成人学位英语课文(Texts)six~ten

UnitSixCultureAndMedia文化与传媒Itiseasytothinkofexamplesofculturebutdifficulttodefinetheterm.TheBritishmusicianandartistBrianEnohadatry,suggestingthat“Cultureiswhatwedon’thavetodo”.Wecanexplainhisdefinitionbyconsideringhowmuchcultureisapartofthesmallestdetailsofourlives:wehavetoeat,butwedon’thavetoeatriceasJapanesesushiorSpanishPaella;wehavetowalk,butwedon’thavetodanceCowboylinedancesorViennesewaltzes.Whateverwedon’tstrictlyhavetodo,fromfoodtofashiontofurniture,becomespartofourindividualcultures.文化这个词，给它举例容易，但给它下定义却不容易。英国音乐家和艺术家布莱恩伊诺认为：“所谓文化是我们没必要刻意去做些什么”。我们可以这样来解释他的定义：文化是我们生活的最小的细节，我们必须吃，但不一定吃米饭（不必像日本人必须吃寿司及西班牙人必吃海鲜饭一样）：我们必须走路，但不一定要跳舞；即使跳舞也未必都跳牛仔系列舞蹈或维也纳圆舞曲。无论我们随意做什么，从食品到服装再到家具，都是我们个人文化的一部分。Cultureoftenresultsfromaproblem-solvingactivity.WhentheIndianpeasantwomanpreparesherfood,thedrieddungofcowsservesasfuel.Itisaneasilyavailablefuelsourceinacountrylackingextensiveforestsorcoalandoildeposits.Suchfuelswould,inanycase,betooexpensive.Andbecausedriedcowdungburnsslowlyandevenlyatalowtemperature,thewomancanleavethecookingfireunattendedandgotoworkinthefieldwhiletheeveningmealslowlysimmers.文化来源于解决问题的活动。印度的农妇准备食物时，干牛粪是她的燃料。对于缺乏丰富的森林、煤炭和石油资源的国家来说，干牛粪是一种容易获得的燃料。在如何情况下这种燃料也过于昂贵。而且因为干牛粪燃烧缓慢，低温均匀，女人可以离开炉火到田里干活，任由晚餐慢慢煨熟。InChina,wherecoalhasbeentheprincipalcookingfuelforcenturies,adifferentcuisinehasemerged.Coalproducesextremelyhighheatforashortperiodoftime.Dishescookedusingcoalideallyfeaturefoodscutintosmallpiecesandquicklystir-fried.Foodcultureshaveemergednotjustfromtheingredientsavailablelocally,butalsothetoolsandmethodsavailabletopreparethem.在中国，煤炭一直是几个世纪以来烹饪各种美食的主要燃料。煤炭在很短的时间内能产生非常高的热量。用煤来煮菜最好是把食物切成细小块并迅速翻炒。饮食文化不仅来自在当地现有的材料中，而且还来自炒菜工具和备菜的方法中。Althoughmanyofthereasonsforthedevelopmentoftheseculturefoodpracticesarechanging,peoplestillrelyonpartsofthem.HomechefsinIndiaandChinaarebothincreasinglylikelytousemicrowaveovenstoheatuppre-madefoodsbutstillfavorcurriesanddicedvegetablesandmeatrespectively.尽管这些饮食文化的发展有很多原因，实际情况一直在变化，但人们对其中部分饮食文化仍有依赖。印度和中国的家庭厨师使用微波炉来加热预制食品的情况频率越来越高，但仍分别青睐于咖喱、蔬菜丁和肉类。Shiftsintraditionalcultureareinfluencedbytechnology,aswellasthemedia.Mediaincludesnotjusttraditionalnewssourcessuchasnewspapers,magazines,radioandtelevision,butalsomovies,whichoftendepictculturesinpositiveandsometimesnegativeways.Inwhateverform,mediaincreasinglyinformsandshapesopinionaroundtheworldandworksinseveralwaystospreadcultures,todestroythemandtopreservethem.传统文化的迁徙既受技术影响，也受媒体的影响。媒体不仅仅包括诸如报纸，杂志，广播和电视等传统的新闻来源，还包括电影。电影以积极或有时以消极的方式体现文化。无论以什么形式，媒体提供的信息越来越多地改变人的观念，并同时用几种方式传播文化、破坏文化和保存文化。Themoststrikingexampleofmediaspreadingculturehasbeenintheinternationaladoptionofrockandrollmusic.Althoughrecordproducershavetriedtomakemoneybysellingadvertisingalongsidemusicvideos,therealimpacthasbeenagrassrootsmovementamongyoungpeoplewhohaveheardnewsoundsthattheyrelatetoandhaveadopted.Oftenthisvirus---likeadoptionofrockandrollmusichadbeenmoderatedandredefined,suchasoftenincorporatingtraditionalinstrumentstoaccompanytheusualguitarsanddrums.媒体传播文化的最显著的例子要数摇滚乐在世界的流行。虽然唱片制作人试图通过销售音乐视频广告来赚钱，真正的影响却是在年轻人当中形成了草根运动，这些年轻人喜欢听并播放与他们有关的音乐。通常现在播放的摇滚乐的节奏已经缓和且优雅了，还经常结合传统乐器吉他和鼓的伴奏。However,suchpan-culturalphenomenaruntheriskofmarginalizingtraditionalmusicalarts.Itonlytakesagenerationortwoforamusicaltraditiontodisappearifolderpractitionersdiebeforepassingontheirskillstotheyoung.Whenanewculturalphenomenonmovesinanddominates,itcansuppressanexistingculture.不过，这种泛文化现象存在着传统音乐艺术边缘化的危险。如果老医生死亡之前没把他们的技能传给青年人，他们的技术就会在一两代人中消失，传统音乐的命运也是如此。当一个新的文化现象出现并占主导地位时，它可以抑制现有的文化。Butmediacanalsohaveanoppositerole,helpingtopreserveculture.Bydocumentingdecliningculturalpracticessuchasvariousartformsinfilmandprint,mediahasnotonlypreservedtheseculturalpractices,butalsohelpedtopopularizeanddevelopthem.OneexampleofthisisthespreadofAsianmartialarts,throughmovies.但是，媒体也有相反的作用，它有助于保护文化。面临消亡的文化行为通过各种艺术形式如电影和各种印刷品得以作为档案保存。媒体不仅保存了这些文化行为，而且有助于普及和发展这些文化。其中的一个例子就是通过电影传播的亚洲武术。MartialartshavebeenpracticedinChinaandtherestofAsiaforthousandsofyears.Inthepastcenturyorso,theyhadlimitedimpactinternationally,mostlythroughtravelingmartialartsmasterswhowouldsometimesdemonstratetheirabilitiesintouringshows.However,withtheadventofcinema,moviestarssuchasBruceLee,JackieChanandJetLeebegantomakemartialartspopularamongcountlessyoungviewers.ThroughsuchmoviespeoplewereexposedtomartialartsaswellasotherthingsAsianstartedspread.Today,interestinmartialartscontinuesandalmostanyactionmovieyoumightseeislikelytofeatureatleastonemartialartssequence.武术已经在中国和亚洲的其他国家流行了几千年。在过去的一个世纪左右，他们在国际的影响有限，有时一些武术大师主要通过巡回演出形式来展示他们的能力。然而，随着电影的出现，像李小龙，成龙，李连杰等电影明星开始使武术在无数的年轻观众中受到欢迎。人们通过这些电影亲眼看到了武术，不知自己如何才能习得如此本领。对武术以及亚洲其它事物的兴趣迅速传播开来，今天，武术的兴趣仍在继续，几乎所有的你可能会看到动作片很可能至少展示一个武术序列特征。AsforeignersinfluencedbymoviescometoAsiatolearnaboutmartialarts,theyoftenpickupotherculturalideasandcustomsaswellandreturnhomewiththem,oftenadaptingthemtotheirowncircumstancesandtastes.Inthisway,mediahasultimatelyhelpedculturenotjusttospread,butalsotoevolveintonewandinterestingform.受电影影响来亚洲学习武术的外国人，他们除了学习武术还经常学习其他文化观念和习俗，并把这些文化观念和习俗带回家，常常使它们适应自己的情况和口味。这样，媒体最终不仅让文化得到了传播，而且还使文化变成新的和有趣的形式。NewWordsdetail//n细节，具体情况individual//adj.个别的，单独的，个人的dung//n.家畜粪便fuel//n.燃料deposit//n.堆积物，沉淀物；存款；定金v.放置；存储；使沉积unattended//adj.无人照顾的，未被注意的simmer//vt.慢煮，煨，炖cuisine//n.烹饪法，菜肴，菜系emerge//vi.呈现，浮现，暴露，形成stir-fried//adj.用旺火煸的，用旺火炒的ingredient//n.配料，配方；成分，因素chef//n.主厨，厨师长curry//n.咖喱，咖喱粉dice//v.把食物切成方块，切成丁respectively//adv.各自地，分别地shift//v.n.变化，移动，移位；轮班depict//v.描述，描写preserve//v.保护，保留adoption//n.采用；收养alongside//prep.在……旁边，与……并排grassroots//n.基层，基层群众；基础virus//n.病毒moderate//adj.适度的，适中的，合理的incorporate//v.合并，结合accompany//v.陪伴，伴随，与……同时发生pan-cultural//adj.泛文化的phenomena//n.(pl.)现象phenomenon(sing.)marginalize//v.使处于社会边缘；忽视，排斥dominate//v.支配，占优势suppress//v.压制，抑制；禁止document//n.文件，公文v.记录，记载（详情）decline//v.倾斜，衰退popularize//v.宣传，推广，普及martial//adj.战争的；尚武的martialartsn.(pl.)武术demonstrate//v.示范，证明，论证advent//n.（尤指不寻常的人或事）出现，到来feature//v.以……为特色；起重要作用；（在电影中）使成为主要节目sequence//n.顺序，次序；一系列，一连串；一组镜头PhrasesandExpressionsthinkof想起，有……的看法resultfrom由……产生inanycase无论如何cutinto切成，分成incorporate…to…结合；纳入runtheriskof冒……的险passon…to传递withtheadventof随着……的出现beexposedto遭受，暴露于pickup（自然而然地）学会（语言、技能等）adapt(oneself)to使……适应（新情况）；改编，改写evolveinto慢慢形成注释：BrianEno布莱恩*埃诺，英国现代著名音乐家，情景音乐大师。作为伟大的革新派流行音乐家，埃诺以其在1978年左右推出的MusicforFilm等专辑创造了Ambient（氛围音乐）。在轻轻律动的电子乐演奏中，埃诺取消了传统乐曲中的主线式发展结构，使一种复杂的音乐听起来只是一种简单的音乐背景。Sushi寿司（日本米食）：包在海藻里的凉的煮熟小米饼，上面抹醋，顶上盖有或四周包有生鱼片或熟鱼片、鸡蛋或蔬菜。Paella西班牙式什锦蒸饭：一种用米、蔬菜、肉、鸡以及海味等多种混合物蒸出来的什锦饭。Cowboylinedances牛仔排排舞：一种有群体精神的现代舞蹈，有着强劲节拍的音乐和动作轻松的舞步。Viennesswaltzes维也纳华尔兹。华尔兹舞：一种首拍强的三拍舞蹈。ExercisesⅠ.ReadingComprehensionDirections:Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationinthetext.WhatiscultureaccordingtoParagraph1?Culturecanbedefinedas“whatwedon’thavetodo”.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoprovebyusingexamplesofcookingfuelinIndiaandChina?Cultureoftenresultsfromaproblem-solvingactivity.Whatcausestheshiftoftraditionalculture?Shiftsintraditionalcultureareofteninfluencedbytechnology,aswellasmedia.Inhowmanywaysdoesmediainfluenceculture?Giveanexampleforeach.Mediaspreadcultures,todestroythemandpreservethem.Mediaspreadsculture.Example:theinternationaladoptionofrockandrollmusic.Mediadestroyculture.---whenoldpractitionersdiebeforepassingontheirskillstotheyoung.---whenanewdominantculturecomesinandsuppressestheexistingculture.Mediapreserveculture.---bydocumentingdecliningculturesinfilmorprint,i.e.martialarts.Whatisthe“pan-cultural”phenomenon?Aphenomenonthatincludesallcultures.Ⅱ.VocabularyDirections:Fillintheblankswiththewordsorphrasesgivenbelow,changetheformwherenecessary.emergerespectivelyincorporatemoderateshiftdominatepopularizedemonstrateadventruntheriskofexposeadapt(oneself)featureshiftpickupSoapoperashavehelpedinloweringBrazil’sbirthratebecausetheypopularizebirthcontrolmeasures.Withoutproperlessons,youcouldpickupalotofbadhabitswhenplayingthepiano.TheadventofInternettechnologyhastransformedthewaypeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Aftertherain,thesunemergedfrombehindtheclouds.Assoonasspacemenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtotheradiationfromthesunbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.Specialistsininterculturalstudiessaythatitisnoteasytoadapt(oneself)tolivingindifferentcultures.Makinginvestment,insomesense,isallaboutrunningtheriskoflosingthemoney.Publicattitudestowardsmarriagehaveshiftedoverthepast50years.WomeninSaudiArabiatendtobeunderthedominationoftheirhusbandsoncetheygetmarried.Awomanistreatedassimplepossessionofherhusband.Inthejobinterview,youmustbeabletodemonstratethatyouarethebestcandidatefortheposition.Ⅲ.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromthetextintoChinese.Itiseasytothinkofexamplesofculturebutdifficulttodefinetheterm.文化这个词，给它举例不难，但给它下定义却不容易。Inwhateverform,mediaincreasinglyinformsandshapesopinionaroundtheworldandworksinseveralwaystospreadcultures,todestroythemandtopreservethem.无论是哪种形式，媒体提供的信息越来越多地改变着世人的观念，并同时以几种方式传播文化、毁灭文化和保存文化。Themoststrikingexampleofmediaspreadingculturehasbeenintheinternationaladoptionofrockandrollmusic.媒体传播文化的最显著的例子要数摇滚乐在全世界的流行。Bydocumentingdecliningculturalpracticessuchasvariousartformsinfilmandprint,mediahasnotonlypreservedtheseculturalpractices,butalsohelpedtopopularizeanddevelopthem.面临消灭的文化行为通过各种艺术形式如电影和各种印刷品得以作为档案保存。媒体不仅保存了这些文化行为，而且有助于普及和发展这些文化。Throughsuchmoviespeoplewereexposedtomartialartsandwonderedhowtheymightlearnsimilarskills.AninterestinmartialartsaswellasotherthingsAsianstartedspread.人们通过电影亲眼看到了武术，不知自己如何才能习得如此本领。对武术以及亚洲其他事物的兴趣迅速传播开来。Ⅳ.WritingDirection:WithaB.S.degree,youareplanningtohavefurthereducation.Pleasewriteanapplicationlettertoapplyfortheadmissiontoamasterprograminbusinessadministrationandmanagement.Entrancedateisspring,2009orfall,2009.Box123,EastUniversity100PeaceRd.,NanningGuangxi,530000,P.R.CAugust24,2008SchoolofGraduateStudiesQueen’sUniversityKinstonOntarioCanadaN8B2P3DearSir/Madam,MynameisLiMing.IgraduatedfromtheCommercialCollege,EastUniversityin2001andobtainedaB.S.degree.Sincethen,Ihavebeenworkinginthisuniversityasateacher.Withaviewtogetsomeadvancedstudies,ItooktheexamofTOEFLin2007andgotascoreof620.Now,IamwritingtoyoutoapplyfortheadmissiontopursuetheMaster’sdegreeinBusinessAdministrationandManagementinyouruniversity.Myintendeddateofentranceisspring,2009orfall,2009.Iamalsoapplyingforascholarshiporanassistantshipwhichwillenablemetogotoyouruniversitysooner.Ishouldgreatlyappreciateitifyouwouldmailthenecessaryapplicationmaterialtomeasearlyaspossible.Yourssincerely,LiMingUnitSevenHowCanTheGovernmentHelpPeopleProtectTheirHealth?政府如何能帮助人们保护他们的健康？Mostoftheillhealthwesuffercouldbepreventedifpeoplemademoreefforttochangetheirlifestyles.Insteadmanypeoplecontinuetosmoke,todrinkexcessivelyandtoeatunbalanceddiets.Howcangovernmentshelppeopleprotecttheirhealthandavoidprematuredeath?我们所患的大多数疾病都是可以预防的假如人们付出更多的努力去改变生活方式，相反的是许多人继续抽烟，过量饮酒和吃不平衡的膳食。政府如何能帮助人们保护他们的健康和避免过早死亡？Well,manyofthemeasureswhichneedtobetakenareprimarilyamatterofnewlegislationandneednotbeexpensive.Oneofthefirstpreventivehealthmeasuresshouldbeanincreaseintaxesontobaccotothepointatwhichconsumptionfallsoff.Theaimshouldbetoraisethesameamountofrevenuefromadecreasingnumberofpeople.Intheshorttermsuchapolicycouldevenraiseextramoneywhichshouldthenbespentonsubsidizingsportsothatadvertisingtobaccothroughsportssponsorshipcouldbebanned.在需要采取的许多措施中首先的是新的立法问题以及这些措施的费用要低。第一批的预防措施之一是应该增加对烟草的征税，征税幅度的提高要达到烟草消费量的下降的幅度，其目的应该是从减少的消费人数中征收到同样的税收。从短期来看，实行这样的政策甚至能征收到额外的税收，所征收来的税收应用于资助体育运动，这样就可以禁止以体育赞助为名做烟草广告。Legislationisbadlyneededtobanalladvertisingoftobaccoproductsasitpersuadespeopletosmokemoreandsoisinalargepartresponsiblefortheillhealthandthousandsofprematuredeathscausedbycancerofthelung.Othermeasuresshouldbeenforced,suchasamuchtougherhealthwarningoncigarettepackets,andtobaccocompaniesshouldbemadetocontributetoresearchintoacureforlungcancer.政府非常需要立法来禁止所有刊登烟草产品的广告，因为这些广告劝说人们更多地去吸烟，因此要为人们的不健康和成千上万人因肺癌而过早死亡承担大部分的责任。政府也要强制实行其它的措施，比如更为严格要求在香烟包装上标明健康警告。Alcoholismcouldbepreventedbymakingwines,spiritsandstrongbeersmoreexpensiveandtherevenueraisedcouldbeusedtosetupclinicstohelpthepeoplewhoalreadyhaveadrinkproblemandwanttogiveup.Similarlyalladvertisingofalcoholshouldbebannedandcompensationpaidtofamiliesofalcoholicswhodieofcirrhosisoftheliver.预防酒精中毒可通过使酿制葡萄酒，烈性酒和度数高的啤酒的成本增加，所征收的税收可用于建立诊所来帮助那些已有酗酒问题和想要戒酒的人们。同样地政府应该禁止所有的酒类广告，把补偿金支付给有家人因酗酒而死于肝硬化的家庭。InGreatBritainthenationaldietwasrecentlyblamedbytheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansasamajorcauseofheartdisease.Itmayalsobeacauseofbreastandbowelcancer.However,areportpublishedbytheDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecuritydoesnotagreewiththefindings.InfacttheUnitedKingdomseemstostandaloneamongsome14developedcountriesastheonlyonewhoseDepartmentofHealthdoesnotrecognizetheimportanceofanimalfatsindietasacauseofheartdisease.TheDHSSshouldnowreassessitspositionandtaketheadviceofabroaderspectrumofexperts.最近在英国皇家医师协会将心脏病发生的主要原因归咎于国民的饮食。这可能也是导致乳腺癌和肠癌发生的原因。然而，健康和社会安全部发布的一份报告并不认同这样的结果。事实上，英国似乎采取与其它的14个发达国家不同的态度，是唯一的一个国家健康部门不承认动物脂肪是导致心脏病发作的重要原因。健康和社会安全部现在应该再评估其立场并接受来自更广泛范围专家的意见。Acountry’sfoodandagriculturalpolicyshouldalsobebasedonacoherenthealthpolicy.Forpoliticalreasonsitisconsideredimportanttohavearelativelycheapsupplyofeggs,cheeseandmilk,theveryfoodswhichareblamedasthecauseofheartdiseasewheneateninexcess.Andevenifitisdisputedthatexcessanimalfatisharmfultohealth,foodscouldbelabeledwiththeaveragepercentageofdifferentfatssothatconsumerswhowantedtoreducetheirsaturatedfatintakewouldbeabletodosoeasily.Foodlabelsshouldclearlystatethesugarcontentofthefood,sinceexcesssugarinthedietisthemajorcauseofdentaldecayandtoothlossandmayalsobeafactorinheartdisease.ThegovernmentinBritainhasputmostofitsresourcesintobackingfluoridationinsteadoffinancinghealthwarningonsweetsandsweetfoods.MoreseveremeasuressuchasrestrictionsonTVadvertisingofsweetstochildrencouldalsobeenforced.一个国家的食物与农业政策也应该以相应的健康政策为基础。出于政治原因，供应价格相对便宜的蛋类、乳酪和牛奶很重要。而正是这些食物，有人怪罪说，如果吃得过多，就会引发心脏病即使大家对过量摄入动物脂肪是否会对健康有害争论不休，食品上也应该表明各种脂肪的平均百分数，一边是那些想降低饱和脂肪摄入量的消费者可以容易地达到目的。食物上的标签明确说明该食物中糖的含量，因为饮食中过多的糖是导致龋齿及牙齿缺损的主要原因。也可能是引发心脏病的一个因素。英国政府把大部分资金不是用于资助做糖果和甜食有害健康的告诫宣传，而是投入到加强氟化物的研究中去。还可以推行一些更为严厉的措施，如限制在电视上向儿童做糖果广告。Muchmorecouldbedonetoimprovepeople’sdietinBritainandeveryoneshouldbeencouragedtoeatthetypesoffoodwhicharegoodforhealth.Currentresearchonthenutritionalvalueoffoodsshouldbefreelyavailableandthegovernmentshouldcontroltheadvertisingof“rubbish”food.AprogramofhealtheducationandlessonsonsensibleeatingcouldbestartedintheschoolswiththeGovernment’sbacking.在英国政府可以采取更多的措施去改善人们的饮食结构，应该鼓励每一个人去吃对健康有益的食物种类应该免费提供食物营养价值的最新研究成果，应该限制“垃圾”食品的广告宣传。政府可资助在学校开设合理饮食方面健康教育的课程。Finally,thegovernmentshouldinvestinthenation’shealthbyfundingmoreclinicsforhealthscreening;theearlydetectionofdiseasecouldsavemanylivesandeventuallywouldprovelesscostlythentheprovisionofhospitalbeads,drugs,doctor’sservices,etc.,whichbecomenecessaryifthediseaseisnotcaughtatanearlystage.Governmentsshouldcertainlyrethinktheirpolicytowardspeople’shealthandemphasisshouldbeputuponpreventionratherthancure.最后，政府应该在国民健康方面的进行投资，其方式可通过拨款建立更多的诊所进行健康筛查疾病的早期发现可以挽救许多人的生命，这最终将会证明能减少费用以及病床，药物的提供和医生的服务等等，假如不能早期发现疾病，这些就变得十分的必需。政府必须反思其制定的国民健康政策，重点应放在预防而不是治疗。NewWordsexcessive//adj.过多的；过分的，极度的legislation//n.立法consumption//n.消耗量，消费量；消耗，消费revenue//n.收入总额；（国家的）收入，税收advertise//vt.为……做广告；大肆宣扬ban//vt.禁止；取缔cancer//n.癌lung//n.肺spirit//n.酒精compensation//n.补偿（金），赔偿（物）cirrhosis//n.肝硬化liver//n.肝breast//n.乳房；胸脯bowel//n.肠security//n.安全finding//n.发现（物）；调查（或研究）的结果kingdom//n.王国；领域，界spectrum//n.范围；谱，光谱，波谱coherent//adj.连贯的，首尾一致的excess//n.超越，超过；过度，过剩，过量adj.过量的，额外的saturate//vt.使饱和intake//n.吸入，纳入（量）dental//adj.牙齿的，牙科的back//v.支持；（使）后退，（使）倒退backing//n.支持fluoridation//n.加氟作用nutritional//adj.营养的detection//n.察觉，发觉；侦察，探测provision//n.供应；准备，预备；条款，规定PhrasesandExpressionsmakeanefforttodo做出……的努力amatterof………的事，……的问题falloff下降，跌落；减少intheshortterm从短期观点来看inalargepart在很大程度上takeadvice接受意见putemphasison…把重点放在……，着重于ProperNamestheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians（英国）皇家医学院theDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity(DHSS)（英国）卫生与社会保险部ExercisesⅠ.ReadingComprehensionDirections:Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationinthetext.Howmanyaimscanbeachievedbyincreasingtaxesontobacco?Whatarethey?Fouraims.Theyare:1)toreducetheamountoftobaccoconsumed;2)todecreasethenumberofpeoplewhosmoke;3)toraisethesameamountofrevenue;4)tostopadvertisingtobaccothroughsportssponsorship.Whyislegislationbadlyneededtobanalladvertisingoftobaccoproducts?Becauseitpersuadespeopletosmokemoreandsoisinalargepartresponsiblefortheillhealthandthousandsofprematuredeathscausedbycancerofthelungs.HowdoesthegovernmentinBritainhelppeopleprotecttheirhealth?Byfinancing(funding)fluoridation.Whyshouldgovernmentsputmoreemphasisonpreventionthanoncure?Becausetheearlydetectionofdiseasecouldsavemanylives,andeventuallywouldsavealotofmoney.Howcanthegovernmenthelppeopleprotecttheirhealthandavoidprematuredeath?First,newlegislationshouldbeenacted.Second,acountry’sfoodandagriculturalpolicyshouldbemadeonthebasisofaconsistenthealthpolicy.Third,governmentsshouldputmoreemphasisonpreventionthanoncure.Ⅱ.VocabularyDirections:Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow,changetheformwherenecessary.kingdomlegislationcancerlungtakeadvicefindingprovisionbreastdieofintheshorttermeffortamatterofsecurityfalloffdetectionThecommitteereporteditsfindingsafterathoroughinvestigation.Theprovisionswetookwithustocampincludedmeat,bread,milk,sugarandfruit.Theoldmandiedofcancer.Intheshorttermweexpecttolosemoneyontheproductbutinalongtermwehopetomakelargeprofits.Thiscreaturehasthelargesteyesinthewholeanimalkingdom.Skatingisjustamatterofpractice.Jenniemadeagreatefforttoforcehermindtootherquestions.Myfamily’shealthandsecurityareofthegreatestimportancetome.legislationIsthedutyofacongress.Youhavetwolungsinyourchest,andwhenyoubreathein,youfillthemwithair.Ⅲ.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingpassagefromthetextintoChinese.Acountry’sfoodandagriculturalpolicyshouldalsobebasedonacoherenthealthpolicy.Forpoliticalreasonsitisconsideredimportanttohavearelativelycheapsupplyofeggs,cheeseandmilk,theveryfoodswhichareblamedasthecauseofheartdiseasewheneateninexcess.Andevenifitisdisputedthatexcessanimalfatisharmfultohealth,foodscouldbelabeledwiththeaveragepercentageofdifferentfatssothatconsumerswhowantedtoreducetheirsaturatedfatintakewouldbeabletodosoeasily.Foodlabelsshouldclearlystatethesugarcontentofthefood,sinceexcesssugarinthedietisthemajorcauseofdentaldecayandtoothlossandmayalsobeafactorinheartdisease.ThegovernmentinBritainhasputmostofitsresourcesintobackingfluoridationinsteadoffinancinghealthwarningonsweetsandsweetfoods.MoreseveremeasuressuchasrestrictionsonTVadvertisingofsweetstochildrencouldalsobeenforced.一个国家的食物与农业政策也应以相应的健康政策为基础。出于政治原因，供应价格相对便宜的蛋类、乳酪和牛奶很重要，而正是这些食物，有人怪罪说，如果吃得过多，就会引发心脏病。即使大家对过量摄入动物脂肪是否会对健康有害这个话题争论不休，食品上也应该标明各种脂肪的平均百分数，以便使那些降低饱和脂肪摄入量的消费者可以容易地达到目的。食物上的标签应明确说明该食物中糖的含量，因为饮食中过多的糖是导致龋齿及牙齿缺损的主要原因，也可能是引发心脏病的一个因素。英国政府把大部分资金不是用于资助做糖果和甜食有害健康的告诫宣传，而是投入到加强氟化物的研究中去。还可以推行一些更为严厉的措施，如限制在电视上向儿童做糖果广告。Ⅳ.Writing记叙文是英语写作中最基本的文体形式。通过记叙和描写的方法来写人或记事，可分为人物记叙文和事件记叙文。人物记叙文只有表现出鲜明的人物性格，文章的主题才能得到生动的体现。人物记叙文中的人物主要通过描写来突显其性格，有外貌描写、行为描写、心理描写、对话描写等，我们可以根据文章主题的需要来选择使用。人物的行为最具体、最直接地反映了人物的思想性格、感情等方面的特征。以人物描写为主的记叙文，在刻画人物性格时，也往往通过对人物行为的描写来表现：Inschool,Lucyisagoodpupil.Shedoeswellineverysubject.Sheisquiet,diligent(勤奋),andabigsistertothestudentsoflowergrades.Sheistheprotectorofthelittleones.Shewillnotletanyonebully(欺负)them.Sheisfriendlytoeveryoneandalwaysreadytohelpothers.Shelikessports,butshealwaysfinishesherlessonsfirst.I’mhappythatIhavesuchagoodfriend.这一片断通过对Lucy学习努力、成绩优秀、关心他人、乐于助人等作了简要的描述，表现出Lucy的高尚品格。写人物记叙文，既要有归纳性的句子，也要有具体事例。Exercise:Writeacompositiononthefollowingtopic:ASpecialFriendIHaveASpecialFriendIHaveIhavealotoffriends.Amongthem,Lucyisquiteaspecialgirl.IwasattractedbyhercharacterwhenIfirstmethertwoyearsago.Eventodaysheisstillsospecialandinterestinginmyeyes.Sheisnottall,butverylovely.Shelikestellingjokes,whichmakesuslaughalot.Lucyisverysmart,too.Shecanalwayscomeupwithsomeideaswhenwehaveproblems.Meanwhile,sheneverlaughsatpeopleorenviesanyone.Ihaven’tseensuchanopen-mindedgirllikeheranywherebefore.What’smore,Lucyisanactivegirlandisinterestedineverything.Sheisfondoftryingnewfood,movies,activitiesetc.TimeisalwaysexcitingwhenLucyispresent.IfeelveryluckytohaveLucy,souniqueagirl,asmyfriend.Likeme,peoplecannothelplikingher.SheisreallyagiftofGod.UnitEightHonesty:IsItGoingOutOfStyle?诚实：难道它正在变得不合时宜？Accordingtoarecentpoll,61percentofAmericanhighschoolstudentshaveadmittedtocheatingonexamsatleastonce.Itcanbearguedsucharesponsemaynotmeanmuch.Afterall,moststudentshavebeenfacedwiththetemptationtopeekataneighbor’stestpaper.Andstudentscanbehardonthemselvesinjudgingsuchbehavior.However,thereareotherindicationsthathighschoolcheatingmaybeontherise.根据最近的一次民意测验，61%的美国中学生承认曾在考试中至少作过一次弊。人们可以争论说，这样一种回答也许没有多大意义。毕竟，大多数学生都曾受到过偷看邻座考卷的诱惑。而学生们在评论这类行为时有时对自己过于苛求。不过，还有别的一些迹象也表明，中学时的作弊想象可能是在上升。Moreandmorestatesarerequiringstudentstopasscompetencytestsinordertoreceivetheirhighschooldiplomas.Andmanyeducatorsfearthatanincreaseintheuseofstateexamswillleadtoacorrespondingriseincheating.AcaseinpointisstudentsinNewYorkStatewhofacedcriminalmisdemeanorchargesforpossessingandsellingadvancecopiesofstateRegentsexaminations.越来越多的州要求学生通过测试以取得中学毕业文凭。很多教育学家担心，更多地利用州级考试将会导致作弊的相应增加。一个明显的例子就是纽约州的一些学生，他们因拥有并出售州教育董事会的考卷样本而受到刑事犯罪指控。Cheatingisnowconsideredtobeamajorproblemincollegesanduniversities.Severalprofessorssaythey’vedroppedthetraditionaltermpaperrequirementbecausemanystudentsbuyprewrittentermpapers,andtheycan’ttrackdownallthecheatersanymore.现在作弊也被看作是大学的一大问题了。一些教授说他们已经放弃了传统的学期论文这一要求，因为很多学生买来预先写好的各种学期论文，教授们再也查不出作弊者了。Collegesanduniversitiesacrossthenationhavedecidedtodomorethantalkabouttheriseinstudentcheating.Forinstance,theDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofMarylandlaunchedacampaigntostoponeformofcheating.As409studentsfiledoutoftheirexam,theyfoundallbutoneexitblocked.ProctorsaskedeachstudenttoproduceanIDcardwithanattachedphoto.Studentswhosaidthey’dlefttheirsinthedormorathomehadamugshottaken.Thepurposeofthecampaignwastocatch“ringers,”studentswhotaketestsforotherstudents.全国各地的大学已决定采取措施，而不是一味谈论学生作弊的上升。例如，马里兰大学心理系就开展了一场制止某种作弊形式的运动。当409名学生考完后鱼贯离开教室时，他们发现除了一个出口外，所有的出口都堵住了。监考人员要求每个学生出示帖有照片的身份证。那些说把身份证留在宿舍或家中的学生都拍了面部照。这一运动的目的是捉拿“冒名顶替者”，即帮别人代考的学生。ThemajorityofstudentsattheUniversityofMarylandapplaudedthecampaign.Thecampusnewspapereditorialsaid,“Likepolicearrestingspeeders,theintentisnottocatcheveryonebutrathertocatchenoughtospreadtheword.”马里兰大学的大多数学生都鼓掌欢迎这一运动。校刊社论说：“就像警察逮捕违法超速驾驶者一样，这一运动的目的并不是要捉拿所有的人，而是抓住足够的作弊者以便把信息传开去。”Wefrequentlyhearabout“thegoodolddays,”whenAmericanswerebetter,happier,andmorehonest.Butweretheymorehonest?Maybeyes,alongtimeagowhenlifewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.我们经常听人谈起“美好的往日”，说是那里的美国人比现在好，比现在幸福，也比现在诚实。但他们真的更诚实吗？也许他们确实更诚实，在很久以前，因为那时的生活跟今天的生活大不相同。SchoolchildrenusedtoknowthestoryofhowAbrahamLincolnwalkedfivemilestoreturnapennyhe’doverchargedacustomer.It’sthekindofstorywethinkofasmyth.ButinthecaseofLincoln,thestoryistrue,unlikethestoryofGeorg