2022届高考英语二轮复习分类阅读写作训练之人与自然自然含答案与解析

2022届高考英语二轮复习分类阅读写作训练之人与自然自然一、七选五（2019·全国高一单元测试）Yourownbackyardmaybeafunplacetoplay.Youmayhavetreestoclimb,andinsectstostudy.1．.Butdidyouknowthesethingsarerelatedtoeachotherthroughthefoodchain?Everypartofnaturebelongstoacommunitywhereeachmemberusesthelowermemberstostayalive.Everypartoftheworldhasfoodchains,includingtheoceansandthedeserts(沙漠).2．,thewholechaincouldfallapart.Thefoodchainismostdisturbed(扰乱)bypeoplebecausewebuildneighborhoodsonthelandwhereanimalsliveandwepollutetheenvironment.Boththeseactionsmakeitdifficultforotherlivingthingstosurvive.Stillthereisalotwecandotoprotectthepartsoffoodchains.Herearesomeideasthatcanhelp:3．.Makeyourbackyardaplacethatotherlivingthingscanenjoy.Plantmoreflowersandtrees.And,mostofall,trynottodisturbtheplaceswhereotheranimalslive.Donotpollutetheenvironment.Recycle(回收)anymaterialyoucan.4．.Havingfewercarsontheroadmeanshavingbetterairforallofustobreathe.Keeplearningaboutandrespecting(尊重)plants,animals,andtheenvironment.5．.Youmayevenpassitontoyourownchildrensomeday.It'simportantthatasmanypeopleaspossibleprotectnatureandkeepthefoodchainwhole.A．ShareyourspaceB．IfyoueverwanttoseeitC．ButifonepartistakenawayD．WedependoneachotherforfoodandsurvivalE.RideyourbikeorwalktoplacesthatyouneedtogoF.YoucanthenpassthisinformationontoyourparentsandfriendsG.Maybeyouhearbirdssingingorseeyourpetcatsleepinginthesun二、阅读理解A（2020·四川省中江实验中学）Imagesofpolarbearsstrugglingtostayonraftsoficeareoftenusedbygroupsthatwanttopromoteconservationandstopthedeteriorationofnaturalhabitats.However,partofthesolutionlieswiththepolarbearsthemselves.Polarbearsarehighlyspecialized.Thismeanstheyhaveadaptedtosurviveinaspecificregionandeatspecificfood.PolarbearsliveabovetheArcticCircleandeatfish.Theirbodiesaredifferentfromthoseofothertypesofbears.Polarbearsfeaturewebbedfeetforswimming,thickerfurandmorebodyfatforlivingandswimminginicyconditions,andlight-coloredfurtohelpthemblendintotheirenvironment.Asaresult,polarbearsdonotdowellwhentheyareinanon-arcticregion.Theycannotrunaswellasotherbears,theycanbecometoohotandtiredeasily,andtheyhaveahardtimehuntinganimalsthatarenotinthesnoworice.Unfortunatelyforpolarbears,climatechangeisreducingthesizeoftheareaswheretheycanlive.Thismeansthebearswilleventuallyhavetoleavethearcticregionsandtravelfarthersouth.However,becausetheyaresospecialized,itisunlikelythatpolarbearswillbeasstrongastheyoncewere.Othercreatures,suchascrocodiles,arenotnearlyasspecialized.Theyliveonalmosteverycontinentandinawidevarietyofclimates.Infact,crocodilesareoneofthemostadaptableanimalsontheplanetandhavesurvivedformillionsofyears.Whenanimalsspecialize,theyoftendobetterthanless-specializedspeciesinthesameplace,butiftheclimateorotherconditionschange,thespecializedanimalsareusuallythefirsttodieoff.Ifpolarbearsaregoingtosurvivethenext100years,theywillhavetoadapt.Manyscientistsbelievethatpolarbearsmayeventuallycrosspathswithbrownbearsandblackbears.Whethertheseanimalsfightitoutorfallinlovetocreatenewgenerationsofbearsremainstobeseen.Nomatterhowithappens,manyhopethepolarbearswilllivefarintothefuture－inmanydifferentplaces.6．Whichofthefollowingisaneffectofpolarbearspecialization?A．Polarbearsarenotindangerofdyingoff. B．Polarbearsfightotherbearsforfood.C．Polarbearsadapttonewhabitats. D．Polarbearshuntwellinarcticareas.7．Theexampleofcrocodilesisusedtoshow________.A．thecauseofclimatechange B．theimportanceofadaptabilityC．thehistoryofbiologicalevolution D．thechangesofnaturalenvironment8．Whichdetailaboutpolarbearsbestexplainswhytheyarecomfortableinicywater?A．Thecoloroftheirfur. B．Theirtendencytoeasilyoverheat.C．Theirmorebodyfatandthickerfur. D．Theirabilitytotravelonicerafts.9．IftheycannotadapttoclimatechangeintheArctic,polarbearswill________.A．nolongerexist B．findacolderplacetoliveinC．liveinthesouthoftheArcticCircle D．actmorelikebrownandblackbearsB（2021·云南师大附中高三月考）TheArctic，Atlantic,IndianandPacificarethefouroceanswelearnedaboutinthegeographyclass.Butnowwehaveanewone.OnWorldOceansDay,whichwasonJune8,2021，theUSNationalGeographicSocietyannounceditwouldrecognizetheSouthernOceaninAntarctica,bringingtheglobaltotaltofive.UnliketheArctic，Atlantic，IndianandPacificOceans,whicharedefinedbythecontinentsthatboundthem,theSouthernOceanisinsteadcharacterizedbythecurrentscirclingAntarctica.AccordingtoNationalGeographic，theSouthernOceanincludesmostofthewaterssurroundingAntarcticaoutto60degreessouthlatitude.“Surroundedbytheswiftcurrents，itistheonlyoceantotouchthreeotheroceansandtocompletelyembraceacontinentratherthanbeingembracedbythem,"SylviaEarle,USmarinebiologistandoceanographer(海洋学家)，toldTheDailyMail.“Anyonewhohasbeentherewillstruggletoexplainwhat'ssoamazingaboutit,butthey'llallagreethattheglaciersarebluer,theaircolder,themountainsmorespectacular(壮观的)andthelandscapesmoreappealingthananywhereelsetheycango,"SethSykora-Bodie,amarinescientistattheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration，toldNationalGeographic.DuetotheecologicallyuniqueenvironmentoftheSouthernOcean,it'shometothousandsofrarespecies.Theoceanalsohaswiderecologicaleffects.NationalGeographichopestheirrevisedmapswillbringpublicawarenesstotheregion,therebyencouragingtheSouthernOceanconservation.“Wethinkit'sreallyimportantfromaneducationalstandpoint,aswellasfromamap-labelingstandpoint,tobringattentiontotheSouthernOceanasafifthocean."AlexTait，NationalGeographicSocietygeographer,toldThePost.“Sowhenstudentslearnaboutit,theylearnit'saninterconnectedocean，andtherearetheseregionscalledoceansthatarereallyimportant."10．HowistheSouthernOceandefined?A．Bythelocationandlatitude. B．Bythesizeanddepthofwater.C．Bythecontinentsthatdivideit. D．Bythecurrentsaroundthepole.11．WhatcanwelearnabouttheSouthernOceanfromSethSykora-Bodie?A．Thesceneryismoreattractivethanotherpartsoftheworld.B．There'saspecialoceanintheicywatersaroundAntarctica.C．Itisanoceantoconnectthreeoceansandonecontinent.D．Itisunlikeanyotheroceanswithmanyuniquespecies.12．WhydidNationalGeographicrevisethemap?A．Topromotethesalesofmaps.B．Toarousethepublic'scuriosity.C．ToprotecttheSouthernOcean.D．Toupdatepeople'sgeographicknowledge.13．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A．AntarcticaIsFullofAttractionB．TheUSAnnouncedaNewOceanC．OceanConservationIsOntheRoadD．ThePublicAreCrazyaboutaNewOceanC（2013·山东济宁市·高二期中）ScientistsattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech)havereportedevidencethatMarswaswarmerandwetterlongagothanitistoday.TheCaltechscientistssaytheyhavedirectlyestablishedthetemperatureofMarsfourbillionyearsago.Atleast,theyestablishedthesurfacetemperatureonpartoftheplanetatthattime.Theresearcherssayitisthefirstsuchevidencetobediscoveredandpresented.TheCaltechscientistssaycarbonatemineralsformedonMarsatabouteighteendegreesCelsius.TheyreachedthefindingafterstudyingameteoritethathaditsbeginningsneartheMartiansurface.Today,theaveragetemperatureonMarsissixty-threedegreesbelowzeroCelsius.ThefindingwasreportedonthewebsiteoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.CaltechAssistantProfessorWoodyFischerhelpedtopreparethereport.HesayseighteendegreesCelsiusisnotespeciallycoldorhot.Hesaysthismakesthefindingextremelyinteresting.KnowingthetemperaturecangivescientistsanideaoftheclimateonMarslongago.Itcanalsohelpthemdecidewhethertheplanethadliquidwater.SpacecraftorbitingMarshaveshownwhatappeartoberivers,lakebedsandmineraldeposits.Thesepicturessuggestthat,atonetime,waterdidflowthere.MarsRovervehiclesandotherspacecrafthaveconfirmedtheinformation.CaltechGeologyProfessorJohnEilerwasanotherwriterofthereport.HesaysknowingthetemperatureofMarsfromlongagoprovidesvaluableinformation.Itshowsthatearlyintheplanet'shistory,atleastpartofMarscouldsupportaclimatelikethatofEarth.Themeteoritethescientistsexaminedisoneoftheoldestknownrocksintheworld.ItiscalledtheAllanHillsmeteorite.ItsnamecamefromtheplaceinAntarcticawhereitwasfoundin1984.ThemeteoriteisbelievedtohaveblownloosefromtheMars'surfacewhenanotherspacerockstruckits"home."14．Theunderlinedword“establish”inParagraph1probablymeans“________”.A．tomakepeopleacceptabelief B．tosetupC．tostarthavingarelationshipwithothers D．todiscoverorprove15．Howdidthescientistsreachthefinding?A．ByusingspacecraftorbitingMars. B．BystudyingAllanHillsmeteorite.C．BystudyingameteoriteontheMartiansurface. D．BystudyingmineralsgatheredonMars16．Accordingtothethirdparagraph,whathavespacecraftorbitingMarsdone?A．MeasuringthetemperatureofMars.B．FindingwherehumanbeingswillprobablylandonMars.C．ConfirmingthatthereiswaterflowingonMars.D．TakingphotosofthesurfaceofMars.17．HowdidAllanHillsmeteoritegetitsname?A．Fromwhereitwasfoundontheearth. B．FromitsoriginalplaceonMars.C．Fromthenameofthescientistwhofoundit. D．Fromthenameoftheaircraftthatdiscoveredit18．Wherecanwemostprobablyreadthispassage?A．Inabiographyofscientists. B．Inageographymagazine.C．Inasciencereport. D．Inanenvironmentreport.三、语法填空（2019·全国高二课时练习）WhenitcomestoAustralia,wecan'thelp19．(think)ofkangaroosandkoalas.Kangaroosarethoughttobeabletosurviveinadifficultenvironment.Oftenbabykangaroos20．(find)intheirmother'spouch—akindofpocket—tostaysafeandwarm.Theysleepanddrinkmilkinthat21．(protect)environmentuntiltheyareaboutsevenoreightmonthsold.Koalasarequitecute,buttheyarevery22．(sense)creatureswhocaneasilypanicbecauseofevensmallchangesintheirenvironment.Theyspendquitealotoftimeeating,sleeping,andhangingontotreetrunks,so23．(interact)withhumanscancausethemalotofstress.Becauseofthis,thegovernmentbegantomakelaws24．touchingkoalas.Ifyouwanttoholdakoala,youhavetogotocertainlicensedzoos25．animalexpertsmakesurethatthekoalasselectedforeachsessionarein26．goodstateforhumancontact.Australiaalsohastheduck-billedplatypus.Doyouknowwhat's27．(real)strangeaboutaplatypus?Theplatypusdoesn'tuseitssensesofsightorsmelltofindfood.Ithasacapacitytofindfoodinthewaterbyusingelectrical28．(sensor)initsbill.Thereareonlyasmallhandfulofanimalsintheworldthatcandothat!四、提纲类作文（2021·齐齐哈尔市第十六中学校高二期中）请根据下列提示，介绍保护珍稀动物的意义及必要性。1.动物是人类亲密的朋友，尤其是珍稀动物的存在使整个世界变得丰富多彩；2.最近听到甚至动物园里的珍稀动物都遭到人为伤害，深表震惊。事件的发生源于有些人对保护动物认识不够及对动物漠不关心；3.牢记保护珍稀动物是我们每个人的职责，我们应宣传其意义，并采取积极有效措施。要求：1.自拟题目，内容必须包括所有要点，可适当发挥；2.词数：120-150。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案一、七选五GCAEF【大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了保护生态平衡的重要性以及方法。1．由上文“Yourownbackyardmaybeafunplacetoplay.Youmayhavetreestoclimb,andinsectstostudy.(你自己的后院可能是一个好玩的地方。你可以爬树，研究昆虫)”可知，在后院，你可以近距离的接触动植物，可以做很多的事，承接上文，G项“也许你可以听到鸟在唱歌或者看见宠物猫在太阳下睡觉”是在后院接触动物的例子。故选G项。2．由上文“Everypartoftheworldhasfoodchains(世界的每一部分都有食物链)”可知，上文讲食物链的每一部分都很重要，结合下文“thewholechaincouldfallapart.(整个食物链可能会垮掉)”可知，下文讲在某种情况下导致的坏结果，那么，空格处就应该是条件或者假设，承接上下文，C项“但是，如果食物链中的一部分缺失”切题。故选C。3．空格处是主题句。由下文“Makeyourbackyardaplacethatotherlivingthingscanenjoy.Plantmoreflowersandtrees.And,mostofall,trynottodisturbtheplaceswhereotheranimalslive.(使你的后院成为一个其它生物都喜欢的地方。种植更多的花和树。最重要的是，尽量不要打扰其他动物居住的地方)”可知，你要和这些生物和平共处，不要干扰它们的生活，说明要与动植物分享空间，承接下文，A项“共享你的空间”切题。故选A。4．由上文“Donotpollutetheenvironment.Recycleanymaterialyoucan.(不要污染环境。尽可能回收任何材料)”和下文“Havingfewercarsontheroadmeanshavingbetterairforallofustobreathe.(公路上如果小汽车少就意味着我们可以呼吸较新鲜的空气)”可知，上文作者建议不要污染环境，还进行了举例说明，下文讲汽车少的好结果，可得出为了不污染环境、呼吸较新鲜的空气，可以少开车，用其它更环保的方式出行，减少污染，承接上下文，E项“你需要做的是骑自行车或者走路”切题。故选E。5．由上文“Keeplearningaboutandrespectingplants,animals,andtheenvironment.(不断学习并尊重植物、动物和环境)”和下文“Youmayevenpassitontoyourownchildrensomeday.(有一天，你甚至可以将这个传递给你自己的孩子)”可知，正确的观念（即不断学习并尊重植物、动物和环境）需要发扬光大。F项“你可以将这个信息传递给父母和朋友”也是对正确观念的肯定，F项使用Youcanthenpass…;下文使用Youmayevenpass…。根据句式相同原则可知F项切题。故选F。二、阅读理解A篇：DBCA【大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了北极熊高度专门化来适应北极的气候，但对北极熊来说不幸的是，气候变化正在缩小它们可以生活的区域。然而，由于它们是如此专门化，北极熊不太可能像以前那样强壮了。如果北极熊要在接下来的100年里生存下去，它们必须适应。6．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Polarbearsarehighlyspecialized.Thismeanstheyhaveadaptedtosurviveinaspecificregionandeatspecificfood.PolarbearsliveabovetheArcticCircleandeatfish.Theirbodiesaredifferentfromthoseofothertypesofbears.(北极熊是高度专门化的。这意味着它们已经适应了在特定的地区生存，吃特定的食物。北极熊生活在北极圈以北，以鱼为食。它们的身体与其他类型的熊不同)”可知，北极熊在北极地区很会捕猎是北极熊专门化的影响。故选D。7．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Othercreatures,suchascrocodiles,arenotnearlyasspecialized.Theyliveonalmosteverycontinentandinawidevarietyofclimates.Infact,crocodilesareoneofthemostadaptableanimalsontheplanetandhavesurvivedformillionsofyears.Whenanimalsspecialize,theyoftendobetterthanless-specializedspeciesinthesameplace,butiftheclimateorotherconditionschange,thespecializedanimalsareusuallythefirsttodieoff.(其他生物，比如鳄鱼，就没有那么特殊了。它们几乎生活在每一块大陆上，气候各异。事实上，鳄鱼是地球上适应性最强的动物之一，已经生存了数百万年。当动物专门化时，它们在同一个地方往往比不专门化的物种活得更好，但如果气候或其他条件发生变化，专门化的动物通常是最先死亡的)”可推知，鳄鱼的例子被用来说明适应性的重要性。故选B。8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Polarbearsfeaturewebbedfeetforswimming,thickerfurandmorebodyfatforlivingandswimminginicyconditions,andlight-coloredfurtohelpthemblendintotheirenvironment.(北极熊的蹼足适合游泳，更厚的皮毛和更多的身体脂肪适合在寒冷的环境中生活和游泳，浅色的皮毛有助于它们融入环境)”可知，北极熊身体脂肪多，皮毛厚，所以它们在冰冷的水中感到舒适。故选C。9．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Ifpolarbearsaregoingtosurvivethenext100years,theywillhavetoadapt.(如果北极熊要在接下来的100年里生存下去，它们必须适应)”可知，如果不能适应北极的气候变化，北极熊将不复存在。故选A。B篇：DACB【大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。介绍了美国地理学会发现的第五大海洋——南大洋。10．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“theUSNationalGeographicSocietyannounceditwouldrecognizetheSouthernOceaninAntarctica,bringingtheglobaltotaltofive”（美国国家地理学会宣布，它将承认南极洲的南大洋，使全球海洋总数达到五个）可知，南大洋是由环绕南极的洋流所划分。故选D。11．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“butthey'llallagreethattheglaciersarebluer,theaircolder,themountainsmorespectacular(壮观的)andthelandscapesmoreappealingthananywhereelsetheycango”（但他们都同意，这里的冰川更蓝，空气更冷，山脉更壮观，风景比他们能去的任何地方都更吸引人）可知SethSykora-Bodie认为南大洋风景独特而优美。冰川更蓝，空气冷，山上更壮观和风景比其他地方更有吸引力。故选A。12．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“NationalGeographichopestheirrevisedmapswillbringpublicawarenesstotheregion,therebyencouragingtheSouthernOceanconservation”（《国家地理》希望他们修改后的地图能引起公众对该地区的关注，从而鼓励南大洋的保护）可知，修订地图是为了提高公众对该地区的认识，从而鼓励保护南大洋。故选C。13．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“theUSNationalGeographicSocietyannounceditwouldrecognizetheSouthernOceaninAntarctica,bringingtheglobaltotaltofive”（美国国家地理学会宣布，它将承认南极洲的南大洋，使全球海洋总数达到五个）可知，本文主要介绍了美国地理学会宣布南大洋为第五大洋。因此最好的题目是TheUSAnnouncedaNewOcean（美国宣布了一个新海洋），故选B。C篇：DBDAC【大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究表明，很久以前火星比现在更温暖、更潮湿。介绍了这项研究开展的方式以及研究价值。14．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Theresearcherssayitisthefirstsuchevidencetobediscoveredandpresented.”可知，研究人员表示，这是首次发现并展示此类证据，说明科学家们发现或证明了当时火星部分地区的表面温度。划线词意思是“发现或证明”。故选D。15．细节理解题。根据第二段中“TheyreachedthefindingafterstudyingameteoritethathaditsbeginningsneartheMartiansurface.(他们是在研究了一颗起源于火星表面附近的陨石后得出这一发现的)”以及最后一段中“Themeteoritethescientistsexaminedisoneoftheoldestknownrocksintheworld.ItiscalledtheAllanHillsmeteorite.(科学家研究的这块陨石是世界上已知的最古老的岩石之一。它被称为AllanHills陨石)”可知，科学家们是通过研究AllanHills陨石得出这一发现的。故选B。16．细节理解题。根据第三段中“SpacecraftorbitingMarshaveshownwhatappeartoberivers,lakebedsandmineraldeposits.Thesepicturessuggestthat,atonetime,waterdidflowthere.(环绕火星飞行的宇宙飞船显示火星上有河流、湖床和矿藏。这些照片表明，曾经有水流过那里)”可知，绕火星飞行的航天器拍摄了火星表面的照片。故选D。17．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“ItiscalledtheAllanHillsmeteorite.ItsnamecamefromtheplaceinAntarcticawhereitwasfoundin1984.(它被称为AllanHills陨石。它的名字来自于1984年在南极洲发现它的地方)”可知，AllanHills陨石的名字是从地球上发现它的地方得来的。故选A。18．推理判断题。根据第一段“ScientistsattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech)havereportedevidencethatMarswaswarmerandwetterlongagothanitistoday.TheCaltechscientistssaytheyhavedirectlyestablishedthetemperatureofMarsfourbillionyearsago.Atleast,theyestablishedthesurfacetemperatureonpartoftheplanetatthattime.Theresearcherssayitisthefirstsuchevidencetobediscoveredandpresented.(加州理工学的科学家报告说，有证据表明，很久以前火星比现在更温暖、更潮湿。加州理工学院的科学家们表示，他们已经直接确定了40亿年前火星的温度。至少，他们确定了当时火星部分地区的表面温度。研究人员表示，这是首次发现并展示此类证