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/常见构词法归纳1.派生法(1)前缀①表示否定意义的前缀:a.纯否定前缀:un-:unable,unemployment(失业),unload(卸载),uncover(发现、揭开、揭露),unhappy,untrue,unlike(不像),unrest(不安的,动荡的),unfair,unknown,unhealthy,unusual(不寻常的;与众不同的),uncertain(无常的、含糊的),unclear(不清楚的),unequal,unlucky,unreal,unkind,uncomfortable,uneasy(心情不安的),uninteresting,unimportant,unnecessary,unpleasant,undivided(专心的、专一的、未分开的),unreserved(无保留的、坦白的)dis-:dislike(不喜欢),disarm(解除武装;放下武器),disconnect(vt拆开,使分离),disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability(残疾、无能),discover(v发现),disobey(违反、不服从)in-,im-,il-,ir-:incapable(不能的、无能力的),inability(无能力,无才能),incomplete,incorrect,inconvenient,inexpensive,impossible,immoral(不道德的),illegal(非法的),illogical(不合乎逻辑的),irregular,irrelative(无关系的)non-:non-smoker,non-stop(直达的,中途不停的),non-violent(非暴力的),nonwhite(非白人),non-member(非会员),nonparty(无党派),nonsense(无意义,胡说,废话)b.表示错误的意义:mis-:mistake,mislead(误导),misunderstanding(n),misuse(n/vt滥用、误用、虐待),mistrust,mistreat(虐待)c.表示“反、防、抗”的意义:anti-:antiknock(n/adj防震),antiforeign(排外的),anti-war(adj,反战的),antitank(反战车的),anti-pollution(防污染,反污染的)②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:ward(守卫)a-表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard(在飞机上,在船上),aside(在旁边)de-表示“在下,向下”:decrease(减少,下降),degrade(降级)en-表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼),enbed(上床)ex-表示“外部,外”:exit,expand(扩张),export(输出、出口)fore-表示“在前面”:forehead(前额),foreground(前景),foreleg,forefootin-,im-表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland(内地、内陆),inside,indoor(s)(室内的,户内的;(s)在户内),importinter-表示“在……间,相互”:international,interaction(相互作用),internet,interview(接见,面试)mid-表示“中,中间”:midposition(中间位置)out-表示“在外部,在外”:outline(轮廓,大纲,概要),outside,outward(s)(外表、外面;(s)向外地),outdoor(s)over-表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook(忽视,眺望),overhead(在头顶上,在空中),overcoat(大衣,外套),overdress(外衣),oversea(s)(海外)post-表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言)pre-表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀),preface(前言),preposition(介词)super-表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure(上部建筑,上部构造),supernatural(超自然的,不可思议的),superpower(超强特权,超强大国),superman,supermarkettrans-表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate,transform(转变、转换、转移),transplant(移植),transportation(交通)under-表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline(下划线,强调,在下面划线),underground,underwater,undershirt(贴身内衣,美式)up-表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s)(向上的,上升的),uphold(支撑,鼓励),uphill(上坡),upload(上传)auto-表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车),autobiography[ɔːtəbaɪ'ɒgrəfɪ(自传)tele-表示“远离”:television,telephone,telegram(电报),telegraph(电报,抽象名词),telescope(望远镜)③表示时间,序列关系的前缀:fore-表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言),forecast(预报),foretell(预言),foresee(预见),foreknow(先知),foreknowledge(先知)mid-表示“中,中间”:midnight,midsummer,mid-day,mid-autumn(中秋节)post-表示“在后,后”:postwar(战后的,战后时期),postgraduate(研究生),postdate(事后日期,推迟日期)pre-表示“在前,事先,预先”:preheat(预先加热),prewar,prehistory(史前),preview(预习),prebattle,prepay(预付)re-表示“再一次,重新”:retell(复述),rewrite,renew(续借),reconsider(重新考虑),reuse,remarry,recycle(再生,回收利用),rebuild(重建,改造)④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:by-表示“副,次要的”:byproduct(副产品),bywork(副业)extra-表示“超越,额外”:extraordinary(非凡的,特别的)over-表示“超过,过度,太”:overeat(吃过多),oversleep(睡过头),overpraise(过奖),overwork,overact(行为过分),overdo(夸张,做得过分)under-表示“低劣,低下”:undersize(尺寸不足),undergrown(发育不全的),underproduction(生产不足)vice-表示“副,次”:vice-president,vice–chairman,vice-monitor⑤表示共同,相等意思的前缀:co-表示“共同,一起”:coexist(共同生存),co-operate,co-worker,coactions(合作行动),coauthor(合作作者)⑥表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:a-afraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awake⑦表示分离,离开意思的前缀:a-表示“分离,离开”:away,apartde-表示“离去,处去”:depart,decolour⑧表示“自我”:self-self-protect(ion),self-made,self-knowledge⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀:be-befrienden-enslave(束缚;征服),enable(使能够),enrich(使充实,使肥沃,使富足),enlarge(扩大,使增大),encourage(鼓励)⑩表示数量关系的前缀:a.表示“单一”,“一”:uni-uniform(统一服装),unicellular(单细胞)b.表示“二,两,双”:bi-bicycle(cycle循环,周期)twi-twilight(昏暗的,黎明)c.表示“半,一半”:semi-semiconductor(半导体),semicircle(半圆),semimonthly(半月刊),semifinal(半决赛)d.表示“百,百分之一”:centi-centimetere.表示“千,千分之一”:kilo-kilometer,kilogram,kilowattf.表示“微小”:micro-microvolt(微伏特),microcomputer(微机),microscope(显微镜)g.表示“许多,复,多数”:multi-multimedia(多媒体),multicolored,multiform,multinaturalh.表示“千分之一、毫”:milli-millimeter,milligrami.表示“微小、微型”:mini-minibus,miniskirt,minipark(2)后缀①名词后缀:a.具有某种职业或动作的人:-an,-ian,-ician表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:American,Asian,Australian,Russian,Italian,historian(历史学家),librarian(图书管理员),electricia(电工)n,magician(魔术师),technician,musician,politician(政客)-ant,-ent表示“……人”:merchant,servant(仆人,佣人),assistant,agent,student,-ee表示“动作承受者”:employee(雇员),examinee(应试者),payee(收款人),interviewee-eer表示“从事于……人”:engineer,volunteer(志愿者)-er表示“从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人”:banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,buyer-or表示“……者”:author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educator-ar,-ary表示“……的人,从事……的人”:scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,missionary-ese表示“……国人,……地方的人”:Chinese,Japanese,Cantonese(广东人)-ess表示“阴性人称名词”:actress(女演员),hostess(女主人),manageress(女经理)-ist表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”:pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist,socialist,typist,receptionist-icist表示“……家,……者,……能手”:physicist(物理学家),phoneticist(语音学家),technicist(技术师)-logist表示“……学家,研究者”:biologist(生物学家),geologist(地质学家)b.构成具有抽象名词的含义:-age表示“状态,行为,身份与其结果,总称”:courage,storage,marriage,percentage-al表示“事物的动作,过程”:refusal(拒绝),arrival,survival(幸存),denial(否认),approval(批准,认可,赞成),trial(实验)-ance,-ence表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:importance,distance,avoidance(逃避,废止),appearance,performance(性能,绩效,表演),difference,obedience(顺从,服从),presence(出席,参加),existence-ancy,-ency表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:frequency(频繁),urgency(紧急),efficiency(高效率),-ity表示“性质,状态,程度”:purity(纯度(化学)),reality,equality(平等)-bility表示“动作,性质,状态”:ability,possibility,probability,responsibility-dom表示“等级,领域,状态”:freedom,kingdom(王国,界),wisdom(智慧,才智)-ery,-ry表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:bravery(勇敢,勇气),slavery(奴役)-hood表示“资格,身份,年纪,状态”:childhood,girlhood(少女时期),boyhood(少年时代),manhood(男子气概)-ice表示“行为,性质,状态”:notice,justice(司法),service-ing表示“动作的过程,结果”:building,writing,learning-ion,-ation,-ition,-sion表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:suggestion,action,solution,invention,direction(方向,指导),correction(改正,修正),collection,instruction(指令,指示),destruction(破坏),introduction,congratulation,dictation(听写,口述),invitation(邀请),pronunciation,examination,graduation,operation,education,information,translation,starvation(饿死,绝食),satisfaction,relation,determination(决心,果断),preparation,imagination,explanation(说明,解释),opposition(反对),competition(竞赛,比赛),description,decision,division(除法),conclusion,impression(印象),expression(表达,表示),admission(承认),permission(允许,许可),discussion-ment表示“行为,状态,过程,手段与其结果”:disappointment(失望),treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement(协议),government,development,improvement(改进,改善),requirement(要求,必要条件),encouragement-ness表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness(adj,善良,精华),kindness,tiredness,friendliness(友谊),business,illness,happiness(幸福),willingness(乐意,心甘情愿),weakness,fairness(公平)-ism表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism(社会主义),criticism(批评),heroism(英勇),tourism,communism(共产主义),Marxism(马克思主义)-ship表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能与身份,职业”:hardship(困苦,苦难),relationship,membership(资格,会员身份),friendship,ownership(所有权),scholarship(奖学金),-th,表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”:strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth(温暖),youth-ure表示“行为,结果”:exposure(暴露),pressure(压力),failure,procedure(手续),mixture-craft表示“工艺”:aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraftc.带有场所,地方的含义:-age表示“住所,地点”:village,cottage(小屋,村舍)-ary表示“住所,场地”:library,granary(谷仓)-ory表示“工作场所,住处”:factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory(天文台,气象台)②形容词后缀:a.带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:-able,-ible:movable,comfortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable(可适用的),visible(可见物),responsible,terrible(可怕的),horrible(恐怖的)-al:natural,additional(额外的,附加的),educational,national(国家的,国民的)-ant,-ent:distant,important,excellent-ing(表示特征:令人觉得):moving,touching,daring,interesting,exciting,disappointing,boring,amazing-ed(表示情绪:觉得):pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined(决定了的,果断的),delighted(高兴的,欣喜的)-ish:foolish,bookish(出本上的,好读书的),selfish-ive:active,impressive(感人的,令人钦佩的),decisive(决定性的,果断的),active,expensive,progressive(改革的,进步的)b.表示“相象,类似”的含义:-ish:boyish,childish(幼稚的,孩子去的)-like:manlike(有男子气概的,像男子的),childlike(天真浪漫的,像孩子的)-some:troublesome(麻烦的,讨厌的),handsome-y:milky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy(有雾的,模糊的),healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody(血腥的),funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly(发臭的),hilly(丘陵的,陡的)-ly:manly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,lonely,orderly,lovely(可爱的,令人愉快的),lively(活泼的,生动的),likely(很可能的),scholarly(博学的,学着风度的)c.表示“充分的”含义:-ful:beautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,merciful(仁慈的,宽容的)-ous:dangerous,courageous(有胆量的,勇敢的),nervous(紧张不安的),mountainous(多山的),humorous(诙谐的,幽默的),various(各种各样的)d.表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:-en:wooden,golden,woolen(羊毛的)e.表示方向的含义:-ern:eastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwestern-ward:downward(向下的),forwardf.表示“数量关系”的含义:-teen:thirteen-ty:fifty-th:fourth,fiftiethg.表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:-an:Roman,European-ese:Chinese,Japanese-ish:English,Spanishh.表示否定:-less:countless(无数的,数不尽的),stainless(不锈的),wireless,useless,endless(无止境的,连续的),priceless(无价的,贵重的),hopeless③动词后缀:-ize,ise表示“做成,变成,……化”:modernize(现代化),democratize(民主化),organize,apologize,realize-en表示“使成为,引起,使有”:quicken,(加快)weaken,soften,harden(变硬,变坚强)-fy表示“使……化,使成”:beautify,purify(净化),intensify,signify,simplify(简化),satisfy④副词后缀:-ly:possibly,swiftly(很快地),simply(简单地)-ward(s):downward,inwards(向内地),upward(向上地,上升地)-ways:always,sideways(向侧面的,一旁的)-wise:otherwise(另外的,否则,adj,adv),clockwise(顺时针方向地)注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:use(用途)→useless(无用的)→uselessness(无用)self(自己)→selfish(自私的)→selfishness(自私)有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:important→importance→unimportanceregular(有规律的,有规则的)→irregular(无规律的,不规则的)→irregularity(无规律,不规则)2.合成法(1)合成名词构成方式例词名词+名词weekend周末名词+动词daybreak黎明名词+动名词handwriting书法名词+与物动词+er/orpain-killer止痛药名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词+名词typewriter打字机动名词+名词reading-room阅览室现在分词+名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词+名词gentleman绅士副词+动词outbreak爆发介词+名词afternoon下午代词+名词she-wolf母狼boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,playground,radioactive(放射性的),headmaster(校长),sunshine,notebook,armchair(扶手椅),wheelchair(轮椅),postcard(明信片),football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter(消防队员),fireman,gateman(看门人,售票员),chairman(主席,会长),weatherman,businessman,armyman(军人),postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket(扒手),she-goat(雌性山羊),editor-in-chief(主编),daybreak(破晓),handshake(握手),silkworm(蚕),outbreak(爆发)(2)合成形容词构成方式例词名词+形容词snow-white雪白的名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的brainwashing(洗脑的)名词+to+名词face-to-face面对面的名词+过去分词man-made人造的homemade数词+名词one-way单行的数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的数词+名词+edfive-storeyed五层的four-legged(四条腿的动词+副词see-through透明的形容词+名词high-class高级的形容词+名词+edkind-hearted,cold-blooded形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词+形容词ever-green常青的副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词+过去分词well-known著名的newly-built副词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词+名词downhill下坡的由三个词构成的合成形容词:heart-to-heart,two-year-old,eight-metre-long其他合成形容词:everyday(日常的),faraway(遥远的),snow-white(雪白的),lay-off(下岗的)(3)合成动词构成方式例词名词+动词sleep-walk梦游形容词+动词white-wash粉刷副词+动词overthrow推翻(4)合成副词构成方式例词形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词+副词everywhere到处副词+副词however尽管如此介词+名词beforehand事先介词+副词forever永远(5)合成代词构成方式例词代词宾格+selfherself她自己物主代词+selfmyself我自己形容词+名词anything任何东西(6)合成介词构成方式例词副词+名词inside在……里面介词+副词within在……之内副词+介词into进入3.转化法(1)名词→动词hand(手→传递) back(背部,后面→支持,后退)charge(费用→收费) copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)flood(洪水→淹没) heat(热量→加热)paint(油漆→刷漆) phone(电话→打电话)pin(别针→装订) waste(废物→浪费)face(脸→面对) use(用途→使用)interest(兴趣→使兴趣) surprise(惊讶→使惊讶)taste(味道→品尝) smell(气味→闻)break(短暂休息→折断) present(礼物→赠送)(2)形容词→动词clean(干净→使干净,打扫) clear(清楚→清理)dirty(脏→弄脏) dry(干燥→烘干,晒干)empty(空的→倒空) free(自由→使自由,释放)slow(慢的→放慢) warm(暖和→使暖和)cool(凉的→冷却) quiet(安静→使安静)4.截短法(缩略法)截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus→bus2)去尾mathematics→mathsco-operate→co-opexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→labtaxicab→taxi3)截头去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script5.混合法(混成法)混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播televisionbroadcast→telecast电视播送smokeandfog→smog烟雾helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人;大人物television→TV(读字母音)电视TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福练习动词变名词work___________(工作者)sing___________(歌手)teach___________(教师)drive___________(司机)write___________(作家)dance___________(舞蹈家)win___________(获胜者)run___________(赛跑者)swim___________(游泳者)act___________(演员)collect___________(收藏家)direct___________(主管)visit___________(参观者)invent___________(发明家)translate___________(翻译家)educate___________(教育)describe___________(描述)predit___________(预言)collect___________(收藏)invent___________(发明)build___________(建筑物)mean___________(意思)meet___________(会议)cross___________(路口)turn___________(转弯处)decide___________(决定)die___________(死亡)fly___________(飞行)know___________(知识)please___________(高兴)pronounce___________(发音)mix___________(混合物)please___________(令人高兴的)___________(感到高兴的)surprise___________(令人惊讶的的)___________(感到惊讶的)excite___________(令人兴奋的)___________(感到兴奋的)interest___________(令人感兴趣的)___________(感兴趣的)worry___________(令人担忧的)___________(感到担忧的)amaze,annoy,bore,disappoint,embarrass,frustrate,relax,terrify,thrill,tire等形容词的变化。A:形容词变副词。quick____________()strong____________()heavy____________()angry____________()happy____________()lucky____________()healthy____________()noisy____________()usual____________()careful____________()real____________()successful____________()terrible____________()possible____________()B:形容词变名词。Kind____________()happy____________()ill____________()safe____________()confident____________()important____________()different____________()true____________()high____________()巩固练习1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild,sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.A.die B.dead C.died D.death3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.A.sadly B.sadness C.saddly D.sad4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.A.chemistry B.chemicalC.chemist D.physician5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.Hemayfalloff.A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem,Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely8.Toeveryone’s________,thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.A.satisfied B.satisfactoryC.satisfying D.satisfaction9.—Whatareyoudoinghere?—Oh,myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?A.600words;a600-wordsB.600-word;a600-wordsC.600words;a600-wordD.600words;a600-words10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.A.permit B.permissionC.permitting D.permittence11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.A.headquarters B.headlineC.headmaster D.headache12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident;youdidit________.A.intend B.intentionC.intentionally D.intentional13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.A.practice B.practiseC.practical D.practiced14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.A.judger B.judgmentC.judge D.judgement15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?A.lately B.latestC.later D.latter16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.A.longer B.lengthC.long D.longing17.Tomy________,Ipassedtheexameasily.A.joy B.joyfulC.joyless

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