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新概念语法精粹
GuidetoNewConceptEnglishGrammar
(二册初级班)
第一章英语动词时态
(Tenses)
英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关,攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态,
而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。
英语各种时态构成表:以play为例:
一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态
现在playishashas
playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplaying
are
过去playedwashadplayedhadbeenplaying
wereplaying
将来shallshallshallshall
willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying
过去shouldshouldshouldshould
将来wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayedwouldhavebeenplaying
一、一般现在时:
1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。
(1)直接加“s",works,takes
(2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”,再加“es”
carry-*carries
(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goesdresseswatchesbrushes
2.功能:
(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作:
eg:►.Birdsfly.
►.Shelovesmusic.
A.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.
(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,occasionally,
frequently等时间副词连用。
eg:►.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.
A.Shewritestomeveryoften.
►.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicnicoccasionally.
(3)|表客观真理,格言警句或事实:
►.Theearthmovesroundthesun.
►.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.
►.Twoandtwomakesfour.
►.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤,孰能无过。
(4)|表将来:
A.在由when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenif,incase,till,until,unless,
solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。
(黄金重点,所有考试都不放过它!)
例如:►.I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.
►.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,Filmeetyou.
►.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不错的句型,背下!!)
►.Tilberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)
B.按时间表示将要发生的动作或事面,用一般现在时|表达将来时|概念。
►.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.
A.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?
►.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.
A.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthemorning.
(按照时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。)
测试精编
1.TheBrownsanicecarandBrown'sbrotheranicejeep.
A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have
2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?
A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is
3.-youthinkhewillcome?-Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.
A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.Do/willrainD.Are/willrain
4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.
A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved
5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema
A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go
二.现在进行时:is/am/are+现在分词
1.表示随I正在进行的动作。如
►.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?
►.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingonweight(体重增加)。
►.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.
2.表|现阶段|正进行的动作。
►.Heistakingphysicsthissemester(本学期)。
►.Wearepreparingfbrourfinalexaminationthisweek.
3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
►.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!车来了!
►.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.
►.AliceisleavingfbrBeijingwithhermother.
4.与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情色彩:赞赏或厌恶。
►.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他总是想着别人。)
►.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。)
►.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老师一直在批评她迟到。)
5.|下面衣下状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
(此条戒律请背10遍!!!)
believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),see(看见),hear(听见),know(知道),understand(理解),belong
(属于),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得),look(看起来),seem(看上去),show(显示),mind
(介意),have(有),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),require(要求),possess(拥有),care(关心),like
(喜欢),hate(讨厌),love(喜爱),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)
【简单记忆】:
•永远不要说I'mbelieving…或Heisseeingahouse.再简单一点说,这些动词后面不要随意加-ing.
•可怕的是:我们在写作及口语中,常犯此类大错!
•注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时,因为这里have意为“举行";think意为“考虑工
测试精编:
1.HowcanyouIfyouarenot?
A.listening/hearingB.hear/listening
C.belistening/heardD.behearing/listeningto
2.Thegirlevenwon*thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.
A.willfinishB.isfinishing
C.hadfinishedD.finishes
3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(职位)intheoffice.(此题超前)
A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing
C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing
4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.
A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing
C.wishesD.hasbeenwished
5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.
A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping
C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill
三.一般过去时。定义动词的过去式:
1.表示过去某个唇定时间I或某匾丽I发生的动作或情况。
►.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.
►.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.
►.Chinawasfoundedin1949.
2.在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。(参)
►.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.
►.Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.
►.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.
3.一般过去时,现在时和过去时的几组差异:(别以为这很简单,下面的差异你不一定明白。)
•Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)
•Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)
•ThafsallIhadtosay.(话已说完)
・That'sallIhavetosay.(言之未尽)
•Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时用)
■Itissonicetoseeyou.(见面时用)
•Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(已是当天下午或晚上)
•Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[本句现在完成时,此乃后话!]
测试精编I:(用所给动词的正确进态填空)。
1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.
2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)atthebackthismorning.
3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.
4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.
测试精编II:
I.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.
A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue
C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue
2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyofhungerandcold.(without
在这里表条件,你知道吗?)
A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied
3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.
A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves
4.Whenallthosepresent(到场者)hebeganhislecture.(重点题)
A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated
5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.ButinfactInot.
A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad
四.过去进行时:were/was+现在分词。
1.表示|过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
►.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.
A.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.
►.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.
2.用于条件状语从句中表示|过去将来进行的动作。
►.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.
►.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.
3.过去某时将发生的事。可参考一2(4)
►.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingfbrNewYork.
►.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.
测试精编:
1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.
A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding
C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding
2.Hehislegsasheinafootballmatch.
A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying
C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played
3.-Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.-Ithoughtthathetoday.
A.wascomingB.iscoming
C.willcomeD.comes
4.Jackwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.
A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome
5.Michikecouldn*tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecausesheinthelab.
A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking
C.wasworkingD.worked
五.现在完成时:have/has+过去分词
1.友示|过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果常与yet,just,before,recently,lately(最近),ever,
never等,表时间的副词搭配使用。
•Hehasn'tseenherlately.
•Ihaven*tfinishedthebookyet.
2.表示|一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动刊,常与表示|一段时间的时间状语连用.
如:sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),in
thepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(目前)...
►.Hehasworkedherefor15years.
►.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.
A.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.
►.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.
3.某些非延续性动词(即:动作开始便终止的动词),在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点:
L常见的非延续动词:die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse(拒绝),fail(失败),
finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),buy,borrow,lend...(背三遍!)
II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常山for引导的时间状语。
III.但若是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
•Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(误
•Shehasbeenawayforamonth(IE)
•Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(误)
•Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(正)
•Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(误)
•Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)
4.注意since的用法:
►.Theyhaven'thadanytroublesincetheycamehere.
►.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemetlasttime.
A.Hehasbeenheresince1980.
►.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.
5.几组对比:
HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了<,
HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。
Shehasgone,她已走了。
Sheisgone.她缺席了。(or她死了。)
Thedoorhasbeenclosed.门关上了。(动作)
Thedoorisclosed,fJ是关着的。(状态)
测试精编:
1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.
A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping
2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.
A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen
3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.
A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto
C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto
4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.
A.hadn'tB.haven'tC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad
5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionandscience.
A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound
六.现在完成进行时:have/has+been+现在分词
1.表示从过去某时开始发生,|一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作|。(最好将此定义读5遍)
►.Fvebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.
►.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years.(runafter:追求)
2.表某种感情色彩。
►.I'vebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.
►.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.
释惑要点:现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比:
现在完成时强调“结果”,而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
►.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了这一点。)
►.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想这一点。)
►.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已将门油漆过了。)
►.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆门。)
测试精编:
1.They_ussincefiveo'clockthismorning.
A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelping
C.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped
2.1thebookthewholeday,yetIhavenftfinishedit.
A.havebeenreadingB.haveread
C.amreadingD.hadbeenreading
3.Pleasecomein.Weaboutyourpaper.
A.talkB.hadbeentalking
C.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked
4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum.
A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhausted
C.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually
5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.
A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining
用所给动词正确时态填空。
1.Youshouldgotobed.You(watch)TVfor5hours.
2.1(write)letterssincebreakfast.
3.1(write)3letterssincebreakfast.
4.Sorry,butMr.Smith(leave)fbrBeijing.
5.1(look)fbrhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?
七.过去完成时:had+过去分词
1.表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。
•TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.
•TheplayhadbegunbefbreIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.
2.过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。(此乃超级重点句型,
意为:“一……就”)
•Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.
•Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.
(注意nosooner在句首时句型倒装。)
3.intend(打算),mean(意味),hope(希望),want(想要),plan(计划)等动词的过去完成时用来表示
本打算做而没有做的事。
•Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.
(...原想昨天去看你....)
•Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecausethebadweather.
(……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……)
测试精编:
1.-Lefshurry!Thepresidentiscoming.-Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.
A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim
C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim
2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.
A.wasleavingB.wouldleave
C.hadleftD.left
3.1mykeys,Ican*trememberwhereIlastsawthem.
A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost
4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.
A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegone
C.hadgoneD.wouldbegone
5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.
A.havebeenB.are
C.hadbeenD.were
八.一般将来时:shall/will+动词原形
1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
•Hewillgraduatefromthecollegenextyear.
•Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.
2.将来时的其它结构:(务必背下!)
I.begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。(美国口语中常读作begonna)
•I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.
[begoingto与will的对比:下列情况须用will]
•Filbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.
•Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow.
•Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.
I.be+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
•AmItotakeoverhiswork?
•Wearetomeetatthegate.
III.beabouttodosth.即将做某事。
•Thetalkisabouttobegin.
3.重点补充:
heonthepointofdoingsth.iE要做某事
setouttodosth.着手做某事
setaboutdoingsth.开始做某事
测试精编:
1.-"Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.”
-HButadelay."
A.itwillbeB.there*dbe
C.therewillbeD.thereis
2.HellleavefbrParisbeforeyounextweek.
A.willcomebackB.willbeback
C.comebackD.cameback
3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.
A.hasbeenheldB.willhold
C.istobeheldD.isholding
4.Whereawill,thereisaway.
A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere
C.thereisD.therehasbeen
5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.
A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto
九.过去将来时:should/would+动词原形
1.表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
•Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.
2.此用法常用于间接引语中。
测试精编:
1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.
A.isarrivingB.willarrive
C.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive
2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.
A.willbeB.wouldbe
C.wereD.are
3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.
A.iscomingB.wascoming
C.cameD.hadcame
4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.
A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuilt
C.arebuiltD.werebuilt
十.过去完成进行时:hadbeen+现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
•ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.
比较:
►.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.
A.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.
测试精编:
1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.
A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained
2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.
A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenliving
C.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving
3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.
A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning
C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning
4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.
A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking
C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked
5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtotheenemyfbralongtime.
A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling
H—・将来进行时:shall/willbe+现在分词
1.表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作:
►.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?
K比较
►.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.(说明意图)
►.Tomwon*tbecuttingthegrass.(无意图、仅陈述事实)
2.用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用•般将来时更显礼貌。
►.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?
3.将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。
►.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.
►.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.
十二.过去将来进行时:should/wouldbe+现在分词
表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
►.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.
测试精编:
1.Tomorrow,Ithebookallmorning.
A.amreadingB.willbereading
C.willreadD.haveread
2.-"Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?"-”No,themanageraboutsomethingurgent."
A.IseeB.I'llhaveseen
C.IllbeseeingD.Icansee
3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplelongenoughtoseeitreturninthe
twenty-firstcentury?
A.willtheyliveB.theywillbeliving
C.willliveD.living
4.HetoldusthathevisitingJapanbythistimenextyear.
A.willbeB.wouldbe
C.wasD.is
5.Itwhenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.
A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows
十三.将来完成时:shall/willhave+过去分词
表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
►.Theywillhavebeenherefbr5yearsnextFriday.
►.Bytheendofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.
十四.过去将来完成时:would/shouldhave+过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.
十五.将来完成进行时:shall/willhavebeen+现在分词
表示某一动作将继续到将来某时,且该动作此时尚未发生。
►.WeshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhenTomarrives.
►.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.
[注:此句型过于复杂,人们很少运用,了解而已。]
单项自测题(综合训练)
1.Simplephotographiclensescan'tsharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.
A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form
2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheonethemost.
A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmers
C.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit
3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich.
A.isastormmovingB.astormismoving
C.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm
4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,outofemergencyheadquartersinMississippi,setuptemporary
sheltersforthehomeless.
A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating
5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen.
A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleast
C.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless
6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,intheshadowoftheMoon.
A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlying
C.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth
7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationofdarkness,.
A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlight
C.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight
8.Thewallflowerbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrongcliffsforsupport.
A.socalledisB.soiscalled
C.issocalledD.calledisso
9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodemliving,inallpartsoftheworld.
A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcolleges
B.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcolleges
C.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcolleges
D.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies
10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension.
A.elementsfromgroupliving
B.elementsofanormalgrouplife
C.livingareagroupofelements
D.arenormalelementsofgrouplife
第二章名词
(Nouns)
(一)名词变复数:
1.规则名词复数形式:
在单数名词后加"s"dayfdaysweek-weeks
2.在以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加“es”。
herofheroesboxfboxesclassfclasses
bushfbusheswatch->watches
3.黄金重点:
I.有些以。结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。
II.以元音字母加。结尾的单词只加“S”。(不认识的单词,请你查词典,懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。)
piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano
教你一招☆
如果以O结尾的名词有生命力,则该词汇一般加・es。
hero,tomato,potato,Negro(黑人)[简记:黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]
4.以辅音加y结尾的名词变v为i再加“es”
familyfamiliescity-*cities
5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”
key-*keysboy—boysplayfplaystoyftoys
6.以f、fb结尾的名词,变f/fe为v加eSo
calffcalvesknifefknives
ft当心当心:
I.下列名词直接加“s”。(请大声朗读三遍,然后背下。注意读音!)
roof(房顶),reef(暗礁),chief(首领),cliff(悬崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮),belief(信仰),gulf
(港湾),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保险箱),sheriff(长官),tariff*(关税)
II.scarf(头巾),wharf(码头),staff(全体职员),handkerchief(手帕)和hoof(蹄)既可直接加“s",
又可变f为v加es.
(二)不规则名词复数形式:
1.foot—feetmouse-*micegoose—geesechildchildrenox->oxenlouse—lice
woman-womenman-*men
2.单复数同形:
sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,
barracks(兵营)bellows(风箱)kennels(狗窝)
3.一些英语外来词的复数形式:
crisis->crises危机
analysis-*analyses分析
oasis—oases绿洲
parenthesis-*parentheses括号
axis->axes轴心
ellipsisfellipses日蚀
hypothesis-*hypotheses假定
synopsis-*synopses内容提要
erratumferrata勘误误表
addendum-*addenda补遗、附录
mediummedia媒体
(以上单词熟悉即可)
(三).复合名词复数形式:
1.中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数:
bookshelf->bookshelveshandful->handfuls
2.man和woman构成的复合名词,二者均变为复数。
manservant-^menservants
womanteacher-*womenteachers
3.中间有连字符的合成次,在
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