Unit3TheworldofscienceDevelopingideas课件高中英语2

DevelopingideasUNIT3

Theworldof

scienceSCIENCEWEEKWhatdoyouwanttolearnfromthescienceweek?NewtonGravityWattSteamengineTuYouyouQinghaosuFranklin

KiteExperiment弗兰克林的实验：有多少是真的？FRANKLIN’SEXPERIMENT:HowMuchIsTrue?BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)wasoneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesandhelpeddrafttheDeclarationofIndependenceandtheUSConstitution.Apartfrombeingasuccessfulstatesman,hewasalsowellknownasaleadingAmericanauthor,printerandpublisher,successfuldiplomat,creativescientistandinventor.本杰明·富兰克林（1706-1790）是美国的开国元勋之一，帮助起草了《独立宣言》和美国宪法。除了是一位成功的政治家，他还是美国著名的作家、印刷商和出版商、成功的外交官、创造性科学家和发明家。LearningtolearnAnessaytitleoftencontainsanexplicitorimplicitquestionwhichyouressayshouldfocusonanswering.Forexample,thetitle“Franklin’sExperiment:HowMuchIsTrue?”makesitclearwhatquestionisbeingansweredwithintheessay.文章标题通常包含一个明确或隐含的问题，你的文章应该重点回答这个。例如，标题“富兰克林的实验：有多少是真的？”可以清楚地说明文章中回答了什么问题。1.BenjaminFranklin’sfamousexperimentwithlightninghasintroducedgenerationsofchildrentoscience.However,newresearchsuggeststhatthestorymaybefictioninsteadoffact.本杰明·富兰克林关于闪电的著名实验已引领一代又一代的儿童迈入科学世界。然而，新的研究表明，这个故事可能是虚构，而并非事实。2.Thewell-knownstoryisthattheAmericanFoundingFatherandscientistflewakiteduringastormin1752.Atthattime,therewasmuchinterestinelectricity.Peoplewantedtoknowiflightningwasreallyproducedbyelectricityorsomethingelse.这一广为人知的故事讲述了这位美国开国元勋和科学家在1752年的一场暴风雨中放风筝的经历。当时，不少人对电感兴趣。人们想知道闪电是否真的由电产生，还是另有源头。Franklinwasoneofthem.Heraisedthekitewithapieceofstringtiedtoit.Ametalkeywasattachedtothestring.Aflashoflightninghitthekite,andelectricitywasconductedthroughthestringtothekey.Franklinthentouchedthekeywithhisfingerandgotanelectricshock.This,hesaid,provedthatlightningwasaformofelectricity.富兰克林就是其中之一。他在风筝上系了一根细绳，细绳上绑着一把金属钥匙。闪电的闪光击中了风筝，电流通过绳子传到了钥匙上。接着富兰克林用手指触碰钥匙，感受到了电击。他说，这一实验证明了闪电是电的一种形式。3.Formanyyears,schoolshavetaughtthestoryofFranklin’slightning

experiment.Morethanonegenerationofschoolchildrenhasbeenamazedbyhisbraveryandhisscientificapproachtolookingforthetruth.Franklin,alongwithmanyotherscientists,hasinspiredusandtaughtusthatscientific

experimentsareimportantinordertoestablishthetruthandtocontributetowardslaterscientificdiscoveriesandinventions.多年来，学校一直在讲授富兰克林闪电实验的故事。数代学生都叹服于富兰克林的勇气与追寻真理时采用的科学手段。富兰克林与许多其他科学家一起激励并教导我们，科学实验对于确定真理与推动科学发现及发明而言都至关重要。4.However,neitherthestorynorthedetailsoftheexperimentareentirelytrue.AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin’sexperimenttookplace,morethanonescientisthasquestionedwhatreallyhappened.Thedetailaboutthestringandthekeyistrue.ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey,hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.然而，不管是故事本身还是实验细节都并非完全属实。虽然已证实富兰克林的这一实验发生了，但不少科学家还是对事实真相提出了质疑。使用细绳和钥匙这一细节是真实的，但科学家们一致认为，如果富兰克林真的碰到了钥匙，他肯定会死于触电。5.Scientistsoftenquestionacceptedideasbecausetheywanttoestablishthefacts.SomehaveevenquestionedthestoryabouttheapplethatfellonNewton’sheadandledhimtocomeupwithhistheoryofgravity.Infact,morethanoneaccountsuggeststhatwhileNewtonwascertainlyinspiredbyafallingapple,thereisnoproofthatithithimonthehead.科学家们常常对已被人们接受的观点提出质疑，以求证事实。一些科学家甚至质疑关于苹果砸中了牛顿的脑袋促使他提出了万有引力定律的故事。事实上，不止一种说法表明，虽然牛顿的灵感确实来源于掉落的苹果，但没有证据表明这个苹果恰巧砸在了他的脑袋上。BackgroundinformationIn2010,tocelebrateits350thanniversary,Britain'sRoyalSocietyreleasedadigitalversionofamanuscriptcontaininganearlyaccountoftheapplestory.ThemanuscriptwouldbecomeabiographyofNewton,entitledMemoirsofSirIsaacNewton'sLife,writtenbyWilliamStukeley,oneofNewton'scontemporariesandfirstbiographers.Inhis1752bookonNewton,Stukeleywrites:"Afterdinner,theweatherbeingwarm,wewentintothegardenanddranktea,undertheshadeofsomeappletrees,onlyheandmyself.Amidstotherdiscourse,hetoldme,hewasjustinthesamesituation,aswhenformerly,thenotionofgravitationcameintohismind.Itwasoccasion'dbythefallofanapple,ashesatinacontemplativemood.Whyshouldthatapplealwaysdescendperpendicularlytotheground,thoughthetohimself.Whyshoulditnotgosidewaysorupwards,butconstantlytotheearth'scentre?Assuredlythereasonis,thattheearthdrawsit."2010年，为了庆祝其成立350周年，英国皇家学会发布了一份包含苹果故事早期描述的手稿的数字版本。这份手稿将成为牛顿的传记，名为《艾萨克·牛顿爵士生平回忆录》，由牛顿的同时代人之一、第一位传记作家威廉·斯图克利撰写。Stukeley在1752年出版的一本关于牛顿的书中写道：“晚饭后，天气暖和，我们走进花园，在一些苹果树的树荫下喝茶，只有他和我自己。在其他的谈话中，他告诉我，他和以前的情况一样，引力的概念出现在他的脑海中。这是一个苹果掉下来的时刻，他坐在那里沉思。他心想，为什么苹果总是垂直于地面下降。为什么它不应该侧向或向上移动，而是不断地向地球的中心移动？毫无疑问，原因是地球吸引了它。”6.Admittedly,fictionisoftenmoreinterestingthanthetruth.PeoplehavebeenmoreinspiredbyFranklin’sspiritofscientificexplorationthanbythefactsthemselves.Butinscience,factsshouldbeprovedbyexperimentsandresearch,andweshouldnotalwaysbelieveeverythingwereadorhear—evenifitisagreatstory.诚然，虚构往往比真相更有趣。富兰克林科学探索精神比事实本身更能激励人们。但在科学领域，能被实验与研究所证明的东西才算作事实，我们不应全盘相信我们读到或听到的事——即使它是一个精彩的故事。11.raisedthekiteReadandVisualize2.wasconductedtothekey4.gotanelectricshock3.touchedthekey1.raisedthekite1234ReadandVisualizeIsthereanythingunscientificintheexperiment?Brainstorm:lightningflash:300millionVolts

householdcurrent:

120VoltsLifeTip：Humanscan’twithstandlightning.Franklintouchedthekey.Franklincouldn’thavetouchedthekey.＋=Whatmakesthisexperimentnotscientific?WhatthetextsaysWhatweknowAninference?ReadingTip:Makeaninferencetodiscoveruntoldinformation.ReadandInfer

However,neitherthestorynorthedetailsoftheexperimentareentirelytrue,AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin’sexperimenttookplace,morethanonescientisthasquestionedwhatreallyhappened.Thedetailsaboutthestringandthekeyistrue.ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey,hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.WhatifFranklinhadtouchedthekey?ReadandImagine

However,neitherthestorynorthedetailsoftheexperimentareentirelytrue,AlthoughithasbeenprovedthatFranklin’sexperimenttookplace,morethanonescientisthasquestionedwhatreallyhappened.Thedetailsaboutthestringandthekeyistrue.ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey,hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.WhatifFranklinhadtouchedthekey?ReadandImaginetouchedthe

keygotanelectricshockwasconductedthroughthestringraisedthekitehitthekiteHowmuchistrue?touchedthe

keyNot100%true?Activity3Numberthestatementstoshowhowpeople’sattitudestowardsFranklin’sexperimenthavechanged.□

Franklin’sspiritofscientificexplorationisstillconsideredaninspiration.□PeopleareamazedatandinspiredbyFranklin’