英语语法 课件 5 现在完成体和非限定动词

现在完成体和非限定动词KP1现在完成体的特殊用法1.动作在过去完成，表示“经验”或“经历”。汉语常用“过”来表示，这时常与never,

ever,twice,threetimes…等表示频度的时间状语连用，如：“HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?”“Yes，(IhavebeentoBeijing)twice.”2.用于时间或条件状语从句中，表示将来某个动作发生之前业已完成的动作，如：I’llgotoseethefilmassoonasIhavefinishedmyhomework。我一做完作业就去看电影。其中做完作业的动作要在看电影动作之前完成。Noparking现在完成体的应用场景（when)及所搭配的时间状语是怎样的（how）？JasperWhiteisoneofthoserarepeoplewhobelieveinancientmyths.Hehasjustboughtanewhouseinthecity,buteversincehemovedin,hehashadtroublewithcarsandtheirowners.Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Becauseofthis,hehasnotbeenabletogethisowncarintohisgarageevenonce.Jasperhasputup‘NoParking’signsoutsidehisgate,butthesehavenothadanyeffect.Nowhehasputanuglystoneheadoverthegate.ItisoneoftheugliestfacesIhaveeverseen.IaskedhimwhatitwasandhetoldmethatitwasMedusa,theGorgon.Jasperhopesthatshewillturncarsandtheirownerstostone.Butnoneofthemhasbeenturnedtostoneyet！Noparking现在完成体的应用场景（when)及所搭配的时间状语是怎样的（how）？JasperWhiteisoneofthoserarepeoplewhobelieveinancientmyths.Hehas

just

boughtanewhouseinthecity,buteversincehemovedin,hehashadtroublewithcarsandtheirowners.Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Becauseofthis,hehasnotbeenabletogethisowncarintohisgarageevenonce.Jasperhasputup‘NoParking’signsoutsidehisgate,butthesehavenothadanyeffect.Nowhehasputanuglystoneheadoverthegate.ItisoneoftheugliestfacesIhaveeverseen.IaskedhimwhatitwasandhetoldmethatitwasMedusa,theGorgon.Jasperhopesthatshewillturncarsandtheirownerstostone.Butnoneofthemhasbeenturnedtostoneyet

！1.不确定的时间状语:already,(not…)yet,just,before,recently,lately2.表示频度的时间状语:ever,never,twice,threetimes3.包括现在时间在内的时间状语:since+时间点或从句，for+时间段，inthepast...days(weeks,months,years…),sofar,uptonow/bynow,bytheendofthisyear/thismonth…today,thisweek(month,year…),thesedays(weeks,months,years...)现在完成体的时间状语Correctthestory(修改故事)AnexcitingtripIjustreceivedaletterfrommybrother,Tim.HeisinAustralia.Hehadbeenthereforsixmonths.Timisanengineer.HeisworkingforabigfirmandhealreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.HejustboughtanAustraliancarandhasgonetoAliceSprings,asmalltowninthecenterofAustralia.HewillsoonvisitDarwin.Fromthere,hewillflytoPerth.Mybrotherwasneverabroadbefore,soheisfindingthistripveryexciting.AnexcitingtripIhavejustreceivedaletterfrommybrother,Tim.HeisinAustralia.Hehasbeenthereforsixmonths.Timisanengineer.HeisworkingforabigfirmandhehasalreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.HehasjustboughtanAustraliancarandhasgonetoAliceSprings,asmalltowninthecenterofAustralia.HewillsoonvisitDarwin.Fromthere,hewillflytoPerth.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore,sohewillfindthistripveryexciting.case

study案例分析1WhileexploringtheancientruinsinIndia,Iaccidentallysteppedonaprotectedarea,notrealizingitwasarestrictedzone.ThelocalguidehaspointedoutthatI’vejustviolatedapreservationlaw.I’velearnedthatI’vebeenfinedformymistake,whichhasbeenaharshlessoninrespectinglocalcustoms.Thankfully,theguidehaskindlyexplainedtheimportanceoftheseregulationstome,andI’veapologizedprofuselytotheauthorities.ThisincidenthastaughtmetoalwaysbemorecautiousandtoresearchtherulesoftheplacesIvisit.I’vealsomadeamentalnotetoaskmorequestionsinthefuturetoavoidsuchincidents.case

study案例分析2Wejustreturnedfromathrillingadventuretothemountains.We’vehikingupsteeptrails,andalthoughwe’vefelttired,theviewsfromthetopwerewortheverystep.Wewerecampingunderthestars,whichwasanewexperienceforus,anditwasmagicaltoseesomanystarsintheclearnightsky.We’vealsotriedourhandatfishinginthecrystal-clearmountainstreams,andsurprisingly,wecatchsomebeautifultrout.Thistriphasbeenfullofsurprisesandfun,andwe’vemadememoriesthatwehavecherishedforever.请修改段落中出现的错误时态并说明原因。任务世界各地都有不文明的旅游现象，有的破坏当地的雕塑、有的乱扔垃圾、有的破坏当地生态环境、有的随地吐痰。这些行为影响市容市貌，屡禁不止。请结合实际，撰写一篇文章，谈谈自己的看法，注意正确时态的运用。关键词:uncivilized，littering，spitting，scribbling

非限定动词一般式完成体主动态doinghaving

done被动态being

donehaving

been

doneCompare

HisjobisteachingEnglish.HeisteachingEnglishnow.I

noticed

a

man

crossing

the

road.I

noticed

a

man

cross

the

road.I

hate

telling

lies.泛指一般的行为I

hate

to

tell

a

lie.特定的行为KP不定式的表达形式eg.Heseems_______________(recover).

Whenhecamein,Ihappened__________(lie)on

thebed，reading.toberecovering.

Haveyouanything_________(send)?

Haveyouanything________(send)?

tohaverecovered.不定式的进行体/完成体tobelyingtobesent不定式的被动式tosend不定式的主动式试比较注：不定式tosend的动作执行者是“你”;不定式tobesent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”。KP省略与非省略主语部分含doThe

only

thing

I

can

do

is

(to)

clear

up

this

mess.使役动词,感官类动词等变被动时

John

made

her

tell

him

everything.

She

was

made

to

tell

him

everything.He

was

seen

to

enter

the

building.We

can’t

stop

it

(from)

happening

here.

It

can’t

be

stopped

from

happening

here.KP某些形容词+to

do的歧义现象The

clothes

are

easy

to

wash.

the

clothes

wash

easily.

it

is

easy

to

wash

the

clothes.2.It’stimeforyou________(live)anewlife.3.It’seasyforme_______(do)that.4.It'snecessaryforyou_________(lock)thecarwhenyoudonotuseit.

5.Itwassillyofus__________(believe)him.6.Itseemedselfishofhimnot________(give)themanything.

1.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutes________(finish)thejob.tofinishtolivetodotolocktobelievetogive“It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth.”句型常用于表示事物的特征，用于此句型的形容词（easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough等）一般表示客观事实。

“It‘s+adj.+ofsb.todosth.”句型常用于表示人物的性格，品德，用于此句型的形容词（kind,nice,right,good,stupid,clever,silly,foolish,selfish,rude,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate）一般表示主观看法。

句型中for与of的选用方法：

(1)It‘sveryhard

forhimtostudytwolanguages.—Heishard.（不通顺，则用for）(2)It’sveryniceofyoutohelpme.—Youarenice.（通顺，用of）

KP

to

do做主语时的两种句型区别eg.______________(finish)thetest,webeganourholidayHavingfinished-ing分词的完成主动式

_________________

(give)moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Havingbeengiven/GivenThisisthebuilding__________(build)now.

beingbuilt-ing分词的一般被动式试比较

Thisisthebuilding______(build)lastyear.built-ed分词

Thisisthebuilding__________(build)nextyeartobebuilt不定式的一般被动式-ing分词的完成被动式/过去分词KP分词的表达形式Thetest_________(finish),webeganourholiday.Weather__________(permit),wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.

finishedpermitting独立主格结构，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”，在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在独立主格结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，即它独立存在时，就要使用独立主格结构，且独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。上面两句还可转换成状语从句。条件合适时，甚至还可转换为分词短语。=Afterthetesthadbeenfinished,webeganourholiday.

=Havingfinishedthetest,webeganourholiday.

=Ifweatherpermits,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.用独立主格结构完成句子（可转换成状语从句或分词短语）1.________________（工作完成后）,wewenthome.

2.______________________（会议结束后),everyonewenthome.3.____________________(由于没有公交车),theyhadtowalkbackhome.

ThejobdoneThemeetingbeingoverTherebeingnobusesWhenthejobwasdone

Havingdonethejob

Whenthemeetingwasover

AstherewerenobusesKP独立主格其它形式的独立主格结构eg.

1.Hestoodthere,(with)hishandsraised/rising.汉译：2.Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.汉译：3.Agirlrushedinwithabookinherhand.汉译：4.Hesleepswiththewindowsopeneveninwinter.汉译：5.Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.

汉译：他举着双手站在那里。

他没有熄灯就睡着了。

一位姑娘手里拿着一本书冲了进来。

他即使在冬天也开着窗户睡觉。

他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

表示伴随时，既可用分词的独立主格结构，也可用with的复合结构:with+名词(代词)+分词/介词短语/形容词。

1.Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback.

A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tying

D.tied2.Withoutaword______,shelefttheworld.

A.leaving

B.left

C.toleave

D.tobeleft

B

3.Hecameoutofthelibrary,(with)alargebook_____hisarm.

A.in

B.at

C.under

D.on

C

DKP做宾补的分词--have

sth.

doneWe

had

the

problem

solved.

有意的行为“致使”She

had

her

leg

broken

in

an

accident.

无意的行为，“遭受”I

have

no

money

left.

“有”KP悬垂分词分词结构在句中找不到逻辑主语

Barking

furiously,

I

led

the

dog

out

of

the

room.Barking

furiously,

the

dog

was

led

out

of

the

room.可接受性（在不引起歧义或语义混乱的情况下）

When

driving

carelessly,

it

is

easy

to

have

an

accident.eg.

Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.

从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.

总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。分词作插入语时，其结构是固定的，主要有如下这些插入语：

generallyspeaking一般说来

talkingof(speakingof)说道

strictlyspeaking严格的说

judgingfrom从…判断

allthingsconsidered从整体来看

takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看来KP分词的特殊用法---插入语KP非限定动词用法比较1---做修饰语Thereisnothingtoworryabout（动宾，主谓，同位等关系）Walking

stick.

(表用途）He

rushed

into

the

burning

house.(表进行）The

child

sitting

over

there

is

my

son.(后置修饰语，类似关系分句）Fallen

leaves

(表完成）The

girl

killed

last

night

is

only

16..(后置修饰语，类似关系分句）试比较Thisisthebuildingbeingbuiltnow.

Thisisthebuildingbuiltlastyear.

Thisisthebuildingtobebuiltnextyear.同时发生之前之后KP非限定动词用法比较2---做主语Climbingmountainsisinteresting．（一般性）

It’sveryinterestingtoClimbthemountainwithyouthisafternoon．（具体）-ed分词不做主语KP非限定动词用法比较3---做宾语Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.同一个动词后加-ing分词或不定式的意义可能不一样-ed分词不做宾语试比较：Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.

Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.

Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.Be

afraid

to

do主观上不敢；be

afraid

of

doing客观上害怕，习惯性KP非限定动词用法比较4---做主补WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.（表将来，具体）Ourworkisservingthepeople.（表抽象，一般性）Students

will

get

confused

if

they

are

made

to

learn

too

much.KP非限定动词用法比较5---做宾补作宾补时，经常用于使役动词和感官动词之后。IoftenheardhimsingEnglishsongs.（不定式，表完成，重结果）

Listen!CanyouhearhimsingingEnglishsongs?（-ing分词，表进行，重过程）

IoftenheardtheEnglishsongsunghere.（-ed分词,表被动）KP非限定动词用法比较6---做状语Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan．分词作状语常表时间，原因，条件或伴随

Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan．不定式做状语常表目的或结果He

cleaned

the

chair

for

Lily

to

sit

on.(表目的，带逻辑主语）Given

more

attention,

the

trees

could

have

grown

better.KP非限定动词用法比较7---各自的逻辑主语不定式的逻辑主语为：for/of+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。

Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone．Itwaswiseofhimtodothat．分词的逻辑主语为：①属格；②独立主格Tominsistedonmy

goingwiththem．Hedislikeshiswife’s

workinglate．