考点23 阅读理解说明文（核心考点精讲精练）高考英语一轮复习考点帮（新高考）

考点23阅读理解说明文（核心考点精讲精练）1.高考真题考点分布年份卷次主题语境字数题型分类细节理解推理判断主旨大意词义猜测2024年2024·新高考I卷C篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异323+1601201D篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数据的科学性366+12213002024·新高考II卷B篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭276+1262200C篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场272+1252110D篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》321+16003012024·全国甲卷B篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为312+1241111C篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯列车282+1111300D篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的最佳结局351北京卷人与社会：人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则的标准384+10511102024·浙江卷1月卷人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发思考3402023·新高考I卷C篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式322+1071201D篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效339+11212102023·人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然320+1561300新高考=2\*ROMANII卷2023·全国甲卷人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头321全国乙卷人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响295+10322002023·北京卷C篇：人与社会：短期主义365+1020300D篇：ALife是否也在不断地进化的429+12902112023·浙江卷人与社会：新型的太阳能农场3172022·新高考I卷B篇：人与自然：在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式346+1300211C篇：人与社会：改善老年人的健康状况的项目299+1310301D篇：人与社会：饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音339新高考=2\*ROMANII卷人与社会：Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机289+12811112022·全国甲卷人与自然：会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉255全国乙卷C篇：人与社会：无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠又经济314+1421111D篇：人与社会：对软饮料征收的糖税325+12731002022·北京卷人与社会：系统思维415天津卷人与社会：思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想405+22005002.命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近三年说明文阅读理解主要考查说明文。所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安全等方面。说明文在高考阅读理解中的重要性不容忽视。即便是第一节中的细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和判断。此外，通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试题的考查数量为2道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化特征。【备考策略】说明文阅读理解总体上要做到稳、准、快，在确保准确率的基础上提高阅读速度，以节省时间。解题时，要做到：（1）快速浏览主题。快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇提供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。（2）速读题干，跳读定位信息。接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或相关信息。在定位和寻找信息点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要信息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应性快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。（3）细读解题信息。最后，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。【命题预测】从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2025年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。【必备基础知识】一、【语篇特点】说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的CD篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说明文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的意义和特征等。二、【解题策略】1.

首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。2.

要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。3.

要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。4.

要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。5.

在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。三【说明文中的推理判断题】【题型解读】推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。【设题趋势】

常以infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等词提问。提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can,could,might,would

等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably,possibly等。具体的设问方式如:Whatcanweinferfromthe(first/.../last)paragraph?Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...?Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?等。【常考类型】题型1深层推断题周密逻辑分析推断隐含意义题型2意图推断题依据文体特点推断写作意图题型3观点态度题利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断题型4文章出处题根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处【推理判断题解题技巧】正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征:“立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等。正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。【干扰选项】张冠李戴即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点无中生有这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干曲解文意即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解鱼目混珠鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义扩缩范围为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变01说明文中的推理判断题之深层推断题（隐含推断题）主要考查以下几个方面:细节推断题,即根据文章特定细节进行推断;综合推断题,即根据全段,甚至全篇,结合多处信息推断文章寓意或深层意义;(3)逻辑推断题,即严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.（2024·山西·模拟预测）AteamofscientistsfromtheCenterforCognitionandSocialityandtheDataScienceGroupattheInstituteforBasicScience(IBS)madeanexcitingdiscoveryabouthowcomputersandhumanbrainsworksimilarlywhenrememberingthings.Theyfoundoutthatthewayartificialintelligence(AI)models,likethoseinsmartrobots,storememoriesisalotlikehowourbrain’smemorycenter,calledthehippocampus(海马体),doesit.Thispartofthebrainisreallyimportantforfeelingsandmemories.UnderstandinghowAIlearnsandkeepsinformationiskeytomakingitsmarter.ThescientistslookedintohowourbrainslearnandrememberbyfocusingonaspecialprocessinvolvingtheNMDAreceptor,acriticalpartofthehippocampus.Thisreceptorworkslikeasmartdoorinourbrainthathelpswithlearningandremembering.Itopenswhencertainbrainchemicalsarepresent,allowingthecelltoreceivesignalsandcreatememories.Aspecificelement,magnesium,actslikeaguard,onlylettingsubstancesinundertherightconditions.Interestingly,theteamfoundthatTransformer,atypeofAImodel,usesasimilar“guarding”methodtomanageitsmemory.TheywonderediftheycouldmaketheTransformer’smemorybetterbycopyingthebrain’sprocess.ByadjustingsomesettingsintheTransformertomimic(模拟、模仿)thebrain’smemorydoor,theyimproveditsabilitytorememberthingslong-term,justlikeadjustingmagnesiumlevelscanaffecthowwellwerememberstuff.ThisdiscoveryisabigdealbecauseitshowswecanusewhatweknowaboutthebraintomakeAIsmarter.C．JustinLEE,aneuroscience(神经学)directorattheinstitute,mentionedthatthisresearchwasabigstepforwardforbothAIandbrainscience.ItopensupnewwaystounderstandhowthebrainworksandtocreatemoreadvancedAIbasedontheseinsights.So,insimpleterms,scientistshavefiguredoutthatcomputerscanlearnandrememberinwaysthataresurprisinglysimilartous,whichcouldhelpmakethemevensmarterinthefuture.12．Whatdoestheterm“NMDAreceptor”inparagraph2mostlikelyreferto?A．AtypeofcomputervirusthatattacksAIsystems.B．Anewtechnologyformakingcomputersrunfaster.C．AcomponentinAImodelsthatpredictsfutureevents.D．Apartofthehumanbraininvolvedinlearningandmemory.13．WhatdidtheteamdiscoveraboutTransformer?A．Itdirectlymimicsthebrain’smemoryprocess.B．Itisunaffectedbychangesinmemorysettings.C．Itusesaspecialmethodtomanagememory.D．Itrequiresadjustmentstoenhancelong-termmemory.14．WhatisthesignificanceoftheresearchfindingsaccordingtoC．JustinLEE?A．Itisanewapproachtomemoryorganization.B．ItisacrucialstepinadvancingAIandneuroscience.C．Itisamethodforimprovingshort-termmemoryinAI.D．ItisabreakthroughinunderstandingAIemotionalprocessing.02说明文中的推理判断题之意图推断题文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意,而写作意图则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文的写作意图,又可能考查某处细节或某一段落的写作意图。常见设问方式：Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat________Thefact...ismentionedbytheauthortoshow______Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto_____解题技巧：1.关注设问的信息位置:1)开头提出问题——Toattractreaders’attention；Tointroducethetopic;2)开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——Todrawthereaders’attentiontothetop;3)结尾设问——Toattractreaderstopayforatriptosomeattraction;Tocallon…;Tosellaproductorservice；4)文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——Toargueagainst…;Tosupportone’sownidea;Tomakeitmorepersuasive(更有说服力的)2.关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC模式）Topic→explanation→example→conclusion主题+举例子解释或者证明——Tostress/confirm/supportsth常见的说明方法:1、列数字(listfigures):具体而准确地说明该事物的特点。使说明更有说服力。2、举例子(giveexamples):具体真切地说明了事物的等等特点。3、引资料(quote):能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力。如引用古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。4、分类别(bycategory):条理清楚地说明了事物的特点，对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。5、打比方(makeananalogy):打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的xx特点，增强了文章的趣味性。6、下定义(drawadefinition/makeanalysis):用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。7、作比较(makeacontrast/comparison):突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。1.【新课标ⅠⅠ卷】GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(变革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代码)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell’spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.15.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.（2024·四川·模拟预测）Inaneraofdigitaltechnology,theartofwritingbyhandhasslowlybeendowngradedtoapastentertainment.However,recentresearchsuggeststhatthisphysicalactisessentialtobrainhealthanddevelopment,havingmultiplecognitive(认知的)benefits.Itistimeweshouldreevaluatethepotentialbenefitsitmayhaveonourmentalcapacities.Accordingtonumerousstudies,writingbyhandstimulatesmorecomplexanddiversebrainconnectionsessentialforencodingnewinformationandformingmemories.Forinstance,arecentinvestigationfoundthatbrainconnectivitypatternswerefarmorecomplicatedandwidespreadforparticipantswhowrotebyhandcomparedtothosewhotyped.Thus,itisclearthathandwritinghasadistinctandsignificantimpactonourbrainhealth.Handwritingisn’tjustgoodforourbrainshealth—italsohasclear,practicalbenefits.Researchhasshownthatstudentswhotakehandwrittennotesscoresignificantlyhigheronquizzes,demonstratingimprovedlearning.Thisextendsbeyondtheclassroomtoo.Peoplewhorecordedinformationonpapercalendarsdemonstratedmorebrainactivityandrecalledinformationfasterthanthosewhousedsmartphones.Theactofhandwriting,therefore,couldbeavaluabletoolforstudentspreparingforexamsandadultsmanagingdailytasks.Despiteitsclearbenefits,handwritinghasbeenonthedecline.However,25statesintheUShavereintroducedwritingbackintoschoolcurriculums.Thisisastepintherightdirection,aspreviousresearchhasalsoindicatedthathandwritingisessentialinchildren’sbraindevelopment.Preliterate(未识字的)childrenwhowrotebyhanddemonstratedbrainactivityinacircuitofthebrainusedinlearningtoread,furtherstrengtheningthelinkbetweenhandwritingandcognitivedevelopment.Itisclearthathandwritingisavaluableactivitythathasthepotentialtoenhanceourbrainhealth,learning,memory,andproblem-solvingskills.Aswecontinuetonavigatethedigitalage,itisimportantnottooverlookthevalueofthisseeminglysimpleactivity.So,thenexttimeyoureachforyourkeyboard,rememberthebenefitsofpickingupapeninstead.12．Whatdopeopleusuallythinkofhandwritingatpresent?A．Ithasbecomeanold-fashionedskill. B．Ithasmanycognitivebenefitsinlife.C．Ithasbeenreplacedbydigitaldevices. D．Ithasbeenapopularentertainment.13．Whatdoestheauthormainlyshowabouthandwritinginparagraph3?A．Itisbeneficialtobrainhealth. B．Ithelpsstudentsscorehigheronquizzes.C．Itstimulatesdiversebrainconnection. D．Ithasgoodeffectsonlearningandmemory.14．Whyispreviousresearchmentionedinparagraph4?A．Tomakeacomparison. B．Toaddfurtherevidence.C．Toshowdifferentopinions. D．Toexplainthebrainactivity.15．What’sthepurposeofthepassage?A．Toillustrateafindingonhandwriting. B．Toemphasizetheimportanceofhandwriting.C．Toshowthewideapplicationofhandwriting. D．Tointroducetheartisticvalueofhandwriting.03说明文中的推理判断题之观点态度题推断作者或者文中人物的意图态度题就是指针对文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度进行设问。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有:Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards/to...?作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：乐观、支持、赞同；中立、客观；悲观、怀疑、反对、批评。作者的思想态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间，应特别注意文中表达感情色彩的形容词和副词。【观点态度词】一、表中立，客观1.objective客观的2.neutral中立的3.factual事实的4.disinterested无兴趣的5.impartial公平的；不偏不倚的6.impersonal无人情味的7.unprejudiced无偏见的8.unbiased无偏见的9.unconcerned不关心的10.detached独立的二、表赞同、支持1.enthusiastic热心的2.supportive支持的3.optimistic乐观的4.positive积极的5.favorable有利的；赞成的6.approving赞成的7.appreciative欣赏的8.admiring钦佩的9.impressive印象深刻的三、表怀疑、否定1.suspicious可疑的2.doubtful怀疑的3.skeptical/sceptical怀疑的4.questioning质疑的5.opposed反对的6.contradictory自相矛盾的7.negative消极的8.disapproving不赞成的9.critical批评的10.disgusted反感的11.ironic反话的；讽刺的12.hostile敌对的13.contemptuous蔑视的14.dismissive轻蔑的15.pessimistic悲观的16.gloomy阴暗的；令人沮丧的17.apprehensive忧虑的四、其他1.mixed混合的2.tolerant容忍的3.indifferent漠不关心的4.concerned担心的5.sensitive敏感的6.reserved矜持的7.conservative保守的；守旧的8.radical激进的9.moderate中等的；适度的10.mild温和的；温顺的11.subjective主观的12.inconclusive无定论的【2024全国甲卷B篇片段】TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick.TheSaintLukasisoneoffivegovernment-sponsoredmedicaltrainsthattraveltoremotetownsincentralandeasternRussia.Eachstoplastsanaverageoftwodays,andduringthattimethedoctorsandnursesonboardproviderural(乡村)populationswithbasicmedicalcare,X-rayscansandprescriptions....Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”11.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.（2024·江苏南通·三模）Inarecentstudyofhealthyvolunteers,NationalInstitutesofHealthresearchersdiscoveredthatourbrainsmayreplaymemoriesoflearningnewskillswhenwerest.NIHresearchershavemappedoutthebrainactivitythatflowswhenwelearnanewskill,suchasplayinganewsongonthepiano,andfoundthatduringshortrestthevolunteers’brainsrapidlyandrepeatedlyreplayedfasterversionsoftheactivityseenwhiletheypracticedtypingacode.Themoreavolunteerreplayedtheactivitythebettertheyperformedduringsubsequentpracticesessions.ThestudywasconductedattheNIHClinicalCenter.TheteamofDr.Cohen,M.D．,seniorinvestigatorattheNIH’sNationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisordersandStroke(NINDS),usedahighlysensitivescanningtechniquetorecordthebrainwavesof33healthy,right-handedvolunteersastheylearnedtotypeafive-digittestcodewiththeirlefthands.Thesubjectssatinachairandunderthescanner’slong,cone-shapedcap.Anexperimentbeganwhenasubjectwasshownthecode“41234”onascreenandaskedtotypeitoutasmanytimesaspossiblefor10secondsandthentakea10secondbreak.Subjectswereaskedtorepeatthiscycleofalternating(交替的)practiceandrestsessionsatotalof35times.Duringthefirstfewtrials,thespeedatwhichsubjectscorrectlytypedthecodeimproveddramaticallyandthenleveledoffaroundthe11thcycle.Inapreviousstudy,Dr.Cohen’steamshowedthatmostofthesegainshappenedduringshortrests,andnotwhenthesubjectsweretyping.Moreover,thegainsweregreaterthanthosemadeafteranight’ssleepandwererelatedwithadecreaseinthesizeofbrainwaves,calledbetarhythms.Inthisnewreport,theresearcherssearchedforsomethingdifferentinthesubjects’brainwaves.“Wewantedtoexplorethemechanisms(机制)behindmemorystrengtheningseenduringwakefulrest.Severalformsofmemoryappeartorelyonthereplayingofneural(神经的)activity,sowedecidedtotestthisideaoutforproceduralskilllearning,”saidEthanR.Buch,Ph.D．,astaffscientistonDr.Cohen’steamandleaderofthestudy.Todothis,Dr.Buchdevelopedacomputerprogramwhichallowedtheteamtounderstandthebrainwaveactivityassociatedwithtypingeachnumberinthetestcode.Interestingly,theyfoundthatthemoreavolunteerreplayed,thebettertheirperformancewas.“Wewereabitsurprisedbytheselastresults.Overall,ourresultssupporttheideathatthereplayactivityduringwakingrestmaybeapowerfultoolthatresearcherscanusetohelpindividualslearnnewskillsfasterandpossiblyfacilitaterecoveryfromstroke.”saidDr.Cohen.8．WhathaveNIHresearchersrecentlyfound?A．Thebrainactivityslowlyflowswhenwelearnanewskill.B．Thevalueofshortpracticesessionscan’tbeoverestimated.C．Shortrestmakesnodifferencetotheneuralreplayoftheactivity.D．Thefrequencyofbrainreplaycontributestopracticeperformances.9．WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraph3?A．Theprocessoftheresearch.B．Thefacilitiesoftheresearch.C．Theapplicationoftheresearch.D．Thepreparationsoftheresearch.10．WhydidDr.Buchdevelopacomputerprogram?A．Todistinguishthefirst11cyclesfromthelaterones.B．Toconfirmtheroleofneuralreplayinskilllearning.C．Toexplorethepotentialeffectsofprocedurallearning.D．Tofindoutthereasonsforthechangesinbrainwaves.11．WhatdoesDr.Cohenthinkoftheresearchfindings?A．Acceptable.B．Promising.C．Shallow.D．Dismissive.04说明文中的推理判断题之文章出处题

推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手;确定读者对象要根据文章主题和文章措辞来判断。常见设问方式：Thispassagewouldbemostlikelytobefoundin____Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof_____________Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?Whichsectionofamagazineisthispassageprobablytakenfrom?判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性强。Newspaper特征：首段或首句为新闻归纳(时效性强)。2.有特殊的文体标示(如Reuters)Magazine特征：内容更加丰富，专题性更强，话题更详细语言轻松活泼、语言表述更具作者的主体意识。Research特征：语言比较专业化，会有一些专业词汇(如Planetaryorbit)内容上严肃且精华，经常出现专业的知识。常见选项：Abiologytextbook(生物教科书)/Amagazine/Aresearchpaper(研究论文)/Atravelbrochure(旅游手册)/Anewsreport(新闻报告)/Abooklet(小册子)/Awebsite/ablog(博客；网络日志)/Aguidebook/Anadvertisement等.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)Reading

Art:

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Book

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isacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld...Inthis“bookofbooks”,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures...Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?Anintroductiontoabook.Anessayontheartofwriting.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.（2024·河北·一模）Manyparentsconfusedbyhowtheirchildrenshoporsocialize,wouldfeelundisturbedbyhowtheyaretaught—thissectorremainsdigitallybehind.Canartificialintelligenceboostthedigitalsectorofclassroom?ChatGPT-likegenerativeAIisgeneratingexcitementforprovidingpersonalizedtutoringtostudents.ByMay,NewYorkhadletthebotbackintoclassrooms.Learnersareacceptingthetechnology.Two-fifthsofundergraduatessurveyedlastycarbyonlinetutoringcompanyCheggreportedusinganAIchatbottohelpthemwiththeirstudies,withhalfofthoseusingitdaily.Chegg’schiefexecutivetoldinvestorsitwaslosingcustomerstoChatGPTasaresultofthetechnology’spopularity.YettherearegoodreasonstobelievethateducationspecialistswhoharnessAIwilleventuallywinovergeneralistssuchasOpenAIandothertechfirmseyeingtheeducationbusiness.Forone,AIchatbotshaveabadhabitofproducingnonsense.“Studentswantcontentfromtrustedproviders,”arguesKateEdwardsfromatextbookpublisher.Hercompanyhasn’tallowedChatGPTandotherAIstouseitsmaterial,buthasinsteadusedthecontenttotrainitsownmodelsintoitslearningapps.Besides,teachingisn’tmerelyaboutgivingstudentsananswer,butaboutpresentingitinawaythathelpsthemlearn.Charbotsmustalsobetailoredtodifferentagegroupstoavoideithercheatingorinfantilizing(使婴儿化)students.BringingAItoeducationwon’tbeeasy.Manyteachersarebehindthelearningcurve.LessthanafifthofBritisheducatorssurveyedbyPearsonlastyearreportedreceivingtrainingondigitallearningtools.Tightbudgetsatmanyinstitutionswillmakesellingnewtechnologyanuphillbattle.Teachers’attentionmayneedtoshifttowardsmotivatingstudentsandinstructingthemonhowtobestworkwithAItools.Ifthoseanswerscanbeprovided,it’snotjustcompaniesthatstandtobenefit.Aninfluentinlpaperfrom1984foundthatone-to-onetutoringimprovedtheaverageacademicperformanceofstudents.Withthelearningofstudents,especiallythosefrompoorerhouseholds,heldback,suchadevelopmentwouldcertainlydeservetopmarks.49．WhatdomanyparentsthinkremainsuntouchedbyAIabouttheirchildren?A．Theirshoppinghabits. B．Theirsocialbehavior.C．Theirclassroomlearning. D．Theirinterestindigitaldevices.50．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“harness”inparagraph2mean?A．Develop. B．Use. C．Prohibit. D．Blame.51．WhatmainlypreventsAIfromenteringtheclassroomatpresent?A．Manyteachersaren’tpreparedtechnically.B．Tailoredchatbotscan’tsatisfydifferentneeds.C．AIhasnorighttocopytextbooksforteaching.D．Itcanbetrickedtoproducenonsenseanswers.52．Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A．AnintroductiontoAI. B．Aproductadvertisement.C．AguidebooktoAIapplication. D．AreviewofAIineducation.05说明文中的主旨大意题文章走势和篇章结构常见的设问方式：1.Whatwillbediscussedfurtherinthecomingparagraph?2．Whatmaytheresearchersdonextaccordingtothelastparagraph?3．Whatwouldtheauthormostprobablydiscussnext?4．Wheredoesthearticlegonext?5.Whatwouldthefollowingparagraphtalkabout?[2023·全国乙卷]WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritainhasareputationforless-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretopclasschefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.ItsthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsareturningawayfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.ItisrecentlyreportedthatthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfofBritainsconsumerswouldliketochangeorimprovetheircookinginsomeway.TherehasbeenariseinthenumberofstudentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcolleges.ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketanalysts,1in5BritonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammesonTVhasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawidervarietyofingredients(配料)thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthanbefore.OneinfouradultssaythatTVchefshavemadethemmuchmoreconfidentaboutexpandingtheircookeryknowledgeandskills,andyoungpeoplearealsogettingmoreinterestedincooking.TheUKsobsession(痴迷)withfoodisreflectedthroughtelevisionscheduling.Cookeryshowsanddocumentariesaboutfoodarebroadcastmoreoftenthanbefore.WithanincreasingnumberofmalechefsonTV,itsnolonger“uncool”forboystolikecooking.31.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout?A.Theartofcookinginothercountries.B.MalechefsonTVprogrammes.C.TablemannersintheUK.D.Studiesofbigeaters.【2023届山西省长治市部分学校高三下学期三模联合考试】Oneofthethingsthatweexpectfromtheoceanisisdeepbluecolorthatreflectsthesky.ScientistsatUCSanDiegoInstitutionofOceanographyalongwithscientistsattheUniversityofWashingtonhavebeenexperimentingwithdyeing(染)theoceanatSanDiegobeachpink.Whatcouldtheypossiblybeupto?Thisisbeingdoneforastudythatexamineshowfreshwateroutflowsarecombiningwiththeoceansurfzone.TheexperimentiscalledPlumesinNearshoreConditions(PiNC).“I’mexcitedbecausethisresearchhasn’tbeendonebeforeandit’sauniqueexperiment,”saidSarahGiddings,acoastaloceanographerleadingthestudy.“Theaimistounderstandhowfreshwaterinteractswithwaves,sinceitisusuallywarmerthanoceanwaterandmore