考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷5（共200题）

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷5（共9套）（共200题）考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷第1套一、阅读（补全短文）(本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。)Theylearntoreadatage2,playBachat4,breezethroughcalculusat6,andspeakforeignlanguagesfluentlyby8.Theirclassmatesshudderwithenvy;theirparentsrejoiceatwinningthelottery.ButtoparaphraseT.S.Eliot,theircareerstendtoendnotwithabang,butwithawhimper.Considerthenation'smostprestigiousawardforscientificallygiftedhighschoolstudents,theWestinghouseScienceTalentSearch,calledtheSuperBowlofSciencebyoneAmericanpresident.Fromitsinceptionin1942until1994,thesearchrecognizedmorethan2,000outstandingteenagersasfinalists.Butjust1percentendedupmakingtheNationalAcademyofSciences,andjusteighthavewonNobelPrizes.Childprodigiesrarelybecomeadultgeniuseswhochangetheworld.Weassumethattheymustlackthesocialandemotionalskillstofunctioninsociety.【R1】______Whatholdsthembackisthattheydon'tlearntobeoriginal.Theystrivetoearntheapprovaloftheirparentsandtheadmirationoftheirteachers.ButastheyperforminCarnegieHallandbecomechesschampions,somethingunexpectedhappens:Practicemakesperfect,butitdoesn'tmakenew.ThegiftedlearntoplaymagnificentMozartmelodies,butrarelycomposetheirownoriginalscores.Theyfocustheirenergyonconsumingexistingscientificknowledge,notproducingnewinsights.Theyconformtocodifiedrules,ratherthaninventingtheirown.【R2】______Inadulthood,manyprodigiesbecomeexpertsintheirfieldsandleadersintheirorganizations.Yet"onlyafractionofgiftedchildreneventuallybecomerevolutionaryadultcreators,"lamentsthepsychologistEllenWinner."Thosewhodomustmakeapainfultransitiontoanadultwhoultimatelyremakesadomain."Mostprodigiesnevermakethatleap.Theyapplytheirextraordinaryabilitiesbyshiningintheirjobswithoutmakingwaves.【R3】______Sowhatdoesittaketoraiseacreativechild?Onestudycomparedthefamiliesofchildrenwhowereratedamongthemostcreative5percentintheirschoolsystemwiththosewhowerenotunusuallycreative.【R4】______.Creativitymaybehardtonurture,butit'seasytothwart.Bylimitingrules,parentsencouragedtheirchildrentothinkforthemselves.Theytendedto"placeemphasisonmoralvalues,ratherthanonspecificrules,"theHarvardpsychologistTeresaAmabilereports.【R5】______WhenpsychologistscomparedAmerica'smostcreativearchitectswithagroupofhighlyskilledbutunoriginalpeers,therewassomethinguniqueabouttheparentsofthecreativearchitects:"Emphasiswasplacedonthedevelopmentofone'sownethicalcode."[A]Eventhen,though,parentsdidn'tshovetheirvaluesdowntheirchildren'sthroats.[B]Theparentsofordinarychildrenhadanaverageofsixrules,likespecificschedulesforhomeworkandbedtime.Parentsofhighlycreativechildrenhadanaverageoffewerthanonerule.[C]Ifyouwantyourchildrentobringoriginalideasintotheworld,youneedtoletthempursuetheirpassions,notyours.[D]Whenyoulookattheevidence,though,thisexplanationdoesn'tsuffice:Lessthanaquarterofgiftedchildrensufferfromsocialandemotionalproblems.Avastmajorityarewelladjusted—aswinningatacocktailpartyasinthespellingbee.[E]Theybecomedoctorswhohealtheirpatientswithoutfightingtofixthebrokenmedicalsystemorlawyerswhodefendclientsonunfairchargesbutdonottrytotransformthelawsthemselves.[F]Researchsuggeststhatthemostcreativechildrenaretheleastlikelytobecometheteacher'spet,andinresponse,manylearntokeeptheiroriginalideastothemselves.InthelanguageofthecriticWilliamDeresiewicz,theybecometheexcellentsheep.[G]Topconcertpianistsdidn'thaveeliteteachersfromthetimetheycouldwalk;theirfirstlessonscamefrominstructorswhohappenedtolivenearbyandmadelearningfun.1、【R1】标准答案：D知识点解析：本段第一句是讨论的中心话题，即少年神童很少能成为改变世界的成人精英。第三段出现了socialandemotional，与此呼应的是D项的socialandemotional。且D项中的thisexplaination指代的就是空格前一句中Weassumethat的具体的内容。故D项为正确答案。2、【R2】标准答案：F知识点解析：文章第五段主要讲一些富有天赋的孩子通常遵循已经建立好的规则，而不是创造自己的。空格前的inventing与F项中的creative呼应，F项主要讲富有创造力的孩子的表现——保留自己最原本的想法，变成了杰出的温顺绵羊。这与第五段的内容相符。干扰项为G项Topconcertpianists(顶尖的钢琴演奏家)，但G项主要讲的是成为大家的人最初的老师资源，与该段内容无关。3、【R3】标准答案：E知识点解析：本段主要讲很多神童成为了他们领域里的专家或者领导，但是从来无法实现跨越。空格前一句指出“他们利用自己超凡的能力在自己的行业中闪耀着，却不能掀起浪潮”。该句中的intheirjobs和withoutmakingwaves是关键词。E项中的doctors和lawyers引出两个行业，withoutfighting和butdonot说明他们没有在自己的行业中“掀起浪潮”。E项与该段衔接最紧密，故E项为正确答案。4、【R4】标准答案：B知识点解析：本段主要介绍了一项研究，对比了学校系统中富有创造力的和普通的孩子的家庭。空格前面句子中的raiseacreativechild和thefamiliesofchildren都提示考生B项符合题意，尤其是B项中的Theparentsofordinarychildren和Parentsofhighlycreativechildren与该段中心一致。故B项为正确答案。5、【R5】标准答案：A知识点解析：空格前一段提到，家长鼓励他们的孩子们可以为自己思考，他们倾向于强调道德价值观，而不是非常明确的条条框框。A项中的Eventhen，though与前一段的结尾衔接，then指代上一句的内容。且A项中的values和上一句的moralvalues相呼应，符合题意。干扰项为C项，该项虽然讲的也是家长，但bringoriginalideas和pursuetheirpassions与本段的moralvalues不符，故不选。Withthepaceoftechnologicalchangemakingheadsspin,wetendtothinkofourageasthemostinnovativeever.Wehavesmartphonesandsupercomputers,bigdataandstem-celltransplants.Governments,universitiesandfirmstogetherspendaround$1.4trillionayearonR&D,morethaneverbefore.Yetnobodyrecentlyhascomeupwithaninventionhalfasusefulastoilet.Withitscleanlinesandintuitiveuserinterface,thehumbletoilettransformedthelivesofbillionsofpeople.【R1】______Modernsciencehasfailedtomakeanythinglikethesameimpact,andthisiswhyagrowingbandofthinkersclaimthatthepaceofinnovationhasslowed.【R2】______Iftherateatwhichweinnovate,andspreadthatinnovation,slowsdown,sotoo,otherthingsbeingequal,willourgrowthrate.EversinceMalthusforecastthatwewouldallstarve,humaningenuityhasprovedtheprophetsofdoomwrong.Butthesedaystheimpactofinnovationdoesindeedseemtobetailingoff.【R3】______Productivityalsosupportsthepessimists'case:ittookoffinthemid-19thcentury,acceleratedintheearly20thcenturyandheldupprettywelluntiltheearly1970s.Itthendippedsharply,tickedupinlate1990swithcomputerisationanddippedagaininthemid-2000s.Yetthatpatternisnotasconclusivelygloomyasthedoomsayersclaim.Lifeexpectancyisstillimproving,evenintherichworld.【R4】______Moreover,itistooearlytowriteofftheinnovativeimpactofthepresentage.Thisgeneration'scontributiontotechnologicalprogressliesmostlyininformationtechnology(IT).【R5】______Butaswithelectricity,companieswilltaketimetolearnhowtousethem,soitwillprobablybemanydecadesbeforetheirfullimpactisfelt.ComputingpowerisalreadycontributingtodramaticadvancesfarbeyondthefieldofIT.Three-dimensionalprintingmaycauseanewindustrialrevolution.Autonomousvehicles,likethedriverlesscarsproducedbyGoogle,couldbecommononstreetswithinadecade.Andalthoughitistoosoontojudgehowbigadealtheseinventionswillturnouttobe,globalisationshouldmakethisafruitfulperiodforinnovation.[A]Theproductivitygainsafterelectrificationcamenotsmoothly,butinspurts;andthedrop-offsince2004probablyhasmoretodowiththeeconomiccrisisthanwithunderlyinglackofinvention.[B]Economicgrowthisamoderninvention:20th-centurygrowthrateswerefarhigherthanthoseinthe19thcentury,andpre-1750growthrateswerealmostimperceptiblebymodernstandards.[C]Ratheraselectrificationchangedeverythingbyallowingenergytobeusedfarfromwhereitwasgenerated,computingandcommunicationstechnologiestransformlivesandbusinessesbyallowingpeopletomakecalculationsandconnectionsfarbeyondtheirunaidedcapacity.[D]Anditwasn'tjustmodernsanitationthatsprangfromlate-19thandearly-20th-centurybrains:theyproducedcars,planes,thetelephone,radioandantibiotics.[E]Manymorebrainsareatworknowthanwere100yearsago:AmericanandEuropeaninventorshavebeenjoinedintheracetoproducecoolnewstuffbythosefrommanyothercountries.[F]Ifthepessimistsareright,theimplicationsarehuge.Economiescangenerategrowthbyaddingmorestuff;moreworkers,investmentandeducation.Butsustainedincreasesinoutputperperson,whicharenecessarytoraiseincomesandwelfare,entailusingthestuffwealreadyhaveinbetterways—innovating,inotherwords.[G]LifeexpectancyinAmerica,forinstance,hasrisenmoreslowlysince1980thanintheearly20thcentury.Thespeedoftravel,intherichworldatleast,isoftenslowernowthanitwasagenerationearlier,afterrocketingacenturyorsoago.6、【R1】标准答案：D知识点解析：空格出现在第二段末，空格上文通过对比方式指出，当代发明难以与马桶(过去发明)相媲美，然后具体介绍“马桶”的特点及其巨大影响力。空格下文(第三段)将话题拉回“当代发明”，再次指出当代发明难以具备与过去发明同等影响力。由此推之，空格内容并未转换话题。结合空格所处位置(第二段末)可知，空格内容应与其上文保持一致，继续介绍过去发明。D项指出，19世纪末20世纪初出现的发明不仅包括现代卫生设备，还有汽车、飞机等。该选项中modernsanitation承接上文toilet：late-19thandearly-20thcentury正是马桶问世的时间；cars，planes，thetelephone，radioandantibiotics列举了该时期颇具影响力的一系列创新发明。这些发明为社会带来了深远影响，正是空格下文(第三段首句)thesameimpact的比较对象。7、【R2】标准答案：F知识点解析：空格出现在第三段中间。空格上文引出“创新速度业已减缓”的悲观观点，空格下文分析创新速度减缓对经济的影响。F项首句承上启下，前半句通过thepessimists承接上文“悲观论调”(thepessimists指代上文bandofthinkersclaimthatthepaceofinnovationhasslowed)，后半句通过implications引出深刻启示。该选项剩余部分指出，若想保持经济持续增长必须进行创新，这与空格下文“创新速度减缓，经济增速也随之减缓”衔接顺畅。B项中出现了空格下文“经济增长率(growthrates)”这一信息，有一定干扰。但该选项重点在于分析各历史时期的经济增长趋势，与空格上下文话题“创新(innovation)”不符。另外，该选项中现代经济增长率明显高于过去，这与空格上下文的悲观论调不符。8、【R3】标准答案：G知识点解析：空格出现在第四段中间。空格上文指出，近年来创新的影响力似乎的确在减弱。空格下文指出，生产率(数据)也支持悲观论。由空格下文also可推知，空格内容与其下文为并列关系，也在列举证据证明悲观者观点。G项通过forinstance引出两个例子：近年来美国人平均寿命增速减缓；发达国家旅行速度较以前减慢。这两个例子与空格下文生产率(Productivity)减缓的例子共同证明悲观者的观点(theimpactofinnovationdoesindeedseemtobetailingoff)，符合语境要求。9、【R4】标准答案：A知识点解析：空格出现在第五段中间。空格上文指出，情况并非如悲观者所宣称的那般暗淡。空格下文指出．现在就要一笔勾销当代创新的影响力为时过早。这表明本段开始反驳悲观者观点。空格上文提到“人均寿命依然在增长”显然是对第四段论据进行的针对性反驳。由此推测，空格内容可能是对第四段其余论据的反驳。A项指出，电气化带来生产率的井喷式发展；2004年以来生产率的下滑或许跟经济危机关系更大，而非由于缺乏创新所致。该选项显然是针对“生产率减缓”这一论据做出的反驳。E项通过展示当代发明家的庞大阵容反驳了悲观论调，有一定干扰。但该选项作为反驳论据出现得过于突然，既不符合空格上文asthedoomsayersclaim的内容，也与“人均寿命仍在延长”这种与上段内容针锋相对的驳论方式不符。10、【R5】标准答案：C知识点解析：空格出现在第六段中间。空格上文指出，这一代人对技术进步的贡献主要在信息技术方面。空格下文发生语义转折(But)。由此推测，空格内容应与其上文保持一致，阐述当代人在信息技术方面的创新。C项指出，正如电气化打破了能源的区域限制，从而改变了一切；计算机和通信技术提高了人们的运算和交流能力，从而改变了生活和商业。其中，computingandcommunicationstechnologies对应空格上文informationtechnology(IT)。Certainactivistlawyershavegrabbedheadlinesrecentlyintheircampaigntograntlegalrights,first,tochimpanzeesandthentootheranimals.【R1】______Proponentsofanimalrightsbuildtheircasewiththesearguments:(1)certainanimalssharequalitiesofconsciousnessthathaveheretoforebeenseenasuniquelyhuman;(2)animalsarebrutalizedinresearch;(3)researchwithanimalshasbeenmadeobsoletebycomputersandothertechnologies.【R2】______Lastly,andperhapsmostimportantly,thereisnosubstituteforanimalresearchtounderstandbiologicalprocessesthataffectalivingorganism.Thinkofitthisway:Whyusecostlyanimalsifequallyusefulnon-animalresearchtoolswereavailable?【R3】______Witheverymedicalbreakthroughofthepastcenturythedirectresultofanimal-basedresearch,suchresearchisnotonlyethical,butisourobligation.【R4】______PhilosopherPeterSingerfirstmadetheargumentthatsomeanimalsoughttocountas"persons",whereasmentallydefectivehumansshouldnotandthatthelivesofhealthyanimalsoughttobeweighedequallywithhumanbeings.SingersaysparentsofanewbornwithDown'ssyndromewouldbejustifiedinendingherlifetomakeroomintheirlivesforababywithnormalintelligence.Recall,though,thatNaziGermanyusedthesamekindofpersonhoodcriteriontojustifykillingthephysicallyandmentallyhandicapped.【R5】______Animalsarenotlittlepersons;Thenecessityofdistinguishingbetweenapersonandanimalstrikesattheheartofthedilemmafacedbyascientistwhoisveryfondofanimals,yetwhousestheminresearch.Ihavecometorealizetheobvious:Wedecidewhatanimalsaretobeinrelationtous.Iadoremycat,Buster,butIalsousedmembersofhisspeciesinmyresearchforyears.[A]Theybelievethattheseanimalsdeservelegalprotection,includinganendtotheiruseassubjectsofmedicalresearch.Asaresearchscientistwhofor40yearshasusedanimalsinsleepstudies,Iamdeeplyconcerned.[B]Wehaveagreatobligationtotheanimalsunderourcontrol;Wehaveamoralresponsibilitytocareforanimalsandshouldnottreatthemcruelly.Andwescientistsareobligatedtoperformcriticalexperimentsasskillfullyandhumanelyaspossible.[C]Allhumanbeingsarepersons:Thisisobvioustomost—butnottosomeintheanimalrightsmovement[D]Whileperhapssuperficiallycredible,theseassertionsaresimplisticand,inmyview,simplywrong.First,limitedsimilaritiesofconsciousnessarenotsufficientgroundstomaketheimportantleapofgrantinglegalpersonhoodtoanimals.Secondly,scientistshaveeveryreasontotreatanimalshumanelybecausegoodsciencedependsonhealthyanimals.[E]Ourfirstobligationistoourfellowhumans:Asabiologist,Isaythatthemostpowerfulimperativefortheuseofanimalsinresearchisthatofsurvival,ofprotectingkinand,byextension,otherpersonsfromconquerablediseaseanduntimelydeath.Viewedthisway,scientists'workseemsnodifferentfromamothereagle'sdismemberingpreytofeedherbabies.[F]Granting"personhood"toanimalspeciesdeemedtosharequalitieswithus,suchascognition,autonomyandself-awareness,isnotabenigncampaigntoprotectanimals.Itisanefforttousethelegalsystemasatooltoenforceaflawedethicconcerningtherelationshipbetweenhumanityandtheanimalworld.[G]Wewouldbefoolish,atbest,toignoretherealitiesofNatureandthepowerofnaturalimpulsesforsurvival.11、【R1】标准答案：A知识点解析：第一段提到主张保护动物权利的那些律师的观点和目的。A项承接上一句进一步具体说明这些律师的观点。另外。A项第二句提到动物研究的话题，而下文均为作者就是否继续动物研究这一话题表达了自己的观点。A项置于此处是为了引出话题。12、【R2】标准答案：D知识点解析：第二段提出了动物权利保护者的观点；通过第三段的后半部分，可以得知作者在第三段反驳这些论断。我们只需在选项中找到关于作者反驳这些观点的表述即可。D项符合文意。另外，第三段后文的Lastly也能给我们一定的提示，D项中的Firstly，Secondly与Lastly构成结构上的统一。13、【R3】标准答案：F知识点解析：F项继续批驳所谓的“动物有人的特性”的观点，并指出这是处理人与动物关系不道德的表现。下文作者提到了“从动物身上找到治疗方法，这种研究是合乎道德的”，F项中的论断与作者的观点构成相对的关系。14、【R4】标准答案：C知识点解析：文章第五段主要是关于“何为人”。下文举例提到Singer的观点，在他看来，有些人不能算作是人。只有C项中提到“所有人都是人，这样一个浅显的道理有些人还没有意识到”，很显然，哲学家Singer就是作者所声称的那一类“没有意识到‘所有人都是人’这一浅显道理”的人之一。15、【R5】标准答案：E知识点解析：上文提到Singer的错误观点，甚至将他的观点与纳粹的立场相比。针对这种观点，在E项中，作者提出应如何对待人的问题，以及动物实验对人生存的意义。下一段总结全文，指出应该如何看待动物及动物实验。Intheearly19thcentury,FrenchphilosopherAugusteComteproposedascientifichierarchyrangingfromthephysicalsciencesatthebottomupthroughbiologytothe"queen"ofsciences,sociology,atthetop.Ascienceofhumansocialbehavior,Comtecontended,couldhelphumanitymakemoralandpoliticaldecisionsandconstructmoreefficientJustgovernments.Today,socialsciencereceivesmuchlessfederalfundingthanthebiologicalandphysicalsciencesdo.Socialscientistsareaccusedofbeing"soft",ofworkingwiththeoriessolackinginprecisionandpredictivepowerthattheydon'tdeservetobecalledscientific.Somesocialscientists—I'llcallthem"softies"—shrugoffthiscriticism,becausetheyidentifylesswithphysicistsandchemiststhanwithscholarsinthehumanities.【R1】______Othersocialscientists,"hardies"hopeforandbelievetheycaneventuallyattainthesamestatusashardscience,say,biology.SoftiesandhardieshavebeenfightingforaslongasIcanremember.【R2】______Theterm"sociobiology"becamesocontroversialthatitisrarelyusedtoday,exceptbysoftiesasaninsult.Hardiesnonethelessembracedthetenetsofsociobiology.Theyattachedtheterm"evolutionary"totheirfields—creatingdisciplinessuchasevolutionarypsychologyandevolutionaryeconomics—andchurnedoutunreliableconclusionsabouttheadaptiveoriginsofwarandcapitalism.Softieslookskepticallyattheaspirationsofhardies—withgoodreason.Therecentrecessionprovidesapowerfuldemonstrationofsocialscience'slimits.【R3】______Evenwhensupportedbythelatestfindingsfromneuroscience,genetics,andotherfields,socialsciencewillneverapproachtheprecisionandpredictivepowerofthehardsciences.【R4】______Incontrast,thebasicunitsofsocialsystems—people—arealldifferentfromeachother;eachpersonwhohaseverlivedisuniqueinwaysthatarenottrivialbutessentialtoourhumanity.【R5】______Soweareleftwithaparadox:Althoughsocialscienceisinmanyaspectsquiteweak,itcanalsobeextraordinarilypowerfulintermsofitsimpact,forillorgood,onourlives.Here'samorespecificsuggestion:Socialscientistsshouldnotconsideridentifyingwiththehardersciencesorthehumanities.Rather,theyshouldfocusmoreintenselyonfindinganswerstospecificproblems.[A]Theworld'ssmartesteconomists,equippedwiththemostsophisticatedmathematicalmodelsandpowerfulcomputersthatmoneycanbuy,didnotforesee—oratanyratecouldnotprevent—thefinancialcalamitiesthatstrucktheUnitedStatesandtherestoftheworldin2008.[B]However,JamesWeatherallwhohasaPh.D.inphysicsaswellasinphilosophypointedoutthatthemethodsofhardsciencescanhelpmakesocialsciencesmorerigorous.[C]StevensInstituteofTechnologyisacaseinpoint;SocialsciencefallswithinthechargeoftheStevensCollegeofArts&Letters,whichalsoencompassesphilosophy,history,literature,musicandmyownhumblediscipline,sciencecommunication.AsfarasIcantell,mysocial-sciencecolleaguesaren'tseethingwithresentmentatbeinglumpedtogetherwiththehumanitiesfolks.[D]Eachindividualmindalsokeepschanginginresponsetonewexperiences—watchingLordoftheRings,havingababy,teachingfreshmancomposition.Imaginehowhardphysicswouldbeifeveryelectronweretheuniqueproductofitsentirehistory.[E]Recently,astheprestigeofneurosciencehassurged,hardieshavediscoveredthebenefitsofincludingmagnetic-resonanceimagingandotherbrain-scanningexperimentsingrantproposals,andtheyhaveattachedtheprefix"neuro"totheirdisciplines,yieldingnewtermssuchasneuroeconomicsandneuroan-thropology.[F]In1975,forexample,theHarvardbiologistE.O.WilsoncontendedinhisblockbusterSociobiologythatsocialsciencewouldonlybecometrulyscientificbyembracingevolutionarytheoryandgenetics.HorrifiedsoftiesdenouncedsociobiologyasathrowbacktosocialDarwinismandeugenics,twoofthemostnotorioussocialapplicationsofscience.[G]Physicsaddressesphenomena—electrons,elements,gravity—thatarerelativelysimple,stableandamenabletoprecisemathematicaldefinition.Gravityworksinexactlythesamewaywhetheryoumeasureitin17th-centuryEnglandor21st-centuryAmerica.Everyneutronisidenticaltoeveryotherneutron.16、【R1】标准答案：C知识点解析：空格出现在第二段末。空格上文介绍“软派(softies)”社会科学家的观点，空格下文(第三段)开始介绍“硬派(hardies)”观点。空格处于第二段末，应该与其上文保持一致，继续介绍“软派”观点。空格上文指出，软派学者对批判观点不屑一顾，因为他们对物理学家和化学家的认同度要低于对人文科学学者的认同度。换言之，他们对人文科学的认同度更高一点。C项举例指出，在斯蒂文斯理工学院，社会学科和人文学科同属一个学院，并且学者们相处融洽。该选项恰好证明社会科学软派学者对人文科学学者具有学术认同，与空格上文形成例证关系。另外，该选项中philosophy，history，literature，musicandsciencecommunication都属于人文学科，与末句中thehumanitiesfolks共同呼应空格上文scholarsinthehumanities。17、【R2】标准答案：F知识点解析：空格出现在第三段末。空格上文首先介绍硬派观点：相信社会科学家能够达到硬科学的地位。然后指出，软派和硬派之间争论不休。这意味着下文可能会具体介绍两派之间的争论情况。F项举例指出，哈佛大学生物学家威尔逊认为社会科学只有同进化理论和基因学相结合才能真正戍为科学，而软派学者则将社会生物学指责为向臭名昭著的社会达尔文主义和优生学的倒退。该选项涉及两派观点交锋，前者正符合“硬派”观点(推动社会科学向硬科学发展)，后者则是软派学者对硬派学者观点的驳斥。另外，第四段首句直接提到Theterm“sociobiology”，这表明上文可能出现了该词。F项中正好出现了专业名词sociobiology。因此，F项较为合适。E项有干扰，在语义上似乎与下文一致，都属于硬派学者的典型做法。但仔细分析便能发现该选项并不符合语境。空格处于第三段末，内容上应该与其上文保持一致，继续介绍软硬学派的争议。而E项只介绍了硬派的做法，却只字未提软派的情况，无法证明两派具有争议。18、【R3】标准答案：A知识点解析：空格出现在第五段末。空格上文指出，软派学者对硬派学者的雄心表示怀疑，他们的理由很充分。近期的经济衰退就是对社会科学局限性的有力证明。这表明本段将以“经济衰退”为例介绍软派学者质疑硬派学者观点的理由。A项指出，世界上最好的经济学家，拥有最先进的模型和设备，却未能预测或阻止2008年的金融灾难。该选项说明，经济学具有一定局限性，无法达到硬科学那样高的精确度和预测能力。这一内容既与上文紧密衔接，又引出了下文(第六段)作者观点(社会科学绝不可能达到硬科学所具有的精确度和预测能力)。另外，该选项中thefinancialcalamities与空格上文Therecentrecession也保持了话题一致。19、【R4】标准答案：G知识点解析：空格出现在第六段末。空格上文指出，“社会科学”绝不可能达到“硬科学”所具有的精确度和预测能力。空格下文(第七段首句)通过表示对比关系的短语Incontrast(相反)引出对“社会科学”研究对象的分析。由Incontrast可以推知，空格处内容一定分析了“硬科学”的研究对象。G项指出，物理学研究的对象相对简单稳定，并且经得起精确数学定义的检验。然后举例指出，不论是在17世纪的英国还是在21世纪的美国，重力的运行方式都是相同的。所有中子也都是一模一样的。物理学正是典型的硬科学．因此G项完全符合语境要求。20、【R5】标准答案：D知识点解析：空格出现在第七段末。空格上文指出，社会学的研究对象“人”是千差万别的，每个人都是独一无二的。空格下文开始总结全文。因此．空格内容应该与其上文保持一致，继续介绍“人”的个体差异。A项指出，每个人的思维都会根据新的体验发生变化。这恰恰说明每个人都是独特的，与上文观点保持一致。另外，该选项末句还指出，如果每个电子各不相同，物理学则会非常难。这一内容显然是对上一段(第六段)所介绍的物理学研究对象特点的照应，从而为“社会科学”与“硬科学”研究对象特点的对比作结。考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷第2套一、阅读（常规阅读理解）(本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。)Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertSzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas"seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility"happens"toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother'sreasoningandeachother'sconceptionsofreason."1、Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyitsA、uncertaintyandcomplexity.B、misconceptionanddeceptiveness.C、logicalityandobjectivity.D、systematicnessandregularity.标准答案：A知识点解析：细节题。根据题干定位在第一段。第二句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience，discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute．即在日常的科学实践中，科学发现常常遵循一条模糊而复杂的路径。A项uncertaintyandcomplexity(不确定性和复杂性)是对原文ambiguousandcomplicated的同义替换，是正确答案。B项“误解和欺骗”、C项“逻辑性和客观性”都是对原文的曲解。D项“系统性和规律性”原文未提及。2、ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequiresA、strictinspection.B、sharedefforts.C、individualwisdom.D、persistentinnovation.标准答案：B知识点解析：推断题。根据题干定位在文章第二段。文中指出ittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptanceto…Thisisthecredibilityprocess，B项sharedefforts(共同努力)表达了相同意思，为正确选项。A项“严格审查”、C项“个人智慧”都是对原文的曲解。D项“不断创新”属于无中生有，原文未提。3、Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafteritA、hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.B、hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.C、hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.D、hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.标准答案：B知识点解析：细节题。根据题干定位在文章第三段。该段先讲了科学界各人物角色在“取信过程”中的作用．然后说“发现声明”在历经“取信过程”之后，由个体的发现声明转变成集体可信的发现，可见B项为正确答案．即科学发现获得公众的可信度需要集体的努力和验证。A项“吸引普通大众注意力”原文未提。C项“获得编辑和评论家认同”、D项“被科学家同行经常性引用”，只是文中所说的一个方面，属于以偏概全。4、AlbertSzent-GyoergyiwouldmostlikelyagreethatA、scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.B、discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.C、effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.D、scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.标准答案：D知识点解析：推断题。根据题干关键词定位在文章第四段。第七句指出…discoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasbeenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought”，此句引用Arbert的观点指出科学研究发现需要看到“每个人看到的，想到别人没想到的”，由此可知，他认为科学研究发现需要有观察、思考能力，因此D项“科学研究需要评判思维”为正确答案。A项“科学声明将经受住挑战”、B项“今天的发现引发未来的研究”都是对原文的曲解。C项“做出科学发现的努力是合理的”与段落关联不大．故排除。5、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?A、NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopmentB、CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscoveryC、EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScienceD、ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience标准答案：C知识点解析：主旨题。从整个文章脉络来看，文章第一段指出任何发现最终的目标是将它客观化，但是这个过程多多少少会受到环境和背景的影响；第二段写到这个过程需要公众共同的努力：第三段具体论述了不同的角色在这个过程中需要完成的工作；第四段则提出了使科学发现获得可信度的过程中所遇到的两个矛盾；最后一段作者用AnnetteBaier的一句话总结了这个过程。由此可知，全文都围绕科学发现的“取信过程”(即可信度从无到有的发展过程)展开论述，故C项“科学研究中可信度的发展”为正确答案。A项“新颖是科学发展的引擎”与原文不符。B项“科学发现中的集体审查”以偏概全。D项“科学人门处对可信度的质疑”只是对第四段的概括，也不能代表全文。Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas"alltoohuman,"withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Abo