高中英语构词法

中学英语构词法必考点

英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。

--转化法

在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。

1.动词转化为名词

•Letmehaveatry.让我试试。

•Theyareonlyallowedtosellsoftdrinksatschool.

在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。

2.名词转化为动词

•Heshoulderedhiswaythroughthecrowd他用肩膀推开人群前进。

•Thesmellfromthekitchenmadehismouthwater.从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。

3.形容词转化为动词

•Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions

我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

•Theytriedtoperfecttheworkingconditions.他们努力改善工作条件。

4.形容词转化为名词

•Hedidn'tknowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,他不辨是非。

•Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.

我们村的老年人过着华蜜的生活。

5.形容词转化为副词

•Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?你在那儿住多久了?

6.个别词在肯定场合中可转化为名词

•Warmclothesareamustinthemountains.穿温煦的衣服到山区去是必需的。

•Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.人生有得意时也有失意时。

•Hisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.

他的辩论中含有太多的〃假如〃和“但是〃。

二.合成法

由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词。合成词

一般看其词,知其意。

1.合成名词

•名词/代词+名词newspaperblood-testshe-wolf

•动词+名词typewriterpickpocketdaybreak

•形容词+名词greenhousehighway

•副词+名词overcoatoutsid

•名词+v.-ing/v.-ing+名词handwriting,reading-roomfreezing-point

•动词+副词/副词+动词breakthroughget-togetheroutbreakoutcome

•名词+介词+名词sister-in-laweditor-in-chief

2.合成形容词

•名词+形容词/形容词+名词world-famousduty-freelarge-scalelong-term

•副词+形容词over-anxiousevergreen

•名词+过去分词man-madesun-burnt

•名词+现在分词peace-lovingEnglish-speaking

•形容词+现在分词good-lookingeasy-going

•副词+过去分词well-informedwidespread

•副词+现在分词hardworkingfar-reaching

•形容词+名词+edwarm-heartedabsent-minded

•数词+名词+edthree-leggedten-storied

•数词+名词one-wayfive-star

•数词+名词+形容词ten-year-old800-meter-long

•名词+to+名词face-to-facedoor-to-door

3.合成动词

•名词+动词baby-sitsleepwalk

•副词+动词outnumberunderestimateoverwork

•形容词+动词whitewash

4.合成副词

•形容词+名词meanwhileanyway

•形容词+副词everywhereanyhow

•副词+副词however

•介词+名词beforehandoverhead

•介词+副词forever

5.合成代词

•代词宾格+self/selvesherselfthemselves

•物主代词+self/selvesmyselfyourselves

•形容词+名词anythingnothing

6.合成介词

•副词+名词insideoutside

•介词+副词withoutwithin

•副词+介词into

=.派生法

由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。

1.前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般变更单词的意义，但不变更单词的词性。

（1）表示否定意义的前缀

•un-unhappyunfinishedundress

•dis-disagreedisbelieve

•in-[il-（在字母I前）,im-（在字母m,b,p前），

ir-（在字母r前）]inaccurateillegalimpoliteimbalanceirregular

•mis-misbehavemisleadmistake

•non-nonstopnonsmoker

(2)表示其他意义的前缀

•en-〃使“enrichenlargeencourage

•inter-"相互"internationalintercontinental

•re-"再，又，重"rethinkretellrecycle

•tele-"远程的"telescopetelephonetelegraph

•auto-〃自动的〃automaticautomobile

•co-〃共同〃coworkercooperatecoexist

•anti-〃反对，反抗"antiwarantifreezeantinuclear

•multi-〃多〃multistorymulticulturalmulticolor

•bi-"双，二"bicyclebilingualbilatera

•micro-〃微小的，微小的〃microwavemicrocomputer

•over-”太多,过分〃overworkoverdooverestimate

•self-〃自己，本身"self-centeredself-confidentself-control

•under-〃在下面，...下的，不足的"underline,underground,underestimate,underrate

2.后缀

(1)形容词后

•-ab〃可的，具有的"acceptabledrinkableknowledgeablereasonable

•-al〃与有关的〃physical,magical,political

•-an"属于某地方的人"AmericanAfrican

•-ern〃方向〃southern,northern,eastern

•-ful/less”(没)有.的〃helpful,useful,homeless,hopeless

•-ish"如的;有特征的〃foolishchildishselfish

•-ive”有彳顷向的“activeattractiveexpensive

•-en〃由制成的“goldenwoodenwoolen

•-ous”有(，性质)的〃famous,dangerous,poisonous

•-ly”有性质的〃friendlyyearlydaily

•-y"构成形容词〃noisydustycloudy

(2)名词后缀

•-er/or“表人或用具“farmer,baker,visitor,professor,cooker,container

•-ese〃某国(人)的〃Chinese,Japanese

•-ian"某国、某地人；精通...的人"musician,Asian,Russian,technician

•-ist"某种主义或职业者"physicist,scientist,communist,socialist

•-ess〃表女性，雌性〃hostess,actress,princess

•-ment〃行为或其状态〃government,movement,achievement

•-ness〃性质，状态〃illness,sadness,carelessness

•-tion"动作，过程，结果〃invention,organization,translation

•-ance/ence〃抽象；行为、性质、状态"importance,appearance,absence,existence

•-th"性质、状况〃depth,warmth,truth

•-ful"(满的)量〃handfulspoonful,mouthful

•-(a)bility〃抽象、性质、状态"possibility,disability,reliability

•-al〃过程、状态〃survival,arrival,approval

•-y〃性质、状况"modesty,delivery,honesty

•-dom〃处于.状态；性质〃freedom,boredom

•-age〃状态,行为,身份及其结果〃courage,storage,marriage

(3)动词后缀

•-fy/ify〃使得；变得〃simplify,beautify,purify

•-en〃使成为;变得〃shorten,deepen,sadden

•-ize