade,likeadrug.Entrepreneurfriendship,whensuccessful,leadstothevictoryofpersonalgain.Itispreciselythenon-economiccharacterthatisthreatenedinasocietyinwhicheachofusisofferedonlythechoicesofownership,shopping,competitionandgrowth.Itisthreatenedwhenweareledtobelievethatfriendshipswithoutobviousrecognizablegainare,intheeconomicsense,irrational(不合理的).Friendshipsarenotwithoutreason,perhaps,buttheyarecertainlywithoutthatparticularreason.Sharedexperience,notjusteverydayamusementoradvancement,isthetruebasisoffriendship.17.Theauthormentionshisoper