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新概念语法精粹

GuidetoNewConceptEnglishGrammar

(二册初级班)

第一章英语动词时态

(Tenses)

英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关,攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态,

而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。

英语各种时态构成表:以play为例:

一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态

现在playishashas

playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplaying

are

过去playedwashadplayedhadbeenplaying

wereplaying

将来shallshallshallshall

willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying

过去shouldshouldshouldshould

将来wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayedwouldhavebeenplaying

一、一般现在时:

1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。

(1)直接加“s",works,takes

(2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”,再加“es”

carry-*carries

(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”

goesdresseswatchesbrushes

2.功能:

(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作:

eg:►.Birdsfly.

►.Shelovesmusic.

A.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.

(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,occasionally,

frequently等时间副词连用。

eg:►.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.

A.Shewritestomeveryoften.

►.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicnicoccasionally.

(3)|表客观真理,格言警句或事实:

►.Theearthmovesroundthesun.

►.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.

►.Twoandtwomakesfour.

►.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤,孰能无过。

(4)|表将来:

A.在由when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenif,incase,till,until,unless,

solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。

(黄金重点,所有考试都不放过它!)

例如:►.I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.

►.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,Filmeetyou.

►.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不错的句型,背下!!)

►.Tilberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)

B.按时间表示将要发生的动作或事面,用一般现在时|表达将来时|概念。

►.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.

A.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?

►.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.

A.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthemorning.

(按照时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。)

测试精编

1.TheBrownsanicecarandBrown'sbrotheranicejeep.

A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have

2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?

A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is

3.-youthinkhewillcome?-Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.

A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.Do/willrainD.Are/willrain

4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.

A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved

5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema

A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go

二.现在进行时:is/am/are+现在分词

1.表示随I正在进行的动作。如

►.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?

►.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingonweight(体重增加)。

►.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.

2.表|现阶段|正进行的动作。

►.Heistakingphysicsthissemester(本学期)。

►.Wearepreparingfbrourfinalexaminationthisweek.

3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。

►.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!车来了!

►.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.

►.AliceisleavingfbrBeijingwithhermother.

4.与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情色彩:赞赏或厌恶。

►.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他总是想着别人。)

►.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。)

►.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老师一直在批评她迟到。)

5.|下面衣下状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。

(此条戒律请背10遍!!!)

believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),see(看见),hear(听见),know(知道),understand(理解),belong

(属于),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得),look(看起来),seem(看上去),show(显示),mind

(介意),have(有),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),require(要求),possess(拥有),care(关心),like

(喜欢),hate(讨厌),love(喜爱),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)

【简单记忆】:

•永远不要说I'mbelieving…或Heisseeingahouse.再简单一点说,这些动词后面不要随意加-ing.

•可怕的是:我们在写作及口语中,常犯此类大错!

•注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时,因为这里have意为“举行";think意为“考虑工

测试精编:

1.HowcanyouIfyouarenot?

A.listening/hearingB.hear/listening

C.belistening/heardD.behearing/listeningto

2.Thegirlevenwon*thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.

A.willfinishB.isfinishing

C.hadfinishedD.finishes

3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(职位)intheoffice.(此题超前)

A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing

C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing

4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.

A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing

C.wishesD.hasbeenwished

5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.

A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping

C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill

三.一般过去时。定义动词的过去式:

1.表示过去某个唇定时间I或某匾丽I发生的动作或情况。

►.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.

►.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.

►.Chinawasfoundedin1949.

2.在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。(参)

►.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.

►.Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.

►.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.

3.一般过去时,现在时和过去时的几组差异:(别以为这很简单,下面的差异你不一定明白。)

•Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)

•Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)

•ThafsallIhadtosay.(话已说完)

・That'sallIhavetosay.(言之未尽)

•Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时用)

■Itissonicetoseeyou.(见面时用)

•Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(已是当天下午或晚上)

•Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[本句现在完成时,此乃后话!]

测试精编I:(用所给动词的正确进态填空)。

1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.

2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)atthebackthismorning.

3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.

4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.

测试精编II:

I.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.

A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue

C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue

2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyofhungerandcold.(without

在这里表条件,你知道吗?)

A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied

3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.

A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves

4.Whenallthosepresent(到场者)hebeganhislecture.(重点题)

A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated

5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.ButinfactInot.

A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad

四.过去进行时:were/was+现在分词。

1.表示|过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。

►.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.

A.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.

►.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.

2.用于条件状语从句中表示|过去将来进行的动作。

►.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.

►.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.

3.过去某时将发生的事。可参考一2(4)

►.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingfbrNewYork.

►.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.

测试精编:

1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.

A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding

C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding

2.Hehislegsasheinafootballmatch.

A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying

C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played

3.-Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.-Ithoughtthathetoday.

A.wascomingB.iscoming

C.willcomeD.comes

4.Jackwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.

A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome

5.Michikecouldn*tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecausesheinthelab.

A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking

C.wasworkingD.worked

五.现在完成时:have/has+过去分词

1.友示|过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果常与yet,just,before,recently,lately(最近),ever,

never等,表时间的副词搭配使用。

•Hehasn'tseenherlately.

•Ihaven*tfinishedthebookyet.

2.表示|一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动刊,常与表示|一段时间的时间状语连用.

如:sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),in

thepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(目前)...

►.Hehasworkedherefor15years.

►.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.

A.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.

►.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.

3.某些非延续性动词(即:动作开始便终止的动词),在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。

黄金要点:

L常见的非延续动词:die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse(拒绝),fail(失败),

finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),buy,borrow,lend...(背三遍!)

II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常山for引导的时间状语。

III.但若是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。

•Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(误

•Shehasbeenawayforamonth(IE)

•Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(误)

•Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(正)

•Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(误)

•Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)

4.注意since的用法:

►.Theyhaven'thadanytroublesincetheycamehere.

►.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemetlasttime.

A.Hehasbeenheresince1980.

►.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.

5.几组对比:

HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了<,

HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。

Shehasgone,她已走了。

Sheisgone.她缺席了。(or她死了。)

Thedoorhasbeenclosed.门关上了。(动作)

Thedoorisclosed,fJ是关着的。(状态)

测试精编:

1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.

A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping

2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.

A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen

3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.

A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto

C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto

4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.

A.hadn'tB.haven'tC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad

5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionandscience.

A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound

六.现在完成进行时:have/has+been+现在分词

1.表示从过去某时开始发生,|一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作|。(最好将此定义读5遍)

►.Fvebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.

►.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years.(runafter:追求)

2.表某种感情色彩。

►.I'vebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.

►.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.

释惑要点:现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比:

现在完成时强调“结果”,而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。

►.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了这一点。)

►.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想这一点。)

►.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已将门油漆过了。)

►.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆门。)

测试精编:

1.They_ussincefiveo'clockthismorning.

A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelping

C.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped

2.1thebookthewholeday,yetIhavenftfinishedit.

A.havebeenreadingB.haveread

C.amreadingD.hadbeenreading

3.Pleasecomein.Weaboutyourpaper.

A.talkB.hadbeentalking

C.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked

4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum.

A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhausted

C.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually

5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.

A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining

用所给动词正确时态填空。

1.Youshouldgotobed.You(watch)TVfor5hours.

2.1(write)letterssincebreakfast.

3.1(write)3letterssincebreakfast.

4.Sorry,butMr.Smith(leave)fbrBeijing.

5.1(look)fbrhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?

七.过去完成时:had+过去分词

1.表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。

•TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.

•TheplayhadbegunbefbreIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.

2.过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。(此乃超级重点句型,

意为:“一……就”)

•Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.

•Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.

(注意nosooner在句首时句型倒装。)

3.intend(打算),mean(意味),hope(希望),want(想要),plan(计划)等动词的过去完成时用来表示

本打算做而没有做的事。

•Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.

(...原想昨天去看你....)

•Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecausethebadweather.

(……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……)

测试精编:

1.-Lefshurry!Thepresidentiscoming.-Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.

A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim

C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim

2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.

A.wasleavingB.wouldleave

C.hadleftD.left

3.1mykeys,Ican*trememberwhereIlastsawthem.

A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost

4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.

A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegone

C.hadgoneD.wouldbegone

5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.

A.havebeenB.are

C.hadbeenD.were

八.一般将来时:shall/will+动词原形

1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

•Hewillgraduatefromthecollegenextyear.

•Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.

2.将来时的其它结构:(务必背下!)

I.begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。(美国口语中常读作begonna)

•I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.

[begoingto与will的对比:下列情况须用will]

•Filbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.

•Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow.

•Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.

I.be+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。

•AmItotakeoverhiswork?

•Wearetomeetatthegate.

III.beabouttodosth.即将做某事。

•Thetalkisabouttobegin.

3.重点补充:

heonthepointofdoingsth.iE要做某事

setouttodosth.着手做某事

setaboutdoingsth.开始做某事

测试精编:

1.-"Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.”

-HButadelay."

A.itwillbeB.there*dbe

C.therewillbeD.thereis

2.HellleavefbrParisbeforeyounextweek.

A.willcomebackB.willbeback

C.comebackD.cameback

3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.

A.hasbeenheldB.willhold

C.istobeheldD.isholding

4.Whereawill,thereisaway.

A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere

C.thereisD.therehasbeen

5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.

A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto

九.过去将来时:should/would+动词原形

1.表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。

•Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.

2.此用法常用于间接引语中。

测试精编:

1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.

A.isarrivingB.willarrive

C.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive

2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.

A.willbeB.wouldbe

C.wereD.are

3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.

A.iscomingB.wascoming

C.cameD.hadcame

4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.

A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuilt

C.arebuiltD.werebuilt

十.过去完成进行时:hadbeen+现在分词

表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。

•ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.

比较:

►.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.

A.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.

测试精编:

1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.

A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained

2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.

A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenliving

C.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving

3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.

A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning

C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning

4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.

A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking

C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked

5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtotheenemyfbralongtime.

A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling

H—・将来进行时:shall/willbe+现在分词

1.表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作:

►.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?

K比较

►.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.(说明意图)

►.Tomwon*tbecuttingthegrass.(无意图、仅陈述事实)

2.用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用•般将来时更显礼貌。

►.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?

3.将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。

►.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.

►.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.

十二.过去将来进行时:should/wouldbe+现在分词

表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。

►.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.

测试精编:

1.Tomorrow,Ithebookallmorning.

A.amreadingB.willbereading

C.willreadD.haveread

2.-"Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?"-”No,themanageraboutsomethingurgent."

A.IseeB.I'llhaveseen

C.IllbeseeingD.Icansee

3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplelongenoughtoseeitreturninthe

twenty-firstcentury?

A.willtheyliveB.theywillbeliving

C.willliveD.living

4.HetoldusthathevisitingJapanbythistimenextyear.

A.willbeB.wouldbe

C.wasD.is

5.Itwhenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.

A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows

十三.将来完成时:shall/willhave+过去分词

表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。

►.Theywillhavebeenherefbr5yearsnextFriday.

►.Bytheendofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.

十四.过去将来完成时:would/shouldhave+过去分词

表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。

Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.

十五.将来完成进行时:shall/willhavebeen+现在分词

表示某一动作将继续到将来某时,且该动作此时尚未发生。

►.WeshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhenTomarrives.

►.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.

[注:此句型过于复杂,人们很少运用,了解而已。]

单项自测题(综合训练)

1.Simplephotographiclensescan'tsharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.

A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form

2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheonethemost.

A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmers

C.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit

3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich.

A.isastormmovingB.astormismoving

C.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm

4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,outofemergencyheadquartersinMississippi,setuptemporary

sheltersforthehomeless.

A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating

5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen.

A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleast

C.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless

6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,intheshadowoftheMoon.

A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlying

C.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth

7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationofdarkness,.

A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlight

C.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight

8.Thewallflowerbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrongcliffsforsupport.

A.socalledisB.soiscalled

C.issocalledD.calledisso

9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodemliving,inallpartsoftheworld.

A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcolleges

B.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

C.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

D.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies

10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension.

A.elementsfromgroupliving

B.elementsofanormalgrouplife

C.livingareagroupofelements

D.arenormalelementsofgrouplife

第二章名词

(Nouns)

(一)名词变复数:

1.规则名词复数形式:

在单数名词后加"s"dayfdaysweek-weeks

2.在以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加“es”。

herofheroesboxfboxesclassfclasses

bushfbusheswatch->watches

3.黄金重点:

I.有些以。结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。

II.以元音字母加。结尾的单词只加“S”。(不认识的单词,请你查词典,懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。)

piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano

教你一招☆

如果以O结尾的名词有生命力,则该词汇一般加・es。

hero,tomato,potato,Negro(黑人)[简记:黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]

4.以辅音加y结尾的名词变v为i再加“es”

familyfamiliescity-*cities

5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”

key-*keysboy—boysplayfplaystoyftoys

6.以f、fb结尾的名词,变f/fe为v加eSo

calffcalvesknifefknives

ft当心当心:

I.下列名词直接加“s”。(请大声朗读三遍,然后背下。注意读音!)

roof(房顶),reef(暗礁),chief(首领),cliff(悬崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮),belief(信仰),gulf

(港湾),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保险箱),sheriff(长官),tariff*(关税)

II.scarf(头巾),wharf(码头),staff(全体职员),handkerchief(手帕)和hoof(蹄)既可直接加“s",

又可变f为v加es.

(二)不规则名词复数形式:

1.foot—feetmouse-*micegoose—geesechildchildrenox->oxenlouse—lice

woman-womenman-*men

2.单复数同形:

sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,

barracks(兵营)bellows(风箱)kennels(狗窝)

3.一些英语外来词的复数形式:

crisis->crises危机

analysis-*analyses分析

oasis—oases绿洲

parenthesis-*parentheses括号

axis->axes轴心

ellipsisfellipses日蚀

hypothesis-*hypotheses假定

synopsis-*synopses内容提要

erratumferrata勘误误表

addendum-*addenda补遗、附录

mediummedia媒体

(以上单词熟悉即可)

(三).复合名词复数形式:

1.中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数:

bookshelf->bookshelveshandful->handfuls

2.man和woman构成的复合名词,二者均变为复数。

manservant-^menservants

womanteacher-*womenteachers

3.中间有连字符的合成次,在

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