专题38 阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策【 核心知识】 高考英语一轮复习知识清单（全国）原卷版

专题37【口袋书】阅读理解主旨大意题满分对策原卷版阅读理解主旨大意题命题规律探究说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍、解释或阐述的文章。主旨大意题是高考阅读理解主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或文章中心思想的把握和归纳能力。一、设问方式1、文章主旨大意题的主要设问方式①Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?②Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?2、段落大意题的主要设问方式①Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?②WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1?3、标题归纳题的主要设问方式①Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?②Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?二、技巧点拨1.寻找主题句抓住段落主题的捷径之一是在段落中寻找主题句。所谓主题句，是指能表达或概括段落主题或主要内容的句子，它通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概括性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，段落中的其他句子则围绕着主题句进行说明、解释或扩展。抓住了主题句，就等于抓住了段落的中心。1)读首句抓大意。说明文、议论文等文章的主题句多放在文章开头，抓住了主题句就抓住了文章的中心，因此要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句。2)读尾句抓大意。有时文章的主题句安排在文章的结尾，作为全篇的总结。3)读首尾抓大意。有些文章开头和结尾部分都有主题句，这种结构是为了突出主题思想而使用的“首尾照应”的写作方法。通常后面点题是进一步的总结，是引申，是发展。4)从段中抓大意。有些文章或段落的主题句居中，这种文章或段落往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。5)归纳分析抓大意。有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，但字里行间无不体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。2.捕捉关键词略读是概括和归纳文章或段落主旨大意的基本方法。略读时要快，把注意力集中在关键词（即实词）上，非关键词（即虚词）则一带而过。分析归纳筛选出最能表达文章主旨或作者意图的关键词（例如有的词在文中反复多次出现，这个词很可能就是最关键的词），继而确定文章的主旨大意。3.仔细推敲选项主旨大意题的干扰项往往有三种情况：一是“以偏概全”，选项范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；三是“无中生有”，即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。三、精华摘要1.说明文段落主旨大意题：①借助段落中心句归纳②借助主题词或关键词归纳2.说明文文章主旨大意题：①看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助主题词或关键词归纳3.说明文文章最佳标题题：①结合写作对象看首段和尾段，以首段为主②借助各个段落主题句归纳③借助主题词或关键词归纳阅读理解主旨大意题分类点拨题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。典例1:Sometimesananimalhasaplantpartner.Therelationshipdevelopsuntilthetwopartnerscannotmanagewithouteachother.Thisissointhecoralsofthesea.Intheirskinstheyhavetinyplantswhichactas“dustman”,takingsomeofthewasteproductsfromthecoralandgivinginreturnoxygenwhichtheanimalneedstobreathe.Iftheplantsarekilled,orareevenpreventedfromlightsothattheycannotlivenormally,thecoralswilldie.1.Whatdoestheparagraphmainlydiscuss?A.Someanimalsandplantsdependoneachotherforexistence.B.Someanimalsandplantsdeveloptheirrelationshipeasily.C.Someplantsdependoneachotherforfood.D.Someanimalslivebettertogether.题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。典例2:Alaska’sicewaterteemswithfish.Fishingindustryistheleadingindustry.Thevalueofproductspreparedeveryyearformarketisabout$1000,000,000.ThisformtheimportantpartofAlaska’swealth.2.Thepassagedealswith___________.A.geographyofAlaskaB.fishingindustryofAlaskaC.fishmarketofAlaskaD.Alaska’swealth题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。典例3:Ifyouhadn'tknownthem,youwouldhavethoughtJoeandJimwerequitealike.Theywerebothtallandworelongandfairhair.Theybothwalkedwithasteadystride（坚定的步伐）.Theybothspokeinadeepvoicethatmadethemselvesseemmucholderthantheyreallywere.Bothofthemworedarkclothesasarule,andtheylikedlightcolouredties.Butthatwasallthelikenesstheyhad.Inotherthingstheyweresharplydifferent.Joewasconsiderateandhelpful,andeveryonelikedhim.Jim,however,wasveryselfishandoftenflaredintoterribleangeratlittlethingsthatdispleasedhim.Inconclusion,AlikeasJoeandJimwereonthesurface,theywerereallyverydifferentinnature.题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。典例4:Drivingacarisnotjusthandlingcontrolsandjudgingspeedanddistance.Itrequiresyoutopredictwhatotherroaduserswilldoandgetreadytoreacttosomethingunexpected.Whenalcoholisconsumed,itentersyourbloodstreamandactsasadepressant(抑制药),damagingeyesight,judgmentandco-ordination(协调),slowingdownreactiontimeandgreatlyincreasingtheriskofaccidents.Evenbelowthedrinkdrivinglink,drivingwillbeaffected.4.Theparagraphismainlyabout_____________.A.theintroductionsofdrivingskills B.thedamageofdrinkingtoyourbodyC.theeffectofdrinkingondriving D.theprocessofalcoholbeingabsorbed题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。典例5:【2020全国III卷C篇】Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤独),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.…It’shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2002to419,000in2013.…5.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain. D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.典例6:Campingwildisawonderfulwaytoexperiencethenaturalworldand,atitsbest,itmakeslittleenvironmentalinfluence.Butwithincreasingnumbersofpeoplewantingtoescapeintothewilderness,itisbecomingmoreandmoreimportanttocampunobtrusively(不引人注目地)andleavenomark.Wildcampingisnotpermittedinmanyplaces,particularlyincrowdedlowlandBritain.Whereveryouare,findoutaboutorganizationsresponsibleformanagingwildspaces,andcontactthemtofindouttheirpolicyoncampingandshelterbuilding.Forexample,itisfinetocampwildinremotepartsofScotland,butinEnglandyoumustaskthelandowner’spermission,exceptinnationalparks.Campingisabouthavingrelaxation,sleepingoutdoors,experiencingbadweather,andmakingdowithoutmodernconveniences.Abusy,fully-equippedcampsite(野营地)seemstogoagainstthis,soseekoutsmaller,moreremoteplaceswitheasyaccesstoopenspacesandperhapsbeaches.Betterstill,findacampsitewithnoroadaccess:walkinginmakesarealadventure.Findingtherightspottocampisthefirststeptoguaranteeingagoodnight’ssleep.Chooseacampsitewithprivacyandminimum(最小化)influenceonothersandtheenvironment.Trytouseanareawherepeoplehaveobviouslycampedbeforeratherthancreatinganewspot.Whencampinginwoodland(林地),avoidstandingdeadtrees,whichmayfallonawindynight.Avoidanimalrunsandcaves,andpossiblehomesofbitinginsects.Makesureyouhavemostprotectiononthewindwardside.Ifyoumakeafire,dosodownwindofyourshelter.Alwaysconsiderwhatinfluenceyoumighthaveonthenaturalworld.Avoiddamagingplants.Agoodcampsiteisfound,notmade—changingitshouldbeunnecessary.6.Thelastparagraphmainlydealswith___________.A.protectinganimalsB.buildingacampfireC.campinginwoodlandD.findingacampsitewithprivacy7.Thepassageismainlyabout___________.A.theprotectionofcampsites B.theimportanceofwildcampingC.thehumaninfluenceoncampsites D.thedosanddon’tsofwildcamping阅读理解主旨大意题片段训练测试1:【2020全国I卷D篇】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants. B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.测试2:【2019全国I卷D篇】Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.2.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theclassificationofthepopular. B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills. D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.测试3:【2023新课标I卷D篇】Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.3.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.测试4:【2023全国乙卷D篇】Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.4.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.阅读理解主旨大意题语篇训练语篇1:【2023浙江首考】AccordingtotheSolarEnergyIndustryAssociation,thenumberofsolarpanelsinstalled(安装)hasgrownrapidlyinthepastdecade,andithastogrowevenfastertomeetclimategoals.Butallofthatgrowthwilltakeupalotofspace,andthoughmoreandmorepeopleaccepttheconceptofsolarenergy,fewlikelargesolarpanelstobeinstallednearthem.Solardeveloperswanttoputuppanelsasquicklyandcheaplyaspossible,sotheyhaven’tgivenmuchthoughttowhattheyputunderthem.Often,they’llendupfillingtheareawithsmallstonesandusingchemicalstocontrolweeds.Theresultisthatmanycommunities,especiallyinfarmingregions,seesolarfarmsasdestroyersofthesoil.“Solarprojectsneedtobegoodneighbors,”saysJordanMacknick,theheadoftheInnovativeSitePreparationandImpactReductionsontheEnvironment(InSPIRE)project.“Theyneedtobeprotectorsofthelandandcontributetotheagriculturaleconomy.”InSPIREisinvestigatingpracticalapproachesto“low-impact”solardevelopment,whichfocusesonestablishingandoperatingsolarfarmsinawaythatiskindertotheland.Oneoftheeasiestlow-impactsolarstrategiesisprovidinghabitatforpollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitatloss,pesticideuse,andclimatechangehavecauseddramaticdeclinesinpollinatorpopulationsoverthepastcoupleofdecades,whichhasdamagedtheU.S.agriculturaleconomy.Over28stateshavepassedlawsrelatedtopollinatorhabitatprotectionandpesticideuse.Conservationorganizationsputoutpollinator-friendlinessguidelinesforhomegardens,businesses,schools,cities—andnowthereareguidelinesforsolarfarms.Overthepastfewyears,manysolarfarmdevelopershavetransformedthespaceundertheirsolarpanelsintoashelterforvariouskindsofpollinators,resultinginsoilimprovementandcarbonreduction.“Thesepollinator-friendlysolarfarmscanhaveavaluableimpactoneverythingthat’sgoingoninthelandscape,”saysMacknick.32.Whatdosolardevelopersoftenignore?A.Thedeclineinthedemandforsolarenergy.B.Thenegativeimpactofinstallingsolarpanels.C.Therisinglaborcostofbuildingsolarfarms.D.Themostrecentadvancesinsolartechnology.33.WhatdoesInSPIREaimtodo?A.Improvetheproductivityoflocalfarms.B.Inventnewmethodsforcontrollingweeds.C.Makesolarprojectsenvironmentallyfriendly.D.Promotetheuseofsolarenergyinruralareas.34.Whatisthepurposeofthelawsmentionedinparagraph4?A.Toconservepollinators. B.Torestrictsolardevelopment.C.Todiversifytheeconomy. D.Toensurethesupplyofenergy.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Pollinators:ToLeaveortoStay B.SolarEnergy:HopefortheFutureC.InSPIRE:ALeaderinAgriculture D.SolarFarms:ANewDevelopment语篇2:Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithic