史禺老师托福强化班写作讲义框架总结

史禺老师托福强化班写作讲义框架总结Chapter1AnintroductiontotheTOEFLiBTwritingIntegratedwriting:1.READING:300words3mins–--1thesis&3subpoint(eachwithexplanation)2.LISTENING:2~3mins反驳阅读thesis，反驳阅读subpoint给出explanation3.阅读重现++++Summary：20mins150~250words总结阅读中thesissubpoint和explanation，总结听力中相对应的反驳和解释能力要求：阅读听力无需个人观点只需客观还原信息的写作模板Independentwriting给出观点用分论点解释例证时间30mins350~380wordsChapter2独立写作Section1whatisagoodessay切题addressthetaskandtopic展开充分welldeveloped清晰clear正确correct简洁concise有变化varied2.1切题addressthetaskandtopic审题注意：1.价值判断还是现象证明包含shouldimportantnecessarybetterprefer的题目是价值判断其核心为利弊分析不包含上述词的题目是现象证明，核心是拆分举例，结合解释原因。2.是否包含抽象或宽泛话题，如果包含，一定要拆分举例3.是否包含抽象或宽泛话题，如果包含，一定要拆分举例4.是否包含绝对词，对于这类题目的反驳（承认合理性，反驳绝对词）较容易。5.是否包含因果或条件关系包含因果关系：证明：证明原因；证明因果关系。增加中间因果链“架桥”反驳：反驳原因；承认原因，反驳因果关系。原因不是结果成立的充分条件。包含条件关系（视为因果关系的简单版本）2.2展开充分welldeveloped对thesis的well-developed：subpoints（一般为3个）；对每个sub-point内部的well-developed用分词简洁表达因果关系2.3清晰clear正确correct简洁concise有变化varied清晰—不迷恋低频词；不迷恋长句（topicsentence一般10~15words；大多数supportingsentences20~30w）正确练习typing简洁增加有效信息变化词句的变化，最重要的是content的变化，不断具体化Section2Structureofanessay开头introduction(30w)主体body(300w)结尾conclusion(15w)1.开头introduction背景generalbackground（一般情况下必选，除非特殊性写不出背景）要求：简洁，过渡自然改写题目（必选）Paraphrasetopic改写的方法：同义词替换；改变名词位置；具体代替抽象引用quotation（可选）名人famouspeople平常人ordinarypeople观点（必选）thesis四种thesis：绝对的（Iagree/disagree）;让步的（despite/although/though）;有例外的（basically）;分情况的（case-by-case）2.主体bodySubpoint(bodyparagraph)—3个字数大于80w每个subpoint有且仅有一个TopicTS要前置，要简短，要涵盖所有supportingsentencesSubpoint之间的关系：互斥ME（mutuallyExclusive）意味着不包含和不重叠，不可互为因果，特别是在抽象题目中，解决办法是—拆分。3.结尾conclusion重申thesisSection3Thesis①绝对的常用表达：（totally,completely）agree/disagree–在所有情况下agree/disagree，不承认例外；只使用有利内容②让步的常用表达：agree/disagreedespite/although/though—“大正小负”，“大负小正”，不仅使用有利内容而且使用不利内容但加以反驳③有例外的常用表达：basicallyagree/disagree大多数情况下agree/disagree承认存在例外，“折中”④分情况讨论的常用表达：case-by-case不同case中agree/disagree无法确定多数情况和例外，“骑墙”如何对“让步”进行反驳转化；解决措施；次要方面转化法：admittedly+让步内容However（转折）,ifviewedfromadifferentperspective,italsomeans+有利因素解决措施：admittedly+让步内容However（转折）,aslongas+解决措施，theproblemwillbesolved/thereisnoneedtoworryabout次要方面：admittedly+让步内容However（转折）onbalance+让步seemstobesecondary/minorSection4Brainstormsubpoints利弊分析CostCheap（Economicalcost-effective）/lesscosts/reducecostsExpensive(Costlyexorbitant)/morecosts/imposeafinancialburdenIncomeSafetyConveniencePhysicalexerciseStressInformationAcademicperformanceSocialskillsLearnvaluesandbuildcharacterPersonalrelationshipEnvironmenteco-friendlynegativeimpacts拆分举例PrincipleMutuallyexclusiveCollectivelyexhaustiveObjectnounPeopleCareers:students/businessmen/politicians/sportsmen/scientists/actors/writersAges:children/teenagers;adults;oldpeopleDisadvantagedpeople:blackpeople;womenLifetraffic;communication;information;education;entertainment;shopping;environmentrelationshipFamily—parentsandchildren;husbandsandwivesFriendsColleaguesEmployeesandemployersUsefulexpressionsLet’sconsider__Thesamelogicappliesto___Thisissamecasewith___Exceptiondoexistwhenitcomesto___,itisadifferentstory.Section5Developsubpoints1.解释两种：TS和cla.Topicsentence—explanationexampleClassification(拆分)examplesconclusion2.重复3.例证如何举例证明：具体化（多点、多层的）一般性例证（generalexample）个人经历（personalexperiences）名人例证（famouspeople）TOEFL写作常用名人例证PersistentFranklinDRooseveltcontractedPolioattheageof39.Hefoughtthediseasewithtremendouscourageandpersistence.(富兰克林·罗斯福小儿麻痹)Beethovennearlylosthishearinginhislaterlife.Despitehisdeterioratingconditions,heremainedoptimisticandcomposedseveralmasterpieces,includingthefamousSymphonyNO.9,completedthreeyearsbeforehisdeath.(贝多芬)In1996，LanceArmstrongwasdiagnosedwithadvancedtesticularcancer,whichhadspreadtohislungsandbrains.Doctorssaidhehadnomorethana50%chanceofsurvival.Hehadonetesticleremovedandunderwentchemotherapy.Oneyearlater,hereturnedtocyclingtowinsevenTourdeFrancechampionships.兰斯·阿姆斯特朗美国职业自行车赛选手HardworkBalzacworked15hoursadayforadecade.Theresultwasacollectionofmorethan90novelscollectivelytitledTheHumanComedy.(巴尔扎克)MarieCurieandherhusbandobtainedagramofRadiumfrom8tonsofpitchblendein7years.LuckRoentgenaccidentallydiscoveredamysteriousradiationwhichcanexposefilmskeptinadarklaboratory.Thediscoverywastheworld-famousX-rays,whichwonhimthefirstNobelPrizeinphysics.（伦琴）Archimedes,greatGreekmathematiciansandengineer,discoveredtheFloatingBodyPrinciplewhengettingintoabathtubfullofwater.（阿基米德）AlexanderFleming,Scottishbiologist,accidentallydiscoveredthataculturewascontaminatedbyafungus,whichdestroyedallsurroundingbacterium.Thediscoverywasthelegendarypenicillin.(弗莱明—青霉素)CreativenessAttheturnofthe20thcentury,Americanautomobileproducersbelievedthatcarsshouldbealuxuryonlyfortherich.Defyingtheconventionalwisdom.HenryFordproducedModel-T,thefirstaffordablemass-producedcar.Over15millionModelTshadbeensold.SteveJobs,attheageof21,assembledthefirstApplecomputerinhisparents’garage.Later,hedesignedMac,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfulpersonalcomputerwithamouseandagraphicinterface.AfterreturningtoApple,hedesignedandmarketedwildlysuccessfulproducts,e.g.i-Podandi-Mac,whichsavedtheApplefrombankruptcy.LarryPageandSergeyBrininventedthePageRanktechnology,whichdeterminesawebsite’srankingbythenumbersofwebsiteslinkingtoitandtheirimportance.Thismethodwasaconsiderableimprovementonthepreviousone,whichdeterminesawebsite’simportancesimplybycountinghowmanytimesthesearchrequestappearsonit..(拉里·佩奇谢尔盖·布林谷歌创始人)EmulationBillGatesisfamousforhisabilityofimprovingonexistingideasandmakingthemostofthem.MS-DOSwasanimprovementonDOS,aproductoftheSeattleComputers.WindowsborrowedagreatdealfromtheMac.AndtheInternetExplorerwasthecopyoftheNetscape.Baidu,themostinfluentialsearchengineinChina,copiedGoogle’ssearchingtechnologyanditsbusinessmodel.ButduetoitsChina-focusedmarketingstrategy,ithassurpassedintheChinesemainlandmarket.TeamworkMichaelJordanhadnotwonasinglechampionshipinhisfirst6yearsinNBA.AftertheBullsrecruitedsomeofthebestplayers,e.g.PippenandRodman,andadoptedthefamousTriangleOffense,whichputsemphasisoncooperation,theybecamethemostformidableteamoftheleague.Theywon6NBAchampionshipsin8years.ApolloProgramrankedamongthegreatesthumanachievementsinscienceinthe20thcentury.In1969,theprogramlandedNeilArmstrongonthesurfaceoftheMoon.Theprogramwasanationaljointeffortonatremendousscale.About300universities,20000companiesand300000individualscontributedtothisprogram.IndividualismInthelastgameoftheNBAfinalsinthe1997-1998season,MichaelJordanscoredthelastbasket,ajumpshotwith5.2secondsleft.ThatshotgavetheBullsan87-86victoryovertheUtahJazzandtheirsixthNBAchampionship.Hannibal,thegreatgeneralofCarthage,ledhistroopsandseveralAfricanwarelephantsacrosstheicyAlps.Themarchhassincebecomeoneofthegreatestmilitaryfeatsofalltime.(汉尼拔北非古国迦太基Carthage著名军事家)AfterbeingdefeatedbytheAlliedtroopsandexiledtoaremoteisland,Napoleonescaped.Whenaregimentwassenttointercepthim,Napoleonapproachedthetroopsalone,dismountedthehorse,anddeclared,“HereIam,Killyouremperor,ifyouwill.”Thetroopssurrendered.（拿破仑）Risk/DangerBenjaminFranklinputforwardatheorythatlightningiselectricity.Inordertotesthie\stheory,hemadeakiteandflewitduringathunderstorm.(本杰明·富兰克林)AlfredNobel,Swedishchemistandphilanthropist,inordertodiscoverasafeexplosive,carriedoutnumerousdangerousexperiments.Inoneinstance,amajorexplosionhappened,killingfivepeople,includinghisyoungerbrother.BillGates,inhisjunioryear,againstthestrongoppositionofhisparents,droppedoutofHarvardCollegetodevoteallhisenergyandtimetoMicrosoft,whichhadbeenfoundedonlyayearago.ConcentrationHenryFordspecializedincar-making.Rockefellermademostofhisfortuneinoil.BillGatesinvestedmuchofhisenergyandtimeinMicrosoft.TheCuriesobtainedonegramofradiumfrom8tonsofpitchblendein7years.TakeonnewchallengesLeonardodaVinci,iswidelyconsideredoneofthegreatestpaintersofalltimeandperhapsthemostversatilemanwhoeverlived.daVincimadestunningachievementsinvastlydiversefields:painting,sculpture,music,science,math,engineeringandanatomy(解剖学).Schwarzenegger,anAustrianvillageboywhomigratedtotheUSandbarelyspokeEnglish,islivingproofoftheAmericanDream:hestartedasabodybuilder,becameaninternationalmoviestar,andsuccessfullywontheelectionforthegovernorofCalifornia.(Schwarzenegger=GovernorArnold阿诺德施瓦辛格)MoneyRichpeoplewhoaresuccessfulSteveJobs,WarrenBuffet,ThomasEdison,AlfredNobel,TigerWoods,YaoMingThesearegreatpeople,byhardwork,courageandcreativeness,createdgreatfortuneandmadetheworldabetterplacetolive.Theyaresuccessfulpeople.PoorpeoplewhoaresuccessfulVincentvanGogh,oneofthemostinfluentialpaintersandpioneerofExpressionism,soldonlyonepaintinginhislifetimeandwasimpecuniousformuchofhislife.However,afterhisdeath,hispaintingssoldtensofmillionsofdollars.HisPortraitofDr.Gachetsold129milliondollars.KarlMarx,afterbeingexiledfromGermany,movedtoLondon,makingalivingbycontributingtomagazines.ItwasforthecontinuousfinancialsupportofEngelsthatMarxcouldcontinuehiswork.MoneyisnotthemostimportantthingAndrewCarnegie,oneofthemostinfluentialAmericanindustrialistsandphilanthropist,famouslycommented,“Themanwhodiesrichdiesdisgraced.”Carnegiedevotedthelaterpartofhislifetovariousphilanthropicactivities.Atthetimeofhisdeath,hehadgivenawayalmosthisentire350millionworthoffortune.SteveJobsreturnedtoAppleComputersforanannualsalaryof1dollar.BillGatespromisedtodonateallhiswealthtoBill&MelindaGatesFoundation.TheCuries,afterthediscoveryofradium,refusedtopatentit,inthehopethatthenewchemicalcouldbenefittheworld’sscientistsfreely.InfluencesonPeopleParentsMozartbeganwritingshortmusicalcompositionsattheageoffiveandgavehisfirstpublicperformancesthesameyear.Hisfather,acourtmusiciananddevotedteachertohischildren,hadgivenMozartmusicallessonsbytheageofthree.Goethe’sfathergaveGoethelessonsin5languages,e.g.German,Latin,Greek,FrenchandEnglish.(歌德)LegendhasitthatMencius’mothermovedthricetofindacommunitywhichwasbeneficialtoherson’seducation.(Mencius孟子)TeachersPlatowasdeeplyinfluencedbytheteachingofhistutor,Socrates.(柏拉图-苏格拉底)AlexandertheGreat,oneofthemostbrilliantstatesmenandmilitaryleadersofalltime,receivedhisbesteducationfromAristotle,thegreatGreekphilosopherandscientist.AristotlegaveAlexanderathoroughtraininginrhetoricandliteratureandstimulatedhisinterestinscience,medicine,andphilosophy.HelenKeller,whowasleftdeafandblindbyscarletfever,receivedaninspiringeducationfromAnnieSullivan,herfirstteacher.SullivantaughtKellerherfirstwordsandhowtocommunicatewithothersandhelpedhertobreakthroughthewallsofisolation.FriendsPaulAllenhelpedBillGatestofoundMicrosoft.SteveBallmerandBillGateslivedinthesamedormitorybuildinginHarvardCollege.Thetwoalmosthadnothingincommon:GateswasanaggressiveandabrasivetechgeniusandBallmerhadgreatpeopleskillsandbusinessacumen.TheybecamegoodfriendsandlaterBallmerbecameMicrosoft’schiefexecutiveofficer.WozniakhelpedSteveJobsassemblethefirstApplecomputerandlaterfoundedtheAppleCompany.LarryPageandSergeyBrin,classmatesatStanford,inventedthePageRanktechnology,whichisthebasisof.Self-educationAbrahamLincoln’sparentswereilliteratelaborers.Andhehadreceivedalmostnoformalschooleducation.Lincolnwouldborrowanybookhecouldgetandreadthembythefireplaceinhisfather’swoodencabin.CharlesDickensgrewupinadestitutefamilyandhadtodropoutofschoolattheageof12toworkinashoe-polishfactory.Andhisfatherwasimprisonedforunpaiddebt.Appearances&ContentTheimportanceoflooksJohnFitzgeraldKennedy(肯尼迪)，RonaldReagan（里根），BarrackObama（奥巴马）theirlooksandpersonalcharmhelpedthemtowinthepresidency.MuchofDavidBeckham’spopularitywiththeworld’sfootballfanscomesfromhisgoodlooks.LooksdonotmatterNapoleon,nicknamed“LittleCorporal”,wasknowntobeexceptionallyshort,withaheightof5’6“.However,hismilitaryandpoliticalgeniustoweredoverallhiscontemporaries.Hawking,aftercontractingaseveremusculardegenerationdisease,wascompletelydisabled.Howeverhewasconsideredoneofthegreatestmoderntheoreticalphysicists.PaulPotts,aBritishmobilephonesalesperson,auditionedforthetalentcontest,“Britain’sGotTalent”.Wearinganill-fittedsuit,hesangtheworld-famousopera,“Nessundorma”(今夜无人入睡)byPuccini.Hisextraordinaryperformancestunnedthejudgesandwonastandingovationofanaudienceof2,000.Afterhisextraordinarydebut,Pottswentontowinthefinalcontestandwonaprizeof100,000pounds.Section6题目串讲，完成全文1.价值判断：①包含应该（should）、重要（important）、必要（necessary）的简单话题策略：直接利弊分析②包含更好/比较（better）偏好（prefer）的简单话题策略：直接利弊分析并注意比较一种变体：AwithanadvantagebutadisadvantageisbetterthanBwithadisadvantagebutanadvantage.③包含抽象或宽泛话题的价值判断策略：拆分+举例（降低抽象度）--然后再进行利弊分析④政府投资策略：IdisagreeⅠ.AisnotmoreimportantthanB.ⅡAisnotmoreexpensive.2.证明现象策略：拆分+举例→解释背后的原因↓证明现象存在→例外→解释背后的原因一种变体：今昔对比，有两个好用的拆分角度：Blackman和women3.包含绝对词策略：承认合理性，驳绝对词包含隐形绝对词：如Nolonger4.包含因果/条件关系因果关系：becauseA，B证明：①证明原因；②证明因果关系（增添因果链，架桥）反驳：因果关系（非充分条件）条件关系(条件部分需证明/反驳)：IfA，B证明：架桥反驳：指出条件为非充分条件Section7Theuseoflanguage提高语言能力输入：输入的材料：匹配托福提高语言能力输入：输入的材料：匹配托福+输出：输出的形式：翻译一般功能词汇因果关系→giveriseto,leadto,resultin:导致，产生，造成beresponsiblefor:导致（负面结果）E.g.:Humanactivityisresponsibleforglobalwarming.Adsareresponsiblefortheconsumptionoffast-food.Theconsumptionoffast-foodcanbeattributedtoads.→resultfrom:由…导致→（负面）attribute…to:(归因于)（Formal）blame…on:（归咎于）负面的betheculpritof:是…的罪魁祸首e.g.:Theconsumptionoffastfoodcanbeattributedtoads.CrimecanbeblamedonviolentTVprograms.ViolentTVprogramsaretheculpritofcrimes.事物数量（可数）→several,anumberof,acoupleof:several,acoupleof—informal；anumberof–formal→alarge(vast)numberofnumerousinnumerablehost很多（事物）e.g.:Ahostofproblems(diseases)修饰事物legion（军团）很多e.g.:legion(flock)ofstudents/consumers很多人flock（畜群）（不可数）→alargedeal(amount)of:Information/water/food/time/energyagreatquantityof:→plentyof:大量（可数&不可数都行）→sufficient:充足的sufficientscore/incomeadequate(充足的,足够的；适当的,胜任的)→ample:比sufficient还要足够，morethanenough重要性→basicfundamentalessential：necessaryneededvital:一般涉及生命，生死攸关的integral:构成整体不可缺少的indispensable：不能没有的(playanindispensablerolein)dispensewith:donotneede.g.:Withcellphones,wecandispensewithtelephones,somethingthatonemusthave.重要性程度来说，essential,integral,indispensable三者相同→must:(somethingthatonemusthave)e.g.:ATOEFLscoreabove100isamustforbeingadmittedbyHarvardUprerequisite:(先决条件)aprerequisitefor…priority:(animportantmatter)Toppriority最重要的highpriority；lowpriority→Necessitate:=makesth.necessarynecessitatesth./doingsth.让某事/做某事变成必须的AistheprerequisiteforB=BnecessitateAeg:ApplyingforUScollegesnecessitatestakingTOEFL.→urgent:紧迫的pressing:Apressingneed/matterimperative:Itisimperativetodo(刻不容缓)→位居次席minor；secondary；大小和程度→(相当大的)considerable,significant(ly)→tremendous(ly)极大的→excessive（ly）过分的大→reasonable适度的相似性→distinct：=totallydifferent截然不同方面→aspect：（formal）切面facete.g.Moderntechnologyishavingtremendouslyimpactsoneveryfacetofthemodernlife.→intermsof在某方面e.g.:Comparewithlifeinthepast,thepresentlifehasworsenedintermsofenvironment.变化→increase,grow,rise:不及物，变多：China’sGDP~→increase,boost使增加Boostsales/profits→decrease,dwindle变少，不及物dwindle-有用的储备变少e.g.:Naturalresourcesaredecreasing/dwindlingdeplete:耗尽有用的储备：Humanbeingsaredepletingnaturalresources.→decreasing:vt.使减少→increasingly,progressivelybe/becomeincreasingly+adj;moreandmoree.g.:Moreandmorepeoplearebecomingincreasinglystressful.→make,render:render(formal)render…+adj.e.g.:Theadventoftheinternetrendersnewspaperuseless时间→advent：到来，开始（重大事件）→up-to-datekeepupwith:获取及时的信息，跟上：~friends/news→out-of-date:过时的→eventually:最终的意愿→mandatory:mandatorysubjects必修课→optional：optionalsubjects选修课→willingness意愿：astrongwillingnesse.g.:Youngpeoplehaveastrongwillingnesstoliveindependently.→awareness意识Publicawarenessofprotectingtheenvironment.可能性→possible，likely，problem：chancesaregoodat:很有可能e.g.:Ifyoustudyhardenough,chancesaregoodatyouwillreceiveatopscore.(很有可能)/youareboundtoreceive...(肯定能)conceivable:conceive=imagine→becertainto,besureto,beboundto.e.g.:Chinaisboundtobecomeasuperpower,→practical,viable:(实际可行的)viable更正式些。利弊→blessing:(赐福)好事→curse：（诅咒）坏事E.g.:Facebook:ablessingoracurse?→bringbenefitsto:带来好处Benefitfrom从…中获益→causedamage（harm）to:带来坏处→havepositive/negativeeffects/influences/impactson:带来正面/负面影响Affect...adverselyeffect>=affectadversewind/direction反方向的→improve,enhance改善，加强make...better→weaken,undermine,takeatollon:削弱（mine挖）（toll:tax）E.g.:WatchingTVunderminespeople'shealth.→provide,offer,afford:提供（好的）→gain,acquire:获得Gainknowledge/experiences/skills学到→help,behelpfulto,beinstrumentalin,goalongwaytowards有助于beinstrumentalin,goalongwaytowards后加ingE.g.：AtopTOEFLscoresisinstrumentalin(goesalongwaytowards)beingadmittedbyUSUs.→enable,allow,makeitpossible使能够e.g.：Googleallows(enables,makesitpossiblefor)studentstogainplentyofup-todateinformation.比较→comparedwith/to:comparefavorablywith:在和…的比较中占优e.g.:Digitalbookscomparefavorablywithpaperbooksintermsofcost.aresuperiortobesuperiorto:比…较好，较优prefer：PreferAtoB(喜欢A多于B)Bepreferableto:e.g.:AispreferabletoB.建议→advisable,recommended：Itisadvisabletodo/that=itisrecommendedtodo/thatE.g.:Itisadvisabletoengageinregularphysicalexercise.→inadvisable,ill-advised行动→engagein:(formal)~extracurricularactivities→参与takepartin,participatein:→全力以赴tryone'sbest,goalloutindoing,throwone'sheartandsoulin,endeavortoendeavorto[正式]致力于，致力eg：Thegovernmentshouldendeavortosafeguardpeople'sequalrights.→failtodo:没做（应该做的事）贬→stayawayfromdoing:Abstainfromdoing:不做（不应该做的事）褒e.g.:abstainfromsmoking优秀的→excellent：excelindoing擅长做Outstanding：standoutfromothers著名的→prestigious:（好的）名气大的Celebrated:（好坏兼具的）名气大的celebrity名人平庸的→mediocre差的→poor，awful,terrible安全和危险→protect,safeguard:safeguard是protect的正式表达→endanger：e.g.:endangerpeople'shealthPut...indanger:e.g.:Putpeople'shealthindanger.Beatrisk:People'shealthisatrisk→fallvictimto:成为受害者，受到危害受到危急E.g.:alegionofconsumersfallvictimtothedeceptionsofads.证明和举例→prove，backup，validate→beacaseinpoint;Take...forexample背景词汇SchooleducationAcademics,academicperformances:eg:improveacademicperformances改善学习Outstanding（excellent）academicperformances学习成绩好Poor(lackluster)academicperformances学习成绩差luster本义为光泽lackluster差的，平庸的Subject,discipline科目,fieldofstudy研究领域,curriculum全部课程的总称Sciences理科humanities文科finearts艺术学科Major，concentration，minor非专业课，辅修课Compulsorysubjects必修课,optionalsubjects选修课Prepareforanexam,studyforanexam,dowellintheexam,passtheexam,scrapethroughtheexam,fallanexam,flunkanexam,cheatintheexam.Credit,GPA,diploma文凭,degree,bachelor学士,master硕士，PhD博士Handinhomework,correcthomework,markhomework,presentation,project,paper,research,experimentLecture,seminar,groupdiscussion(课上互动，lecture互动较少，而seminar互动较多)Extracurricularactivities课外活动studentunion学生会studentclub学生社团mockUnitedNations模拟联合国，volunteerwork义工Varsitysoccerteam大学的足球代表队,choirIntern实习internship实习岗位Hands-onexperiences,bookknowledgeVersatile多才多艺的,well-rounded全面发展的Tuition学费Scholarship奖学金teachingassistant助教Massmedia大众媒体Mainstreammedia主流媒体,tabloid小报,paparazzi(paparazzo的复数，专门偷拍名人照片的摄影师)Journalists,reporters,correspondents通讯员，记者Report,story,column专栏文章Objective客观的,balanced平衡的Biased有偏见的,prejudiced有偏见的,slanted有倾向性的,stereotyped老套的,discriminative有区别的Propaganda宣传,prejudice偏见,stereotypes,pornography色情,violence暴力,offensivelanguage攻击性的语言Censor,coverup,scandal丑事，丑闻Comedy,tragedy悲剧,cartoons,animations动画片;动画片绘制,sci-fimovies科幻电影documentaries纪录片Cast演员表，director导演,producer演出人critic批评家，评论家Plot故事情节,character,protagonist支持者,hero男主人公,heroine女主角,villain反派演员，反面人物,sidekick搭档Episode片段，一集,finale最后，终曲,sequel续集,trilogy三部剧,Boxoffice票房,blockbuster轰动，（电影词汇）超级强片,hit.AcademyAward奥斯卡奖，GoldenGlobe金球奖SatelliteTV卫星电视，cabledTV（有线电视）电缆电视Newsprogram新闻节目,quizshow精彩节目,sitcom=situationcomedy情境喜剧,realityshow真人秀,talentcontest（aneventinwhichpeoplecompetetoshowwhoisthemostskilled,especiallyatbeingentertaining英国达人秀一类的）,beautypageant选美节目,varietyshow综艺节目Ratings收视率Couchpotato,myopia近视,obesity肥胖Advertisement,commercial商业广告,infomercial电视购物False(fraudulent)advertising虚假（欺诈）广告,exaggeration夸张Endorsement背书,spokesperson发言人FamilyandfriendsRolemodel榜样Parenting育儿ValuesTeachbysettingexamplesDoteon钟爱溺爱AbadinfluenceKindredsoulsTechnologyadventGadget小器械Invention,innovation创新Progress,advance,breakthroughCutting-edge尖端,state-of-the-art国家的最先进的,sophisticated精密的尖端的,technologicallyadvancedTime-saving,labor-savingComputerchip电脑芯片,spaceshuttle航天飞机,geneticallyengineering基因工程,geneticallymodifiedfood转基因食品,nanotechnology纳米技术,robotictechnology机器人技术,broadbandtechnology,宽带技术cloningtechnologyTwitter,facebook,wikipedia,Virus,junkemail,spam垃圾邮件WorkJob,profession,vocation,careerEntertheworkforce进入劳动力市场Opening,vacancy空缺,positionMultinationalcompany跨国公司,fortune500companyCompetition,cut-throatcompetition割喉式竞争,fiercecompetition,beupagainstcompetition面临竞争,beatoffcompetitionWorkload,heavyworkload,workovertime,加班Hecticschedule繁忙的日程,hecticlifeHardwork,commitment承诺,devotionTeamwork,cooperation,collaboration协作Promotion推广Resign辞职,quitFire解雇,layoff解雇Job-hopping跳槽EconomyEarnings,income,bonus红利Loan贷款,mortgage抵押借款,paymortgage支付抵押贷款Investment投资，投资额,stocks股票,bonds债券,portfolio投资组合Boom繁荣昌盛时期,prosperity兴旺，繁荣,depression萧条（期）Theoilmarketisenjoyingaboom.石油市场很繁荣Employment,unemploymentStart(up)acompanyGointobankruptcy破产,foldup倒闭Thebankfoldedupduringtherecenteconomiccrisis.Abuoyant(（经济）上升的，蓬勃的)/dynamic（有活力的）economyAstagnant（萧条的）/flagging（萎靡不振的）economyVirtue美德Persistence坚持,perseverance坚毅Determination决心,resolution决心Commitment承诺,dedication奉献,doone'sbest,gooutallindoingsth,throwone'sheartandsoulintodoingsthindependenceConcentration专心Honesty诚实,integrity正直，诚实，诚恳Ambition,shootforthestars；shootfor争取，为…而努力leadershipCreativeness,thinkoutofthebox不受边框束缚思考Responsibility责任心,facethemusicSenseofhumorEloquence口才Optimism,lookatthebrightside,keepthechinupEnvironmentPollute,contaminate污染Greenhousegases,carbondioxide,carbonmonoxide一氧化碳Globalwarming,acidrain,risingsealevel,depletionofozonelayers,deforestation森林砍伐,desertification荒漠化Endangeredspecies濒危物种,extinction,dieoutPreserve,conserve保护Windenergy,solarenergy太阳能,biofuel生物燃料LeisureTrip,travel,camping,outing短途旅行,execution演奏，表演,sight-seeing观光Destination目的地,touristresort旅游度假区,scenicspot风景名胜区Seaside,beachHistoricalrelic历史遗迹PyramidinEgypt埃及金字塔,theColosseumofRomeinItaly意大利的古罗马圆形竞技场,thestatusonEasterIslandintheU.S.美国复活节岛上的雕像,theEiffelTowerinParis巴黎的埃菲尔铁塔,theLouvreinParis巴黎的卢浮宫,theBritishMuseuminLondon伦敦大英博物馆Themepark主题公园,DisneylandItinerary行程表，旅行路线Hotelreservation酒店预订,visa签证,insurance保险Travelagency旅行社,tourguide导游Airplane,economyclass经济舱,businessclass商务舱,firstclass头等舱,cruiser游艇,liner客轮,train,sleeper卧铺Localcustom,taboo禁忌Souvenir纪念品Workout制定,gym健身房joggingLiftweights举重,pumpiron举重句子1.注意主次信息和逻辑关系尽可能少使用and；使用定语从句和状语从句有逻辑感（因果，条件，让步）1.1状语从句状语从句的缩略状语从句缩略为分词。前提是前后句子主语一致。缩略后句子更加简洁，逻辑关系更加清晰。-ing现在分词：主动语态时缩略为现在分词-ed过去分词：被动语态时缩略为过去分词。△因果例1：BecausehewasfiredbythePekingU,MichaelstartedtheNOStomakealiving.→FiredbythePekingU,MichaelstartedtheNOStomakealiving.例2：BecauseNOScaneffectivelyimproveEnglishskills,itattractsstudentsacrossthecountry,→EffectivelyimprovingEnglishskills,NOSattractsstudentsacrossthecountry.例3：NOScaneffectivelyimproveEnglishskills,soitattractsstudentsacrossthecountry.→NOScaneffectivelyimproveEnglishskills,attractingstudentsacrossthecountry.例4：学习艺术和音乐帮助学生集中注意力，改善学习成绩→Helpingstudentsconcentrate,thestudyofmusicandartcanimprovetheiracademicperformances.→Thestudyofmusicandarthelpsstudentsconcentrate,improvingtheiracademicperformances.△时间例1：AfterhewasfiredbyPekingU,MichaelstartedtheNOStomakingaliving.→（after）FiredbythePekingU,MichaelstartedtheNOStomakealiving.例2：AfterhereturnedtoAppleComputers,SteveJobsdesignedi-Podandi-Phone,whichsavedthecompanyfrombankruptcy.→Returningto/AfterreturningtoAppleComputers,SteveJobsdesignedi-Podandi-Phone,whichsavedthecompanyfrombankruptcy.△伴随状态例：ShiYuheldamicrophone.Hewasexplainingthetheory.→Holdingamicrophone,ShiYuwasexplainingthetheory.△分词前保留连词after/before/when/while/if/although1.2定语从句只用定语从句修饰先行词，不要修饰前面整个句子或间隔开的词。定语从句的缩略直接缩略为名词、形容词、过去分词，当表示现在发生的动作状态或常态时，缩略为现在分词。2.句子多样（varietyofsentencestructure）句子的多样不等于句子的复杂句子的多样靠改变语序和改变长短来实现。2.1改变语序英语中状语的位置最灵活，80%句式多样性靠改变状语的位置实现①状语前置例子：Hewastooembarrassedtosayanythingtohiswifeabouthisjobwhenhegotmarried,HesimplytoldherthatheworkedfortheCorporation.Helefthomedressedinasmartblacksuiteverymorning.Hethenchangedintooverallsandspent