秘籍10阅读理解（议论文和应用文）-2023年中考英语抢分秘籍

突破阅读理解（2）议论文和应用文（一）题型分析阅读理解是每年中考试题的“重中之重”。此题型的分值为3040分，约占整套试题总分的45%左右。阅读理解主要考查考生通过阅读短文获取一定信息的能力。近几年的中考试题考查的文体多为记叙文、说明文、应用文等，考查内容比较广泛。不仅如此，阅读理解的文章在体裁方面也越来越多样化，广告、图表等应用文是近年来中考试题的新体裁；在内容方面，也更加体现了时代性和可读性，题材包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等方面。（二）体裁简析一、英语阅读文体类型简析中考英语阅读常见的文体类型有：记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文。01、记叙文。英语记叙文以描写叙述为主，主要描写人物、事件、地点、或过程。特点是，其主题往往潜伏在字里行间，没有直接地表白出来；文章主旨要透过体察所揭示的人物、事件来进行提炼。描写手法大多按时间跨度、空间顺序、上下顺序来展开。阅读记叙文体应采取略读和扫读的方法，快速抓住文中描写的主要内容，从整体上去把握文章的连贯性，进而大体上揣测出作者的写作意图及情感主线。高考阅读就记叙文设题大多以细节理解为主。02、说明文。英语说明文的总体结构通常为三部份，说明对象、说明过程和归纳总结。常见的说明方法：就中考英语说明文的阅读而言，首先要抓住文章说明的要点，也就是要抓住被说明对象的实质性特征；弄清作者从哪个角度、哪个层面开始说明；并明白文章最后的说明结论。中考说明文阅读材料通常介绍最新科技、重大成就、生活时尚、流行现象等。了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清短文结构及段落中心思想是答题关键。03、议论文。英语议论文通常为三段式，即“论点、论据、结论”三部份组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。议论文体主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此，遇到议论文体时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。04、应用文。英语应用文属于实用型文体，如书信、通知、日记、广告等。应用文阅读要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解，弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。阅读时采取速读与精读相结合的方法，力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容。（三）解题技巧掌握中考英语阅读理解题的应试技巧，正确地理解和分析问题，考生应从以下几个方面入手：1．主旨题文章段落的首句和末句，一般表达文章的主题和段落的中心思想，其他句子只起补充、说明、解释或引申的作用。因此，首先要搜索目标，找出文章及段落中的主题句，了解了它们的含义，就可以顺着提供的主要线索去捕捉文章的相关信息，从而获得解决问题的答案。最有效的办法是找出主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：（1）表述的意思通常是总结性的；（2）句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式；（3）段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想的。2．推断题推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。（1）事实推断。这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。（2）指代推断。确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式应与被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象的第一个辅助标志。（3）逻辑推断。这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景、人物的表情、动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感受。（4）对作者的意图和态度的推断。这一类考题大都要求学生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。总之，只要平时善于积累，并熟练运用上述解题技巧，初中阅读理解题就将不再是难题。3．猜测词义题阅读短文时，常常会遇到一些生词。这时，考生要沉着、冷静，细心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通过对全篇短文的理解，就有可能猜测出生词的大意。另外，还可以从含有生词句子的上下文，以及句子和段落之间的关系来判断、理解生词以求获得其真正含义。猜测生词的另一种方法是，根据构词法推测。遇到生词后，可从构词法角度分析判断生词。例如：inexpensive一词，其中词根expensive的含义是“贵的”。前缀in是“不”的意思，因此可以猜测此词词义为“不贵的，便宜的”。总之，猜词题可以用到以下技巧（1）.根据文中的解释（2）.使用逗号、破折号和括号等（3）.根据同位语或根据同等关系（4）.根据语义的转折关系（5）.根据因果关系（6）.根据构词法知识（7）.根据常识，上下文逻辑4．细节理解题。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做细节理解题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法.先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句.仔细品味，对照比较.确定答案。有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。5．利用常识解题多了解一些常识性知识有利于阅读理解。如果对文章的相关背景有所了解，读起文章来一定既省时又省力。因此，在学习过程中，了解各方面的背景知识是十分重要的。考生应了解下列知识：(1)著名作家、艺术家及其主要作品；(2)了解西方社会风土人情、社交活动、新年、圣诞节活动、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等；(3)多看新闻联播、世界各地和各类英语讲座等节目；(4)使用各种工具书，查阅各类名词、术语、重大事件等；(5)熟记常用的缩略词语。6．正确理解题干纵观历年中考试题，阅读理解试题一般有以下几种题型：一是直接回答who，whom，which，what，where，when，why，how等疑问词引起的细节问题；二是猜测词义题；三是推理判断题；四是综合概括题。在做阅读理解题时，一定要仔细看完、看清楚试题要求再作答，特别要注意NOT，TRUE，EXCEPT等词。有时，要先看题后阅读文章，带着问题去读短文，可缩短阅读时间，效果也许会更好。总之，阅读理解题是中考试题中非常重要的一项内容，占有举足轻重的地位。如果学生按上述答题方法去做，再做些适当的练习，一定会在阅读理解题上取得比较理想的成绩。下面就在考试如何有效抢分进行实列演练说明，请同学们根据示范进行训练：演练2个篇章，03议论文04应用文03模拟演练：议论文Wecan’trememberclearlysincewhenwestartedtotakeourmobilestoadinnertable.Thishappensalot,especiallywhenweeatout.Onceadishes,insteadofliftingourchopsticks,wetakeoutourmobilesandclick.Later,wepostthephotosontoWeiboorWechat,waitingtobe“liked”.Thenwecheckourmobilesfromtimetotimeduringthemeal,toseewhetherweget“liked”ornot.Wejustcannotleaveourmobilesforonlyameal.Doesthatsoundfamiliartoyou?Doyoudothatoften?Ifnot,howdoyoufeelwhenothersdothatwhenhavingdinnerwithyou?Arecentstudysuggeststhatwhatweareusedtodoingisnotsogood.Spendingtimetakingphotosoffoodmakesthefoodlesspleasant.Totestthis,someresearchersdidanexperiment.Somepeoplewereaskedtotakephotosbeforetheycouldenjoyfood.Asaresult,itshowedthatthemorephotostheytook,thelessdeliciousthefoodseemedtothem.So,whynotstoptakingphotosandjustenjoythefoodinfrontofyou?Besidesthescientificresult,therearealsosomeotherbadinfluencesoftakingphotosoffoodbeforemeals.AfterpostingthephotosontotheInternet,onewillnotbeabletocontrolhimselfandcheckhismobilemanytimes.“Doeseveryonelikemyphotos?Ihopealotofpeoplelikethem!”Itseemsthatyourmobilesecretlycallsyournameallthetime,evenwhenyouarewithrealpeople.So,nexttimeyougoouttohavedinnerwithyourfamilyorfriends,howaboutnottakingphotosoffood?Letthefoodbedeliciousasitisandshareyourlifewithpeoplearoundyou.Trustme,itwillbeawonderfultime.1.Fromthepassage,whathappensalotatthedinnertablenowadays?A.PeopletalkabouttheirWeiboorWechat.B.Peopletakephotosoffoodandpostthembeforeeating.C.Peopleliketakingphotoswithfriendsorfamilies.D.Peoplelearnfromeachotherhowtocookdishes.2.Whatdoesthefourthparagraphtalkabout?A.Thereasonsforcheckingyourmobiles.B.ThewaysofpostingthephotosontotheInternet.C.Thetips(提示)ofmakingotherslikeyourphotosontheWeibo.D.Someotherbadinfluencesoftakingphotosoffoodbeforemeals.3.Whichofthefollowingisthewriter’sopinion?A.Wetakeoutourmobilesandclickwhenadishes.B.Wecheckourmobilesfromtimetotimeduringthemeal.C.Somepeoplewereaskedtotakephotosbeforetheycouldenjoyfood.D.Spendingtimetakingphotosoffoodmakesthefoodlesspleasant.4.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Takephotosoffoodinordertohaveawonderfullife.B.Takephotosofdeliciousfoodandsharethemwithothers.C.Enjoythelifewithpeoplearoundusinsteadoftakingphotosoffood.D.Remembertohavedinnerwithourfamilyandfriendsathome.【答案】BDDC【解析】本文是一篇议论文。介绍了一种社会现象，很多人吃饭前给食物拍照，然后发到微博或者微信上面，等着别人点赞，最近研究发现，给食物拍照不好，一方面花时间拍照，食物会变得没有那么好吃；另一方面，眼前的人会被忽视，所以专家呼吁，让食物美味如初，享受与眼前人的相聚时刻。1.细节理解题。由文中“Onceadishes,insteadofliftingourchopsticks,wetakeoutourmobilesandclick.”可知人们吃饭前喜欢拍照，故选B。2.主旨大意题。由本段的中心句“Besidesthescientificresult,therearealsosomeotherbadinfluencesoftakingphotosoffoodbeforemeals.”可知第四段主要讲述的是吃饭前拍照的一些其他的坏的影响，故选D。3.主旨大意题。A项意为“我们拿出并且上菜的时候进行拍照”；B项意为“我们在一顿饭期间时不时地检查”；C项意为“在他们享受食物之前一些人被要求拍照”；都是现象的描述，并非观点，均不符合题意，而本文主要讲述的是把带到餐桌上进行拍照的现象，以及其不好的影响，故作者的观点一定是花时间拍食物的照片使得食物不美味，只有D项符合题意，故选D。4.推理判断题。由文中最后一段“Letthefoodbedeliciousasitisandshareyourlifewithpeoplearoundyou.Trustme,itwillbeawonderfultime.”可知让食物保持它原本的美味，并与你周围的人分享你的生活，将是美好的时光，可以推测出作者的写作目的是享受与眼前人一起的生活，而不是饭前拍照，所以C项符合题意，故选C。议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨。议论文特别注意主题句，往往有总说和分说的关系，主题句往往出现在第一句或最后归纳总结句中。二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解。与前面做题相同。三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图。议论文一定有作者的观点，要正确把握。比喻这篇文章就是“号召大家享受与眼前人一起的生活，而不是饭前拍照。【实战演练】议论文AInthepark,youseeagroupofpeople,alllookingupatthesky.Withoutthinkingaboutit,youlookupwards,too.Why?Intheconcert,someonebeginstoclapandsuddenlythewholeroomjoinsin.Youdo,too.Why?Sometimeswefeelweareactingcorrectlywhenwedothesameasothers.Themorepeoplefollowanidea,thebetterortruerwethinktheideais.It’sthesocialproof(社会认同感)thatworks.ThescientistAschcarriedoutanexperiment.Itshowshowsocialproofcaninfluenceus.Inaroom,amanisshownLine1,andnexttoitarethreelines(A,B,C).Aislonger,CisshorterandBisaslongasLine1.HemusttellwhichofthethreelinesisaslongasLine1.Whenthemanisalone,hegivesthecorrectanswerB.Then,fiveothermanentertheroom,andeachofthemgivestheanswerCastheyweretoldto.NowthemanchangeshisideaandgivestheanswerC.Aschgotthesameresultmanytimesamongdifferentsubjects(实验对象).Whydoweactlikethis?Well,inthepast,followingotherswasawaytokeepawayfromdanger.Supposethat5000yearsagoyouwerehunting(打猎)withfriends.Suddenly,theyallranaway.Whatwouldyouhavedone?Wouldyouhavestayed?No,youwouldhaverun,too.Wearedescendants(后代)ofthosewhocopiedothers’action.Itissodeeplyplantedinourmindthatwestilluseitnow.Socialproofhasspecialpower.Theadvertisingindustry,forexample,oftenmakesuseofit.Sobecarefulwheneverapanysaysitsproductis“themostpopular”.1.Atthebeginningofthepassage,thewriterleadsinthetopicby____.A.tellingastory B.givingexamplesC.answeringquestions D.showingamap2.AccordingtoParagraph3,theexperimentbyAschshows____.A.followingothersisalwaysrightB.socialproofmaychangepeople’sideasC.it’sdifficulttocarryouttheexperimentD.peoplecanstudybetteriftheyarealone3.Theunderlinedword“It”inParagraph4refersto____.A.runningwithothers B.huntingwithfriendsC.copyingothers’action D.doingsomethingdifferent4.Accordingtothepassage,wecaninfer(推断)that____.A.it’simportanttorunwithothersanytimeB.productsintheadvertisementarethebestC.wemustn’tcopyothers’actiontokeepsafeD.weneedtothinktwicebeforefollowingothers【答案】1.B2.B3.C4.D【解析】文章大意：本文主要通过一些社会现象以及科学家做的实验，告诉大家不要盲目随波逐流。1.B细节理解题。根据第一段可知，分别讲了在公园和在音乐会上的两种现象——别人抬头看天空你也会不自觉地看天空，别人在音乐会上鼓掌，不一会儿整个屋子的人都会跟着鼓掌。通过这两个例子引出本文主题，故答案选B。2.B细节理解题。根据文中第3段中的信息Itshowshowsocialproofcaninfluenceus.它说明了社会认同感是如何影响我们的；故答案选B。3.C词义猜测题。根据上文Wearedescendants(后代)ofthosewhocopiedothers’action.我们是那些复制他人行为的人的后代。结合本句Itissodeeplyplantedinourmind它深深的植入了我们的思想中，“它”指的就是复制其他人的行为这件事；故答案选C。4.D推理判断题。根据文章我们可以推断，在追随其他人之前，我们需要再三考虑．恰巧这也是整篇文章的主旨，不要盲目随波逐流。故答案选D。B（2022年浙江中考）①Haveyouevershownyourphotosonyourfavoritesocialmedia（媒体）?Orhaveyouexpressedyourfeelingsandemotionsonyouronlinepage?Ifyes,doyouknowwhatyouhavepostedonthesocialmediascancauseproblemsyoucouldnotexpect?②Cathy,whoisgoingtobefifteen,postedonlineaninvitationtoherbirthdaypartywithheraddressinit.Andguesswhat!500peoplecametotheparty,andsomeevenbrokethewindowsandplants,makingatotalmessofthehouse.Thegirl’sbirthdaypartyturnedintoanightmare（噩梦）.③Manyteenagers（青少年）thinktheyknoweverythingaboutsocialmedia,andthatsuchathingcouldneverhappentothem.Studiesshowthateachyearmorethanthreemillionyoungpeopleintheworldgetintotroublebecauseoftheironlineactivities.④Sodoremembertheseifyoureallywanttosharesomethingonline.⑤Sharewithcare!Noteveryonewilllikewhatyouwriteonline.Thinkbeforeyoupostanything.Youneverknowwhoseesyourtexts,picturesorvideos.Beforeclicking“post”,youshouldaskyourself,“HowwillIfeelifmyfamilyorteachersseethis?”and“Howmightthispostbebadformeinfiveortenyearsfromnow?”⑥Bepolitewhenyouwrite!Imaginesomeoneisunfriendlyinreallife.Thesameistrueofonlinemunication.Noonelikesitwhenyou“shout”inyourmessages.Ifyoufeelangryorfrustratedwhileyou’rewritingamessage,waitabit.Readitagainlaterandthensendit.⑦Protectandrespect!Nevershareyourpasswordswithanyone.It’snotwisetopostyourhomeoremailaddressonline.Don’tsaybadthingsaboutpeople.Ifyougetmessageslikethatorseethemonline,talktoyourparentsoryourteachers.⑧I’dsaynoneofthesethingspromises100%onlinesafety,buteachwillhelpyoutobesafer.1.Thewriterstartstointroducethetopicby________.A.tellingstories B.givingexamples C.askingquestions D.sharingexperiences2.ThepartyturnedintoanightmarebecauseCathy________.A.madeatotalmessofthehouse. B.sharedthephotosofherhouseonlineC.invitedhundrendsofpeopletoherparty D.postedaninvitationwithheraddressonline3.Thewriterusesthemark“!”intheunderlinedsentencesofParagraphs5~7to________.A.drawthereaders’attention B.giveordersthatreadersshouldfollowC.expressthestrongfeelingsofworry D.givethedecisionsthathavebeenmade4.Whatdoesthewritermeanbysayingthelastsentence?A.Youshouldspendmuchlesstimeonline.B.It’snecessarytothinkbeforeyouactonline.C.Youhavetomakeapromisebeforeyougoonline.D.Ifyouwanttobesaferonline,doasthewritersuggests.【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.B【解析】本文以Cathy为例，介绍了在社交媒体上分享照片的危害，并介绍了如何在分享照片同时保护自己安全的建议。1.推理判断题。根据第一段的三个问句可知，作者是通过问问题来引出主题，故选C。2.细节理解题。根据“Cathy,whoisgoingtobefifteen,postedonlineaninvitationtoherbirthdaypartywithheraddressinit”可知，因为她在社交媒体上发布了这个派对的地址，而导致让这场派对成为了一个噩梦，故选D。3.推理判断题。根据“Sodoremembertheseifyoureallywanttosharesomethingonline”及下文介绍的内容可知，以下是介绍了保护自己安全的建议，加这个符号的目的是为了吸引读者的注意，故选A。4.推理判断题。根据“I’dsaynoneofthesethingspromises100%onlinesafety,buteachwillhelpyoutobesafer”可知，作者提供的这些建议会让你更安全，目的是为了让你在社交媒体上发布照片之前要三思而后行，故选B。CThesedays,adultsareworriedaboutthegrowingnumberofkidswhoareoverweight,andguesswhat?Kidsrealizeit’saproblem,too.Mostkidswhoareoverweighthavetoomuchbodyfat,nomatterhowoldtheyareandhowtalltheyare.Thenumberoftheoverweightkidshasincreasedalotoverthelast30years.IntheUnitedStates,about20%ofthekidsaged2to19areoverweight.That’sbadnewsbecausebeingoverweightcanleadtohealthproblems.Overweightkidsalsomaybelaughedatbyotherkids,orfeelsadaboutthewaytheylook.Mostkidssaiditwasharderforoverweightkidstomakefriends.Solotsofkidssaidtheyhadtriedtoloseweight.Herearethewaystheytried.Eatinghealthyisusuallythebestwaystoloseweight,and70%ofthekidsknewthat.Ifkidsareworriedaboutweight,expertssuggesttheythinkaboutwheretheyshouldgoforanswers.Theycantalktoanurseoradoctorasthebesthelp.Doingsportsisanotherrightwaytoloseweight.Therearemanywaystostayactive:dancing,yardwork,running,swimmingorevenwalkingaroundthemallorplayingoutside.Makeexercisefunbychoosingactivitiesyoulike.1.Howmanychildrenunder20yearsoldinAmericaareoverweight?A.80% B.70% C.30% D.20%2.Whocangiveyouthebesthelpifyouareoverweight?A.Theteachers. B.Thenurses. C.Thedoctors. D.BothCandD.3.Whichisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?A.There’snoneedforlittlekidstoworryabouttheirweight. B.Thefatlookinfluencesachild’slife.C.Exercisecanhelpyoukeephealthyandslim. D.Toomuchbodyfatmayleadtodeathmoreeasily.4.Howmanywaysoflosingweightdoesthepassagetellus?A.1 B.2 C.3 D.45.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A.Don’tworryaboutyourweight.B.Itisharderforoverweightchildrentomakefriends.C.Beseriousaboutoverweightandchoosethewaysyouliketoloseweight.D.Thenumberoftheoverweightkidshasincreasedalotoverthelast30years.【答案】1.D2.D3.A4.B5.C【解析】超重儿童的数量增加了很多，这也成为了会导致健康问题的一个原因。超重会带来很多问题，超重的孩子也在尝试不同的方法去减重。本文呼吁我们认真对待超重问题，选择喜欢的减肥方式。1.D细节理解题。根据“IntheUnitedStates,about20%ofthekidsaged2to19areoverweight.”可知，在美国，2至19岁的儿童中约有20%超重。故选D。2.D细节理解题。根据“Theycantalktoanurseoradoctorasthebesthelp.”可知，他们可以向护士或医生寻求最好的帮助。故选D。3.A推理判断题。A：小孩子没有必要担心他们的体重。根据“That’sbadnewsbecausebeingoverweightcanleadtohealthproblems.”可知，超重会导致健康问题，该项表述错误；B：胖胖的样子影响着孩子的一生。根据“orfeelsadaboutthewaytheylook.”可知，胖胖的外表对孩子有影响，会让他们感到伤心，该项表述正确；C：运动可以帮助你保持健康和苗条。根据“Doingsportsisanotherrightwaytoloseweight.”可知，运动也是减肥的正确方法，所以运动可以帮助你保持健康和苗条，该项表述正确；D：过多的体脂更容易导致死亡。根据“That’sbadnewsbecausebeingoverweightcanleadtohealthproblems.”可知，超重会导致健康问题，推测过多的体脂更容易导致死亡，该项表述正确。故选A。4.细节理解题。根据“Eatinghealthyisusuallythebestwaystoloseweight”和“Doingsportsisanotherrightwaytoloseweight.”可知，文中提到了两种减肥的方法。故选B。5.C主旨大意题。A：不要担心你的体重。B：超重的孩子更难交到朋友。C：认真对待超重问题，选择你喜欢的减肥方式。D：在过去的30年里，超重儿童的数量增加了很多。分析全文内容可知，超重会带来很多问题，超重的孩子也在尝试不同的方法去减重。本文呼吁我们认真对待超重问题，选择你喜欢的减肥方式。故选C。DBackinBrisbane,Australia,fortheChristmasbreak,Ifoundmyselfinapublictransportdeadzone.Bikeless,7kilometersfromwhereIwasmeetingfriendsandunwillingtogetataxi,Idecidedtoborrowanelectricscooter.Thetriptookfarlongerthanitwouldhavebybike,mainlybecauseofamajorspillhalfwaythere.Arock,hitatspeed,isaterriblething:weekslater,Istillhadtheredkneesofaprimaryschooler.IntheUK,theyarelegal(合法的)onlyonprivateland,buttheDepartmentforTransportisdiscussinghowtocontrolthemonpublicroadsandpathways,withthepossibilityforlegalizationlaterthisyear.Othercitiesthathaveescooterrentalprogramshavehadproblemsintheearlyperiod.InParis,MayorAnneHidalgodescribedthesituationlastyearasmessy.Shehasannouncedthatthecityisreducingitsnumberofescootersto15,000andplanstocreatelawsforbiddingthemfrompavements(人行道).Francehasputintoforcelawslimitingescooterspeedsto25kilometresperhour.Similartodockless(无桩的)hirebicycles,escootersareparkedonpavementsandpeopleleavethemuptreesorthrowthemintorivers.Wildtreatmentshortenstheirlifetime,whichisbadforbothprofitability(盈利)andtheenvironment.Analysissuggeststhattheaverageescooter’slifetimeisjustthreemonths.Ithinkescootersareanbasicpartoftheefforttomakecitytransportgreener.Theyareseenasakeytothe“lastmile”problem—apotentialwaytoreducetransportjambyrapidlygettingsomeonetotheirfinalgoal.Carscantakeup28timesthespaceofapersonridingabicycle.Asfarastheenvironmentaleffectgoes,recentresearchsuggeststhatescootersarenotasgreenaswalkingorcycling,buttheyarestillbetterthancars.Andthoughtherearestillmanyreportsofseriousaccidents,scootingisaboutassafeascycling.StephenGosslingatLundUniversityinSwedenhassuggestedwebuildcarfree“micromobility”streets,wherecyclists,pedestrians(行人)andescooterscouldsharetheroad.Hethinksthiswillreduceaccidentrisksandinvitemorevulnerable(易受伤害的)trafficparticipants,suchaschildren,tobeeactivetransportusers.Ifmoreescootersmeanfewercarsonroads,animprovementinlocalairqualityisalsoalikelyresult.When20kilometersofroadsincentralLondonclosedforWorldCarFreeDaylastSeptember,theairqualitywasgreatlyimprovedaccordingtothereport.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“amajorspill”inParagraph1probablymean?A.Aseriousfall. B.Asuddenillness. C.Alegalreaction. D.Aterriblebreakdown.2.WhatdoweknowaboutescootersinParis?A.Theyareillegalonpavements. B.Theyarealreadyoutoffashion.C.Theyarefacingmorelimits. D.Theyaremoremononprivateland.3.Whatisthewriter’sopinionofescooters?A.Theyarenotassafeascycling. B.Theyalwayscausethetrafficjams.C.Theyareasgreenascyclingorwalking. D.Theyplayabigroleinthe“lastmile”problem.4.WhatisStephenGossling’ssuggestion?A.Tosetupmorecarefreedays. B.Toinvitemorecycliststouseescooters.C.Togetvulnerablepedestriansofftheroad. D.Toseparatecarsfromescootersontheroad.【答案】1.D2.C3.D4.D【解析】本文主要介绍了一些城市出现电动踏板车后出现的一些问题。但作者认为电动摩托车是城市交通绿化的重要组成部分。很多的电动滑板车意味着道路上汽车的减少，那么当地的空气质量可能也会改善。1.词义猜测题。根据“Thetriptookfarlongerthanitwouldhavebybike”可知作者花费了比骑自行车更久的时间，再由“Arock,hitatspeed,isaterriblething:weekslater,Istillhadtheredkneesofaprimaryschooler.”可知电动车在路上出现了故障，作者撞到了石头上，amajorspill意为“一个可怕的故障”。故选D。2.细节理解题。根据“InParis,MayorAnneHidalgodescribedthesituationlastyearasmessy.Shehasannouncedthatthecityisreducingitsnumberofescootersto15,000andplanstocreatelawsforbiddingthemfrompavements.”可知在巴黎电动踏板车受到了诸多限制。故选C。3.观点态度题。根据“Ithinkescootersareanbasicpartoftheefforttomakecitytransportgreener.Theyareseenasakeytothe‘lastmile’problem—apotentialwaytoreducetransportjambyrapidlygettingsomeonetotheirfinalgoal.”可知作者认为电动踏板车在“最后一英里”问题中发挥重要作用。故选D。4.细节理解题。根据“StephenGosslingatLundUniversityinSwedenhassuggestedwebuildcarfree‘micromobility’streets,wherecyclists,pedestriansandescooterscouldsharetheroad.”可知StephenGossling建议在路上把汽车和电动踏板车分开。故选D。E（江苏徐州2023年一模试题）Freetimeisagoodchanceforteenagerstohavefun.Whataboutfreetimewithparentsaround?Someteenagerswantfreeplaywithoutparents’supervision(监管)whileparentsandexperts(专家)maythinkdifferently.LinTao,amiddleschoolstudent,thinksteenagersshouldbefreetoplay.“LasttimeIplayedwithmyparentsaround,Iwasnervousandjustcouldn’tenjoymyselftothefullest,”Linsays.“AndmyfriendChenXiaoxinhassimilarexperiences.Once,hewentouttoplaywithhisclassmates.Everyonefeltunfortablewithhismother’ssupervision.”WangMin,amotherofa14yearoldboy,thinksplaytimeneedssupervision.Sheexplains,“PeopleusuallysayIliketocontrolmykid,butthat’snottrue.Iamjustworriedthathewillgetintotrouble.SomeguysmayhaveabadinfluenceonhimandsomegameslikeLARP(剧本杀)maymisleadhim.Hemightevengetindulgedinthestoriesandcan’tgetbacktoreallife.Mr.Ma,adoctorofsocialstudies,saysit’sunderstandableforteenagerstowishforfreedom.Freeplayhelpsthemtobeindependent.Parentscangivethemmorespace.Theydon’thavetosupervisethemallthetime.However,teenagersshouldfindouttheexactdetails(细节)abouttheactivitiesbeforeplaytime.Thentheycanmunicatewiththeirparentsanddecidetogetherwhethertheycangoouttoplayalone.1.Accordingtothepassage,freetimeisagoodchanceforteenagersto________.A.studyhard B.havefun C.getintotrouble D.misleadparents2.LinTaosupportshisownideaby________.A.listingnumbers B.raisingquestions C.paringfacts D.givingexamples3.Theunderlinedwords“getindulgedin”inPara.(段落)3probablymean________.A.getlostin B.getinterestedin C.betiredof D.beproudof4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmayMr.Masupport?A.HeKai’sparentsarearoundeverytimeheplayswithhisfriends.B.FengZhongfan’sparentsneveraskhimaboutwhomheplayswith.C.LiuXianggoesoutwithoutknowinganythingabouttheactivities.D.XieHaotalkstohisparentsabouttheexactdetailsbeforeplaytime.【答案】1.B2.D3.A4.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文，就青少年空闲时间是否需要家长监督进行讨论，给出了几个学生的看法以及专家的建议。1.细节理解题。根据“Freetimeisagoodchanceforteenagerstohavefun.”可知，空闲时间是青少年玩乐的好机会。故选B。2.推理判断题。分析第二段内容可知，林涛用自己和同学的例子支持自己的观点，故选D。3.词句猜测题。分析“SomeguysmayhaveabadinfluenceonhimandsomegameslikeLARP(剧本杀)maymisleadhim.Hemightevengetindulgedinthestoriesandcan’tgetbacktoreallife.”可知，有些人可能对他有不良影响，比如剧本杀，可能会让孩子们无法回到现实生活中，所以此处getindulgedin的意思是“沉迷，迷失”，故选A。4.推理判断题。根据“However,teenagersshouldfindouttheexactdetails(细节)abouttheactivitiesbeforeplaytime.Thentheycanmunicatewiththeirparentsanddecidetogetherwhethertheycangoouttoplayalone.”可知，马博士认为青少年应该在游戏前弄清活动的具体细节，然后他们可以和父母交流，一起决定他们是否可以单独出去玩。选项D“谢浩在游戏前会和父母谈论游戏的具体细节”符合，故选D。F（2023年安徽一模试题）Whileweoftenquestionourfailuresandagreethemwithluckorfate(命运),weproudlyrelateoursuccesstohardwork.Formostpeople,wedon’thaveachoice,ashardworkistheonlythinginourcontrol.Therefore,weshouldkeepworkinghardandgiveitashotratherthanplainingluckorfate.However,lifeisnotalwaysfair.Itdoesnotgiveequalopportunitiestoeveryone.Mostofthefamiliesinourcountrystrugglehardforaliving.Mostofthesepeopleworkhard,butonlyafewofthembeesuccessful.Sohardworkcannotbeadetermining(决定性的)factorforsuccess,thoughit’sanecessaryfactor.Thereisanotherwaytolookatluckorfate.Lifethrowsopportunitiesateveryone,butnoteveryonecatchesthemattherighttime.Peoplewhograbtheseopportunitiesaretheoneswhosucceedinfightingagainstdifficulties.Infact,itisnotbecausewehavefeweropportunitiesbutbecauseweareunabletoseetheseopportunities.Sometimes,wecanseethembykeepinganeyeonthem,butsometimesopportunitiesneedtobecreatedbyhardwork.Luckandfatecannotlimitwhatapersoncando;Itcanjustfacilitate(使……更容易)progress.Allinall,lifeisnotfair.Noteveryonehasequalopportunities.Butthatshouldnotstopusfromworkinghard.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdreams.1.Theunderlinedphrase“giveitashot”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.haveatry B.shootat C.giveup D.workhard2.Whatwouldtheauthorrelatehersuccessto?A.luck B.hardwork C.fate D.AllofA,B,andC3.Whichofthefollowingwouldbeagreedbytheauthor?A.Hardworkisnottheonlychoiceformostpeople.B.Peoplefailtoachievetheirdreamsbecauseofbadluck.C.Hardworkcandetermineone’ssuccess.D.Notallpeople’sdreamswouldetruethroughhardwork.4.Whatwouldbethemainideaofthispassage?A.Lifeisnotalwaysfair. B.Luckmatters,buthardworkisanecessity.C.Keepaneyeonopportunity. D.Workhardandfightagainstallodds.5.WhichsuggestioniswrongwhenyouworkedhardinEnglishlearningforaperiodoftimebutfailedinthelastexam?A.Askyourteacherorparentsforhelp.B.Thinkofwhatcausedyourfailureandfindbetterlearningmethods.C.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdream.D.Workinghardisuselessandyoucandrawlotstochoosekeysforthenextexam.【答案】1.A2.D3.D4.B5.D【解析】本文是一篇议论文，本文讨论了尽管人的运气各有不同，机遇也不同，但是一定要努力工作和和生活，来实现自己的梦想。1.词义猜测题。根据“weshouldkeepworkinghardandgiveitashotratherthanplainingluckorfate.”可知，应该持续的努力工作，努力尝试而不是抱怨运气或是命运，划线短语的意思是“尝试一下”，故选A。2.推理判断题。根据“Whileweoftenquestionourfailuresandagreethemwithluckorfate(命运),weproudlyrelateoursuccesstohardwork.”可知，作者认为成功和努力以及运气和命运都有关系，故选D。3.推理判断题。根据“Sohardworkcannotbeadetermining(决定性的)factorforsuccess”可知，努力工作不能成为成功的决定性因素，所以作者认为并非所有人的梦想都会通过努力实现。故选D。4.主旨大意题。根据“Butthatshouldnotstopusfromworkinghard.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdreams.”可知，本文主要表达了人生的机遇并不公平，运气也许很重要，但是努力工作是必要的。故选B。5.推理判断题。根据“Butthatshouldnotstopusfromworkinghard.Weshouldkeepfightingagainstthedifficultiestoachieveourdreams.”可知，文章说明即使努力可能会没有结果，但是也要努力去做，来实现自己的梦想，选项D“努力工作是没有用的，你可以抽签选择下一次考试的答案。”是错误的，不能靠运气，要依靠自己的努力，故选D。04模拟演练：应用文WeletothePaintingpetitionforWoolandsStudentsTheInternationalAnti­Drug(禁毒)Daythisyearisingsoon.Inordertoraiseteenagers'awareness(意识)tofightagainstdrugtaking,theCityArtCouncilisgoingtoholdapaintingpetitionfor