2022年高考英语阅读理解分主题专项强化11社会篇之历史多彩（解析版）

2022年高考英语阅读理解分主题专项强化11社会篇之历史多彩WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.1．WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A．Lossofwetlands. B．Popularityofwatersports.C．Pollutionofrivers. D．Arrivalofotherwildanimals.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire. B．Export.C．Destroy. D．Distribute.3．WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A．Thestamppricehasgonedown.B．Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C．Thehuntershavestoppedhunting.D．Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.4．What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act)?A．Negative. B．Positive.C．Indifferent. D．Unknown.【答案】1．A2．C3．D4．B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国联邦鸭邮票的诞生背景、具体内容和影响。由于之前不恰当的发展导致了美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了联邦鸭邮票，狩猎者只有购买了该邮票才能狩猎，而邮票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段末尾内容“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.(数百万英亩的湿地干涸，为不断增长的人口提供食物和住房，大大减少了水禽的栖息地)”可知，由于湿地的干涸减少，水禽失去了栖息地，这是水禽数量减少的一个原因。故选A项。2．词义猜测题。分析划线单词句可知，句中“Unfortunately”意为“不幸的是”，表达与前文之间的转折对比关系。根据前文“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.(美洲原住民明智地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源)”可知，美洲原住民保护了资源，因此“Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.”应是表达相反含义，即，探险家和外来定居者破坏了这些资源。因此可推知，“decimate”应是“破坏；毁坏”含义。故选C项。3．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.(根据这项法案，所有16岁及以上的水禽猎人必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭章)”可知，法案要求水禽猎人需要购买并携带一枚联邦鸭邮票，且结合第三段内容“About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.(每一美元的鸭邮票中，约有98美分将直接进入候鸟保护基金，用于购买湿地和野生动物栖息地，将其纳入国家野生动物保护区系统——这一事实确保了这片土地将受到保护，并供子孙后代使用)”可知，由水禽猎人购买联邦鸭邮票而得来的钱中的大部分直接进入候鸟保护基金，用于购买湿地和野生动物栖息地，将其纳入国家野生动物保护区系统。由此可知，通过1934年的法案，美国政府发行联邦鸭邮票，其直接后果是政府获得了大量资金。故选D项。4．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段末句内容“LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.(难怪联邦鸭邮票计划被称为有史以来最成功的保护计划之一)”可知，作者用褒义词短语“oneofthemostsuccessful”来描述该法案，由此可推知，作者对其抱有积极乐观的正面态度。故选B项。NewfindingsclearlyshowtheAngloSaxonswereameltingpotofpeoplefrombothmigrantandlocalculturalgroupsandnotonegroupfromWesternEurope.ProlessorKeithDobneyattheUniversityofSydneysaidtheteam'sresultsstatethat"theAnglo-SaxonkingdomsofearlyMedievalBritainwereclearlysimilartomodernBritain—fullofpeopleofdifferentancestriessharingacommonlanguageandculture.”PublishedinPLOSONE,thecooperativestudybyProfessorDobneyatUniversityofSydneyandDrKimberlyPlompandProfessorMarkCollardatSimonFraserUniversityinVancouver.lookedatthethree-dimensionalshapeofthebaseoftheskull(头盖骨).“PreviousstudieshaveshownthatthebaseofthehumanskullholdsashapesignaturethatcanbeusedtotrackrelationshipsamonghumanpopulationsinasimilarwaytoancientDNA,”DrPlompsaid."Basedonthis,wecollected3DdatafromsuitablydatedskeletalcollectionsfromBritainandDenmark,andthenanalysedthedatatojudgetheancestryoftheAnglo-Saxonindividualsinthesample.”Theresearchersfoundthatbetweentwo-thirdsandthree-quartersofearlyAngloSaxonindividualswereofcontinentalEuropeanancestry,whilebetweenaquarterandone-thirdwereoflocalancestry.WhentheylookedatskeletonsdatedtotheMiddleAnglo-Saxonperiod(severalhundredaftertheoriginalmigrantsarrived),theyfoundthat50to70percentoftheindividualswereoflocalancestry,while30to50percentwereofcontinentalEuropeanancestry,whichprobablyindicatesachangeintherateofmigrationandlocaladoptionofcultureovertime."ThesefindingstellusthatbeingAnglo-Saxonwasmorelikelyamatteroflanguageandculture,notgenetics,"ProfessorCollardsaid.TheongoingandunresolvedargumentiswhetheralotofEuropeaninvaderslargelyreplacedtheexistingRomano-Britishinhabitants,ordidsmallernumbersofmigrantssettleandinteractwiththelocals,whothenrapidlyadoptedthenewlanguageandcultureoftheanglo-Saxons?"OurnewdatasuggeststhatearlyAngloSaxonsocietywasamixofbothnewcomersandlocalsand,insteadofwholepopulationreplacement,aprocessofacculturationresultedinAnglo-Saxonlanguageandculturebeingadoptedlargelybythelocalpopulation.5．Whatcanweinferfromthestudy?A．ManylocalswerekilledbycontinentalEuropeanmigrates.B．Anglo-Saxonscreatedthemostpowerfullanguageandculture.C．TheAnglo-SaxonindividualswereactuallyfromwesternEuropean.D．Anglo-Saxonswerepeopleofdifferentancestorswiththesameculture.6．Howdidtheresearcherscarryouttheirstudy?A．Bystudyingthelocalcultureandlanguage.B．Bycomparingthechangeratesofdifferentpeople.C．Bycomparingthedifferentculturesandlanguages.D．Bystudyingtheshapesoftheskulloftherelatedpeople.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedwordacculturationmeaninthelastparagraph?A．culturaladaptation. B．culturaldevelopment.C．racefighting. D．cultureinvade.8．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．AresearchoftheAnglo-Saxonculture.B．AstudyoftheoriginofAnglo-Saxons.C．AhistorystoryofAnglo-Saxonindividuals.D．Astudyofthepoweroflanguageandculture.【答案】5．D6．D7．A8．B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对盎格鲁—撒克逊人起源的研究。5．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“theAnglo-SaxonkingdomsofearlyMedievalBritainwereclearlysimilartomodernBritain—fullofpeopleofdifferentancestriessharingacommonlanguageandculture”(中世纪早期英国的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国显然与现代英国相似——全是有着不同祖先的人，拥有共同的语言和文化)可知，盎格鲁—撒克逊人是有着相同文化的不同祖先的人。故选D。6．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“lookedatthethree-dimensionalshapeofthebaseoftheskull”(看了头骨底部的三维形状)和第四段最后一句“Basedonthis,wecollected3DdatafromsuitablydatedskeletalcollectionsfromBritainandDenmark,andthenanalysedthedatatojudgetheancestryoftheAnglo-Saxonindividualsinthesample”(在此基础上，我们从英国和丹麦的骨骼标本中收集了3D数据，然后分析数据来判断样本中盎格鲁-撒克逊人的祖先)可知，研究人员通过研究相关人的头骨形状来进行研究。故选D。7．词句猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“earlyAngloSaxonsocietywasamixofbothnewcomersandlocalsand,insteadofwholepopulationreplacement”(早期盎格鲁-撒克逊社会是新来者和当地人的混合体，而不是全部人口的更替)和“beingadoptedlargelybythelocalpopulation”(被当地居民广泛接受)可知，此处是指文化上的融合和适应，所以acculturation意为“文化适应”。故选A。8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“NewfindingsclearlyshowtheAngloSaxonswereameltingpotofpeoplefrombothmigrantandlocalculturalgroupsandnotonegroupfromWesternEurope.”(新的发现清楚地表明，盎格鲁-撒克逊人是移民和当地文化群体的人的大熔炉，而不是一个来自西欧的群体。)可知，文章主要介绍了对盎格鲁-撒克逊人起源的研究。故选B。Bytheearly1800s,themostimportantfoodinIrelandwasthepotato.ManyIrishfarmersheldverysmallplotsofland,andpotatoesproducedmuchmorefoodperacrethananyothercrop.Potatoeswereeasytogrowinthecoolclimate,andtheyprovidedvitalnutritionforthosewhohadlittleaccesstootherfreshfood—whichwasroughlyhalfoftheIrishpopulation.Itisnotagoodideaforsuchalargenumberofpeopletodependononefoodsource,andtheIrishfoundoutwhyinapainful,deadlyway.In1845,afungus(真菌)fromMexicoarrivedinIreland.Althoughitsexactsourceremainsunknown,itwasprobablycarriedintheholdsofshipsthattraveledtoIrelandcarryinggoodsandpeople.Thefungusattackedthepotatocrops,causingharvestedpotatoestodisintegrate(使解体)intoblackpilesofrot,causingafamine(饥荒),orseverefoodshortage.Veryquickly,alargesectionoftheIrishpopulationbegantostarve.Farmershopedthatthe1846harvestwouldbebetter,butitwasworse.Thatwinter,theweatherwasterribleandincludedseveresnowstorms,highwinds,andbitterlycoldtemperatures.Bythenextyear'sharvest,thepotatoeshadbeguntorecover.TheIrishwerehopefulthatthePotatoFaminehadcometoanend.However,theharvestwasfartoosmalltosustainthestarvingpopulation.Soupkitchenswereeventuallysetuptofeedthehungry,buttheycouldnotcomeclosetomeetingthedemandforfood.Diseasesassociatedwithfamine,suchascholera(霍乱),hittheweakenedIrish.Itisestimatedthat,by1851,atleastonemillionpeoplediedofdiseaseorstarvation,andanothermillionhadleftIrelandfortheUnitedStates,England,orCanada.9．Before1845,theIrishpeople________.A．dependedhighlyonpotatoesforfood B．livedthroughaverydifficultwinterC．sufferedfromcholera D．ownedmuchland10．WhathappenedtoIrelandin1846?A．ShipsbroughtafungustoIreland.B．Overonemillionpeoplediedofdisease.C．Theharvestedpotatoesrotted.D．Thewinterweatherlimitedthepotatocrop.11．WhenhadpeopleleftIrelandinsignificantnumbers?A．Rightafterthecropsdisintegrated.B．Bythetimeamillionpeoplehaddied.C．Duringthebitterwinterfollowingthefamine.D．ShortlyafterthefungusarrivedfromMexico.12．Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．DyingforPotatoes B．TheFungusInfectionC．DyingofDisease D．CholerainIreland【答案】9．A10．D11．B12．A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。马铃薯曾是爱尔兰人的主要粮食来源，在1845年至1850年，一种真菌造成爱尔兰的马铃薯腐烂继而绝收，从而造成爱尔兰大饥荒。9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bytheearly1800s，themostimportantfoodinIrelandwasthepotato.(到19世纪初，爱尔兰最重要的食物是土豆)”及第二段中的“Itisnotagoodideaforsuchalargenumberofpeopletodependononefoodsource(这么多的人依赖一种食物来源并不是一个好主意)”可知，爱尔兰人高度依赖土豆作为食物。故选A。10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Farmershopedthatthe1846harvestwouldbebetter,butitwasworse.Thatwinter,theweatherwasterribleandincludedseveresnowstorms,highwinds,andbitterlycoldtemperatures.(农民们希望1846年的收成会更好，但情况会更糟。那年冬天，天气很糟糕，包括严重的暴风雪、大风和剧烈的低温)”可知，1846年冬天的恶劣天气影响了土豆的收成。故选D。11．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Itisestimatedthat,by1851,atleastonemillionpeoplediedofdiseaseorstarvation,andanothermillionhadleftIrelandfortheUnitedStates,England,orCanada.(据估计，到1851年，至少有100万人死于疾病或饥饿，还有100万人离开爱尔兰前往美国、英国或加拿大)”可知,到100万人死去的时候，大量的爱尔兰人离开了爱尔兰。故选B。12．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“Itisnotagoodideaforsuchalargenumberofpeopletodependononefoodsource,andtheIrishfoundoutwhyinapainful,deadlyway.In1845,afungus(真菌)fromMexicoarrivedinIreland.(对于这么多的人来说，依赖一种食物来源不是一个好主意，爱尔兰人以一种痛苦、致命的方式找到了原因。1845年，一种来自墨西哥的真菌抵达爱尔。)”和下文内容可知，文章讲述了一种真菌造成爱尔兰的马铃薯腐烂继而绝收，从而造成爱尔兰大饥荒的故事，因此推断A项“因土豆死亡”最适合做文章的标题。故选A。Howdocountriesdeterminewhoseportraitstofeatureontheircurrency,andwhatdoesittellusabouttheirpasts?Here’salookatbanknotesfromaroundtheworldandthestoriesbehindtheircreation.UnitedStatesIn1866,controversyeruptedwhentheU.STreasuryissuedafive-centnotebearingtheportraitofSpencerClark,thefirstchiefofwhatisnowknownastheBureauofEngravingandPrinting.ClarkwasnotwelllikedbysomemembersofCongress,whohadaccusedhimyearsearlieroffraudand“grossimmortality.”Followingpublicoutcry,CongresspassedalawonApril7,1866,whichprohibitedprintingthe“portraitorlikenessofanylivingperson”onthecountry’scurrency.U.S.lawstillprohibitsusingthelikenessoflivingpeopletoday,andevencommemorativecoinshonoringapastpresidentcannotbeissueduntiltwoyearsafterthepresident’sdeath.Inthemodernera,thecountrycelebratedpastpresidentsandFoundingFathersonitscurrency－withportraitsofGeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,AbrahamLincoln,AlexanderHamilton,UlyssesS.GrantandBenjaminFranklingracingitsbanknotes.NewZealandNewZealand’sbanknotedesignhasbeenanunintentionalreflectionofNewZealand’sevolvingself-imageeversinceitbeganissuingcurrencyin1934,accordingtohistorianMatthewWright.TheBritishdominion’sfirstbanknotesreflectedasplitidentity,bearingbothBritishandlocaldesigns.TheearliestseriesboreaportraitofMaoriKingTawhaio,whoseimagewasreplacedin1940withCaptainJamesCook,theBritishexplorerwho“discovered”NewZealand.NewZealandbecameaself-governingnationin1947－yetin1976,morethan20yearslater,itwasstillproudofitsassociationwithBritain.QueenElizabethIIdisplacedCookonallbanknotes,alongsidenativeplantsandbirds.Bythelate20thcentury,however,NewZealandhadbeguntothinkofitselfasadiverseandindependentnation.In1991,fiveyearsafterwinningfulllegalindependencefromBritain,NewZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders－includingwomen’svotingrightsleaderKateShepperd,mountaineerSirEdmundHillary,MaoripoliticalandculturalleaderSirApiranaNgata,andNobelPrize-winningphysicistErnestRutherford－whostillgracethebanknotestoday.13．WhydidU.S.Congressbantheportraitofanylivingpersononthecurrency?A．Tosolveacrime. B．Toissueafive-centnote.C．Tohonorapastpresident. D．Tostoppubliccontroversy.14．WhatdothefacesonthecurrencyofAmericaandthatofNewZealandhaveincommon?A．Theyaredeterminedbythepublic.B．Theyincludetheportraitsofoutstandingfigures.C．Theysymbolizetheindependenceofthecountries.D．Theyarecloselyassociatedwithlocalenvironment.15．WhatcanweinferfromtheevolvingofNewZealand’scurrency?A．Historiansaffecteditgreatly.B．Theprocessofitwascomplicated.C．NewZealandusedtobeadiversenation.D．Thebanknotedesignexperiencedlotsoftests.16．WhosefaceisonthecurrencyofNewZealand?A．ErnestRutherford. B．MaoriKingTawhaio.C．QueenElizabethII. D．CaptainJamesCook.【答案】13．D14．B15．B16．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了美国和新西兰两国货币上肖像的演变过程。13．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In1866,controversyeruptedwhentheU.STreasuryissuedafive-centnotebearingtheportraitofSpencerClark…andBenjaminFranklingracingitsbanknotes（1866年，美国财政部发行了一张印有斯宾塞·克拉克和本杰明·富兰克林肖像的5美分纸币，引发了争议）”及第三段“Followingpublicoutcry,CongresspassedalawonApril7,1866…（在公众的强烈抗议下，国会于1866年4月7日通过了一项法律……）”可知，是由于公众的抗议才出台了这样的法律。故选D项。14．细节理解题。根据第四段“Inthemodernera,thecountrycelebratedpastpresidentsandFoundingFathersonitscurrency－withportraitsofGeorgeWashington…..（在现代，美国在其货币上印有乔治·华盛顿的肖像，以纪念历任总统和开国元勋）”和第七段“NewZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders－includingwomen’svotingrightsleaderKateShepperd…andNobelPrize-winningphysicistErnestRutherford（新西兰将女王头像从20美元纸币上全部移除，取而代之的是杰出的新西兰人，包括妇女投票权领袖凯特·谢泼德……和诺贝尔奖得主欧内斯特·卢瑟福）”可知，两国的货币都包含有杰出人物的肖像画。故选B项。15．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“TheearliestseriesboreaportraitofMaoriKingTawhaio,whoseimagewasreplacedin1940withCaptainJamesCook,theBritishexplorerwho“discovered”NewZealand.（最早的系列是毛利国王塔瓦约的肖像，1940年，他的肖像被“发现”新西兰的英国探险家詹姆斯·库克船长(CaptainJamesCook)取代。）”和文章第六段“QueenElizabethIIdisplacedCookonallbanknotes,alongsidenativeplantsandbirds.（伊丽莎白女王二世在所有纸币上取代了库克，还有当地的植物和鸟类。）”以及文章最后一段“NewZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders－includingwomen’svotingrightsleaderKateShepperd（新西兰将女王头像从20美元纸币上全部移除，取而代之的是杰出的新西兰人，包括妇女投票权领袖凯特·谢泼德）”可知，新西兰货币的演变过程是复杂的。故选B项。16．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的最后一句“ZealandremovedtheQueenfromallbutits$20billandreplacedherwithremarkableNewZealanders…andNobelPrize-winningphysicistErnestRutherford－whostillgracethebanknotestoday（新西兰将女王头像从20美元纸币上全部移除，取而代之的是一些杰出的新西兰人，包括妇女投票权领袖凯特·谢珀德、登山家埃德蒙·希拉里爵士、毛利人政治文化领袖阿皮拉纳·恩塔爵士，以及诺贝尔奖得主欧内斯特·卢瑟福，这些人至今仍在钞票上显灵）”可知，诺贝尔奖获得者物理学家埃米斯特·卢瑟福仍然在今天的货币上。故选A项。OnJuly31,1697,aFrenchlawyernamedJacquesSennacqueswroteamessagetoremindacousinintheNetherlandstosendhimarelative’sdeathcertificate.Topreventothersfromreadingthemessage,thenotewascarefullyfolded,or“letterlocked.”Thetechniquewasusedbeforetheinventionofenvelopes.However,forreasonsunknown,thenoteneverreachedtherecipientandwasinsteadstoredinapostmaster’strunk,whereitremainedundetectedforcenturies.Now,ateamofinternationalresearchershasdeciphered(破译)thecontentsoftheover300-year-oldsealedletter—withoutopeningit!Thechainofeventsleadingtothistechnologybeganin2015whenMITexpertJanaDambrogiogotacallfromDanielStarzaSmith,aresearcheratKing’sCollegeLondon.“Heaskedme,‘WhatwouldyoudoifItoldyoutherewasatrunkwith600unopenedletters?’”Thetrunkhadoncebelongedto17th-centurypostmasterSimondeBrienne.Historiansbelievethepostofficestoredtheundeliveredletters.That’sbecause,inthe17thcentury,itwastherecipient,notthesender,whoborethepostagecost.WhenBriennediedin1707,hedonatedthetrunkofletterstoanorphanage.Somehow,thetrunkeventuallymadeitswaytothepostalmuseum,whereitlayuntilrecently.Sinceopeningtheletterswoulddestroythem,Dambrogioandherteamdecidedtodeveloptechnologytounsealthemvirtually.Theybeganbyusingahigh-resolutionX-rayscannertocreateadetailedthree-dimensionalimageofasealedletter.Whilethewritinginsideshowedupveryclearly,thenumerouslayersoffoldedpaperpressedclosetogethercausedthewordstooverlap(重叠).Tosolvetheissue,theresearcherscreatedsophisticatedalgorithm(算法)capableofdecipheringthewritinginthecleverlyfoldedletter,creasebycrease.Thevirtualopeningallowedtheteamtoreadthecontents“whilepreservingletterlockingevidence.”Thealgorithmtookalmostfiveyearstoperfect.Onceperfected,theyusedittoopenfourlockedlettersandfullydecode(解码)theonefromSennacques.17．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A．Quiteafewpeoplecouldwriteletters. B．Envelopeswerenotinventedin1697.C．JacquesSennacqueswasapostmaster. D．Researcherscouldn’tfigureouttheletter.18．Whydidthepostofficestoretheundeliveredletters?A．Togetpaid. B．Tofindthesenders.C．Tosavethecost. D．Toscantheletters.19．Wecanconcludethatthefoldedletters________.A．werebadlydamaged B．werealldecodedC．remainedveryfresh D．wereveryfragile20．HowdidtheresearchersdecodetheletterfromSennacques?A．Physically. B．Chemically. C．Occasionally. D．Digitally.【答案】17．B18．A19．D20．D【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究人员借助高清扫描仪，使用虚拟算法，在不拆开原信的情况下，破译了300多年前保存完好的密信的内容。17．细节理解题。根据第一段前两句“OnJuly31,1697,aFrenchlawyernamedJacquesSennacqueswroteamessagetoremindacousinintheNetherlandstosendhimarelative’sdeathcertificate.Topreventothersfromreadingthemessage,thenotewascarefullyfolded,or“letterlocked.”(1697年7月31日，法国律师JacquesSennacques写了一条信息，提醒他在荷兰的一位表亲给他寄一份亲戚的死亡证明。为了防止别人看信，纸条被小心地折叠起来，或者说“锁住信”)”和第三句“Thetechniquewasusedbeforetheinventionofenvelopes.(这种技术在信封发明之前就已经使用了)”可知，在1697年信封还没有发明。故选B。18．细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“That’sbecause,inthe17thcentury,itwastherecipient,notthesender,whoborethepostagecost.(这是因为，在17世纪，承担邮费的是收件人，而不是寄件人)”可知，因为要得到邮资，所以邮局保存那些没有送出去的信。故选A。19．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Sinceopeningtheletterswoulddestroythem,Dambrogioandherteamdecidedtodeveloptechnologytounsealthemvirtually.(由于打开这些信件会毁掉它们，丹布罗乔和她的团队决定开发技术来虚拟地打开它们)”可知，这些折叠起来的信非常脆弱。故选D。20．细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句中的“Thevirtualopeningallowedtheteamtoreadthecontents(虚拟打开允许团队阅读这些内容)”可知，研究人员使用虚拟算法（数码方法）破译了密信的内容。故选D。WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,lowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.21．WhatwasacauseofthewaterfowlpopulationdeclineinNorthAmerica?A．Lossofwetlands. B．Popularityofwatersports.C．Pollutionofrivers. D．Arrivalofotherwildanimals.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?A．Acquire. B．Export.C．Destroy. D．Distribute.23．WhatisadirectresultoftheActpassedin1934?A．Thestamppricehasgonedown. B．Themigratorybirdshaveflownaway.C．Thehuntershavestoppedhunting. D．Thegovernmenthascollectedmoney.24．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStory B．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowl D．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【答案】21．A22．C23．D24．A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。21．细节理解题。根据第一段“Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。22．词义猜测题。根据前一句“NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.”可知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A.Acquire获得；B.Export出口；C.Destroy破坏；D.Distribute分配。故选C。23．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。24．主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。Bearsdoit.Batsdoit.EvenEuropeanhedgehogsdoit.Andnowitturnsoutthatearlyhumanbeingsmayalsohavebeenatit.Theyhibernated-sleptthroughwinter,accordingtofossilexperts.Evidencefromthebonesfoundatoneoftheworld'smostimportantfossilsitessuggeststhatourprimitiveancestorsmayhavedealtwithextremecoldhundredsofthousandsofyearsagobyhibernating.TheconclusionisbasedonexcavationsinacavecalledSimadelosHueso—thepit(坑)ofbones—atAtapuerca,innorthernSpain.Thefossilsdatebackmorethan400,000yearsandwereprobablyfromearlyNeanderthalsortheirancestors.InapaperpublishedinthejournalL'Anthropologie,Juan-LuisArsuagaandAntonisBartsiokasarguethatthefossilsfoundthereshowseasonalvariationsthatsuggestthatbonegrowthwasinterruptedforseveralmonthsofeachyear.Thepatternoflesions(病变)foundinthehumanbonesattheSimacaveareconsistentwiththatfoundinbonesofhibernatingmammals,includingcavebears."Astrategyofhibernationwouldhavebeentheonlysolutionforthemtosurvivehavingtospendmonthsinacaveduetothechillyconditions,"theauthorsstate.Theyexamineseveraloppositearguments.ModernInuitandSamipeople—althoughlivinginequallyharsh,coldconditions—donothibernate.SowhydidthepeopleintheSimacavedoit?Theanswer,sayArsuagaandBartsiokas,isthatfattyfishandreindeerfatprovideInuitandSamipeoplewithfoodduringwinterandsoprecludetheneedforthemtohibernate.Incontrast,theareaaroundtheSimasitehalfamillionyearsagowouldnothaveprovidedanythinglikeenoughfood.25．Whyarebearsandbatstakenasanexample?A．Toarousereaders'curiosityabouttheanimals'fossils.B．Toleadtothesimilaritybetweenearlyhumansandthem.C．Tomaketheconclusionofthefossilexpertsreasonable.D．Toproveourprimitiveancestorshibernated.26．WhatdoweknowaboutthepeopleintheSimacave?A．Theirbonepatternwassimilartothatofcavebears.B．TheylivedinamorefreezingareathanSamipeople.C．Theymighthavehibernatedtoavoidthecold.D．Theirlifewasthreatenedbyothermammalsinwinter.27．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart"precludetheneed"meaninthelastparagraph?A．It'sunsuitable. B．It'shelpful.C．It'simportant. D．It'sunnecessary.28．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．HibernatingtoSurviveWinter B．AdaptingtoSeasonalChangeC．DisturbancetoBoneGrowthinWinter D．FishandFattoHelpLive【答案】25．B26．C27．D28．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项考古学家的研究发现——远古的人类可