初中定语从句知识点详解

1/3初中定语从句知识点详解定语从句考点：①关系代词的用法②关系副词的用法③关系副词=介词+关系代词的用法●定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。Eg：Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for-nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成。Itisthefirststepthatcosts.千里之行，始于足下。Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼。●先行词：被定语从句修饰的成分。先行词可以为一个词、短语甚至整个句子。●关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于连词的作用；关系词必在从句中充当某个句子成分，可为主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。一、各个关系代词和关系副词的区别与具体用法：(一)、1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.打碎玻璃的人必须赔偿。Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.穿黑夹克的那个小男孩很聪明。2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，若前面有介词，则不可省略，也不能用that，例如：Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom/who)wemetatthegate？你认识我们在门口碰见的那个人吗？MrLee(whom/who)youwanttoseehascome.你想要见面的李先生到了。ThemantowhomourteacherisspeakingisfromCanada.=ThemanwhoourteacherisspeakingtoisfromCanada.我们老师正在谈话的那个男人来自加拿大。3.whose指人，也可指物（拟人化的物），意思是“谁的”，在定语从句中作定语。例如：Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.(Thegirl’smotherisill.)那个女生的母亲生病了，她今天仍然呆在家。Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.(Theboy’sfatherisaprofessor.)我认识那个男孩，他的父亲是一名教授。Iliveinahousewhosewindowsfacethesouth.(Thehouse’swindowsfacethesouth.)我居住在一个窗户朝南的房子里面。4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。例如：Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.字典就是一本可以给出单词释义的书。Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday.这就是昨天老师提到的那本书。5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。例如：I’vereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews.我读了那份刊载着重要消息的报纸。Whoistheboythat/whomIsawthismorning?我早上见到的那个男孩是谁？6.when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：I’llneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.我永远不会忘记我们一起在农场工作的时候。HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.他在我离开北京的那天到的北京。7.where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.这就是我们去年居住的那个房子。=Thisisthehousewhichwelivedinlastyear.=Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.他父亲工作的那个工厂在这个城市的东边。=Thefactorywhichhisfatherworksinisintheeastofthecity.=Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.8.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语：Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelookssadtoday.我不知道他今天看起来难过的原因。Couldyoupleaseexplainthereasonwhyyouwerelate?你可以解释下迟到的原因吗？（二）关系代词和冠词副词引导的从句有什么区别？关键点：1、关系副词在从句中是做状语，只做状语，不能做其他的成分。2、关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换。why=forwhichwhere=in/on/at/to···which(介词同先行词搭配）when=during/on/in/over···which（介词从同先行词搭配）注意：介词后面的关系代词不能省略介词后面不能用that。eg：Thereasonwhyherefusedtheinvitationisclear.他拒绝邀请的理由显而易见。=Thereasonforwhichherefusedtheinvitationisclear.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecitywhereIwasborn.我出生的地方发生了巨大的变化。=GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhichIwasborn.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.我们团聚的时刻最终到来了。=Thetimein/duringwhichwegottogetherfinallycame.[注]表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。Eg:BythetimeyouarrivedinLondon,wehadstayedtherefortwoweeks.到你来伦敦的时候，我们已经在那里待了两天了。IlikedtheseacitythefirsttimeIwentthere.我第一次来到那个海滨城市就爱上了它。例题一：1、Hehasforgottentheday_______hearrived.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which解题思路：此题中，从句是hearrived，它已经是一个完整的句子，因此，这里要填一个在从句中充当状语的成分，C选项和D选项都不能做在从句中作状语，因此排除掉，theday指的是时间，因此，要填上表示时间的关系副词when。练习题1：1、Themoonisaworld______thereisnolife.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.why2、Nobodyknowsthereason______shedidn’tcometothemeeting.A.thatB.whichC.whyD.when3.Thisistheplace________Ihaveevervisited.A.thereB.whenC.whereD.which4.Hestillremembersthedays______hespentwithyourfamily.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.onwhich5.Hegottothevillage_______hisfamilyoncelivedbeforeliberation.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where6.Thisisthehouse_______Iwanttobuy.A.inwhichB.thatC.whoseD.where7.Thisisthehouse_______ourbelovedPremierZhouoncelivedandworked.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where8.Hedidn’ttellmetheplace_______hewasborn.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where例题二：用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句Theboyismyyoungerbrother.Hewashereaminuteago.解题思路：所谓定语从句，就是把两句话压缩成一句话，而且，这两句话肯定辉提到同一个东西，因此，首先要找两句话都提到了的东西，此题中，两句话都提到了同一个东西——一个人（theboy,he）这就是共同点，人我们是用who或whom表示，两句话都是做主语，因此，只能用在从句中作主语的who,不能在从句中做宾语的whom，因此，答案是：Theboywhowashereaminuteagoismyyoungerbrother.练习题2：将下列两个句子合并成一个含定于从句的句子。Theoldmanisaprofessor.Heteacheschemistryinacollege.Thecarwasgoing90milesanhour.Thecarjustpassedus.Thewomanisherenow.Youweretalkingabouther.4.Themanwavedtous.Themanwasmyuncle.例题三：用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句Thisisthehall.Welistenedtothereportinittheotherday.解题思路：还是找两句话都提到了的那个共同点，是thehall（it）,在第二句话中init是做定点状语，因此可以用where代替，因此，答案是：Thisisthehallwherewelistenedtothereporttheotherday.=Thisisthehallinwhichwelistenedtothereporttheotherday.练习题3：BeijingHotelisnearTian’anmenSquare.Theforeignvisitorslivethere.2、Ienjoyedreadingthebook.Yougavemeabooklastweek.3、Ipreferthesubject.Thesubjectisscience.4、Ispoketotheman.Themanisaprofessor.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1.Thehouse_______weliveinisverybig.2.Theboy______iswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.3.Thisisthepresent_____hegavemeformybirthday.4.Theman_______talkedtoyoujustnowisanengineer.5.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools_______hehadvisited.7.Shewearsagoldring,_______isveryuncommoninourclass.8.Wevisitedafactory_______makestoysforchildren.9.Isthistheplace_______yourfatheroncelived?10.I’llneverforgetthedays_______IjoinedtheLeague.二、只用that的情况：1.只能使用that,不用which的情况：(1)先行词是nothing,anything,everything,all,few,little,some,much,none,theone等不定代词时。例如：Allthathesaidistrue.他所说的一切都是真的。先行词被only,no,any,all,little,few,much,thesame,thelast等词修饰时。例如：Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.他是唯一一个去过那个地方的外国人。先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.他是第二个告诉我这个秘密的人。先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词：Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.这是我今年读过的最好的一本书。先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.他聊了他记得的人和事。(6)当先行词前面有who,which等词时：Whoisthemanthatissittingthere?坐在那的那个人是谁？Whichisthecoatthatfitsmemost?最适合我的外套是那件？被修饰词为数词时：YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.昨天我抓了两条鱼放进了水池，现在你可以看见它俩还活得好好的。如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edisonbuiltafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.爱迪生建立一个工厂生产那些从未见过的东西。主句是therebe结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词，如：Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.角落里还有个座位是空的。被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。That’sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.这是本能给你巨大帮助的好书。Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.我的家乡再也不是以前的那个乡村了。练习题：1. Thereisnothingintheworld_______canfrightenhim.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.who 三、只能用which，不用that的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从中。例如：Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.会议推迟了，这正是我们所希望的。(2)定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.他正谈论的事情非常重要。在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that，另一个宜用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrary,whichwasnewlyopentous.我给你看看我从新开放的图书里借来的这本小说。AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.在车站我买了一些可以打发火车上的时间的杂志，读完后我还可以把它们传给其他人看。当关系代词后面带有插入语时：HereistheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.这是英语语法书，正如我告诉你的那样，它可以帮助你提高英语。先行词本身是that，宜用which.What’sthatwhichsheislookingat?她正在看什么？先行词是those+复数名词Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.商店应该储存大量畅销商品。who和that指代人时，有些情况宜用who,而不用that。先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people,theone等时，Eg:ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudiedhardandworkswell.我想要学习的那个人不但学习勤奋，工作也很努力。Anyonewho/whoeverfailedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.任何缺席昨天会议的人都必须给出理由。Thosewhoarenotfittheworkmustleavetheofficeatonce.那些不适合这份工作的人必须立刻离开办公室。(2)Therebe结构中，修饰主语的定于从句宜用关系代词who指代人，如：Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.有位先生想要见你。先行词有较长的短语时：ImetaforeignerattheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.昨天下午在公园里面我遇见了一个中文说得很好的外国人。一个句子中带有两个定语从句，一个用that,另外一个宜用who：Thestudentthatwaspraisedattheyesterday’smeetingisourmonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.昨天在大会上被表扬的学生是我们的班长，他既谦虚学习又勤奋。Heisoneofthemostfamoussingerswhowe’veeverknown.(定语从句修饰singers）他是我们知道的最受欢迎的歌手之一。Heistheoneofthemostfamoussingerswhowe’veeverknown.(定语从句修饰he）他是最受欢迎的歌手当中我们熟知的一位。练习题：1.Helivedinasmallvillage,______wasalongwayfromtherailwaystation.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when 专项练习一、填空题：用适当的关系词填空：1.Istillrememberthenight_________Ifirstcametothehouse.2.I'llneverforgettheday_________wemeteachotherlastweek.3.MrBlackisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,_________isthebestseasonthere.4.Iwillneverforgetthedays_________Ispentwithyourfamily.5.I'llneverforgetthelastday_________wespenttogether.6.Thisistheschool_________Iusedtostudy.7.Doyoustillremembertheplace_________wevisitedlastweek?8.Doyoustillremembertheplace_________wevisitedthepaintingexhibition?9.HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou,_________isfamousfortheWestLake?10.HaveyoueverbeetoHangzhou,__________liestheWestLake?11.TomwillgotoShanghai,__________livehistwobrothers.12.IliveinBeijing,__________isthecapitalofChina.13.Therewasatime__________therewereslavesintheUSA.14.Itisthethirdtime__________youhavemadethesamemistake.15.Thisistheverynovelabout__________we'vetalkedsomuch.16.Whoisthestudent___________waslateforschooltoday?17.Who__________knowshimwantstomakefriendswithhim?18.Helivesintheroom__________windowfacestothesouth.19.Thisisthehour___________theplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.20.Ihopeyouwillfindthisvalleyabeautifulplace__________youmayspendyourweekend.二、单选题1.Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsof__________youarenotsure.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.those2.Isthisthefactory__________youvisitedtheotherday?A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.theone3.Isthisfactory__________someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone4.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone5.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces__________couldn’tbefound.A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.inthat6.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature__________waterchangesintoice.A.atwhichB.onthatC.inwhichD.ofwhat7.Thisbookwillshowyou__________canbeusedinothercontexts..A.howyouhaveobservedB.whatyouhaveobservedC.thatyouhaveobservedD.howthatyouhaveobserved8.Thereasonis__________heisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.whether9.I’lltellyou__________hetoldmelastweek.A.allwhichB.thatC.allthatD.which10.Thattree,__________branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.A.whoseB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich11.Ihaveboughtthesamedress__________sheiswearing.A.asB.thatC.whichD.what12.Hefailedintheexamination,__________madehisfatherveryangry.A.whichB.itC.thatD.whatWe’retalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist__________wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that14.Thegirl__________anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTom’ssister.A.whoissingingB.issingingC.sangD.wassinging15.Those__________notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.A.learnB.whoC.thatlearnsD.wholearn16.Anyone__________thisopinionmayspeakout.A.thatagainstB.whoagainstC.whoisagainstD.whoareagainst17.Didn’tyouseetheman__________?A.InoddedjustnowB.whomInoddedjustnowC.InoddedtohimjustnowD.Inoddedtojustnow18.Canyoulendmethenovel__________theotherday?A.thatyoutalkedB.youtalkedaboutitC.whichyoutalkedwithD.youtalkedabout19.Isthereanything__________toyou?A.thatisbelongedB.thatbelongsC.thatbelongD.whichbelongs20.“Howdoyoulikethebook?”“It’squitedifferentfrom__________Ireadlastmonth.”A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.theonewhatMr.Zhanggavethetextbooktoallthepupilsexcept__________whohadalreadytakenthem.A.theonesB.onesC.someD.theothers22.Antarctic______weknowverylittleiscoveredwiththickicealltheyearround.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.aboutwhich23.Maythefourthistheday________