2023年高考英语考点全国微专题18 阅读理解之人与自然

考向18间读理解之人与自然

真题典例

（2022•全国•高考真题）Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshownto

havesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,the

birdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwith

aboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdswere

givenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanother

yearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（对称的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethata

shapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan"allocentricframeofreference,\In

theexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisual

recognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.This

indicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsin

space,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyon

visualclues（线索）,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

1.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?

A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.

C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.

2.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?

A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.

C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.

3.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?

A.Howfartheyareabletosee.B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.

C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.

4.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。

1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattool

usewhilekeptinthecage.（虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就

能熟练地使用工具）“以及"thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Inserting,the

correct''keys"wouldletoutthenut.（研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的

“钥匙”会让坚果出来）“可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyear

ofage（在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里）'‘结合选项，可知，一

岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C»

3.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段"Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhether

thecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.（根据研

究人员的说法，卜一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状）”

可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。

4.主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段"Coffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,

havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiesloahumantwo-year-old.（科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原

产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似）“可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头

鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters（凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工）”符合文意，最适合作为本文标

题。故选D。

1P机§与窗驾

（2021•全国•高考真题）IhaveworkedasakeeperattheNationalZoo,Parisfor11years.SpotandStripe

arethefirsttigercubsthathaveeverbeenbornhere.Globally,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon'tmakeitto

adulthood,soIdecidedtogivethemround-the-clockcareathome.

Fvegottwochildren-theyoungerone,Kynan,wasextremelyhappyaboutthetigersarriving-butallofus

reallylookedforwardtobeingpartoftheirlivesandwatchingthemgrow.Iwasn'tworriedaboutbringingthem

intomyhomewithmywifeandkids.Thesewerecubs.Theyweighedabout2.5kgandweresosmallthatthere

wasabsolutelynorisk.

Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewere

asleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dgetuptomischief.We*dcomedowninthe

morningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.

Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.Therewere

sometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohavea

bitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup"tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.

WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andwe

knewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.Itwashardforustofinallypartwiththem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynan

wasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren'tthere.

Fmnotsadaboutit.Fmhands-onwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookbackveryfondlyonthetime

thatwehadthem.

5.Whydidtheauthorbringthetigercubshome?

A.Toensuretheirsurvival.B.Toobservetheirdifferences.

C.Toteachthemlifeskills.D.Toletthemplaywithhiskids.

6.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“getuptomischief5meaninparagraph3?

A.Behavebadly.B.Losetheirway.C.Sleepsoundly.D.Misstheirmom.

7.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofraisingthetigercubsathome?

A.Boring.B.Tiring.C.Costly.D.Risky.

8.WhydidtheauthordecidetosendSpotandStripebacktothezoo?

A.Theyfrightenedthechildren.B.Theybecamedifficulttocontain.

C.Theyannoyedtheneighbours.D.Theystartedfightingeachother.

【答案】5.A6.A7.B8.B

【分析】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者为了保证两只老虎幼崽的存活，决定在家里全天候照顾它们。介绍

了老虎在作者家生活的情况以及作者照顾老虎的感受。

5.细节理解题。根据第——段中“Globally,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon'tmakeittoadulthood,soIdecided

togivethemround-the-clockcareathome.（在全球范围内，动物园里三分之一的苏门答腊老虎幼崽活不到成

年，所以我决定在家里全天候照顾它们）''可知，作者把老虎幼崽带回家是为了确保他们的存活。故选A。

6.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduring

theday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'd”（随着它们的活动越

来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则

它们会）以及后文“Wddcomedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftit

lookinglikeazoo."（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者

不得不把老虎们关在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得

乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好工故选A。

7.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredto

lookafterthem.ThereweresometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.（由于需要大量的精力来照顾它们，

事情很快变得非常紧张。有一段艰难的日子，我只是觉得非常累）”可推知，作者认为在家里养小老虎累人。

故选B。

8.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopen

doorsandjumpfences,andweknewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.（当Spot和Stripe四个月大的时候，他们

正在学习如何开门和跳栅栏，我们知道是时候让他们离开了）“可知，作者决定把Spot和Stripe送回动物园

是因为他们变得难以控制。故选B。

（2021•北京•高考真题）Earlyfifth-centuryphilosopherSt.Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhat

timewasunlesssomeoneaskedhim.AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevaries

dependingonwhereyoumeasureit.Today'sstate-of-the-artatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinstein

right.Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestion

you*reasking.

Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute.Whatif,insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimeto

ecology?Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife?We're

increasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone,andrealizingthatwe

needtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance.Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat?

Recently,Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekeepingthat*sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet,

conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming.We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseum

thatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers,whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmental

changes.We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate.If

theriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage,theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime.Iftheyrunslower,you'll

seetheoppositeeffect.

Theclockregistersbothshort-termirregularitiesandlong-termtrendsinriverdynamics.It'sasortof

observatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromtheirowntemporalframe（时间框架），andallowsusto

witnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones.AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewill

liveinharmonywiththeplanet.Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencountera

majorimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies.

Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars,earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtime

tonaturalphenomena.Inpre-ClassicalGreece,forinstance,people"corrected^oflficialcalendarsbyshiftingdates

forwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason.Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheir

survival.Likewise,rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmental

awareness.

WhenSt.Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime,hehighlightedoneoftime'smostnoticeable

qualities：Timebecomesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext.Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid,andeachisas

praiseworthyasitspurpose.

9.WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1?

A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature.

B.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms.

C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit.

D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists.

10.TheauthorraisesthreequestionsinParagraph2mainlyto.

A.presentanassumptionB.evaluateanargument

C.highlightanexperimentD.introduceanapproach

11.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?

A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife.

B.NewwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems.

C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower.

D.Moderntechnologymayhelptoshapetheriverstemporalframe.

12.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?

A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime.

B.Afixedframewillmaketimemeaningless.

C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature.

D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality.

【答案】9.BIO.Dll.C12.C

【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。

9.主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句"Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausethe

answerdependsonthequestionyou'reasking.（即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，

因为答案取决于你要问的问题）''以及上文列举的哲学家St.Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，

第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。

10.推理判断题。根据第二段的“WcTcincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan*tcontrolEarthsystemswith

engineeringalone,andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance.（我

们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要

调节我们的行动。）“进而提出问题“Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat?（如果时间的定义反映那些会

怎么样呢）“，结合前两个问题“Whatif,insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werelatedtimeto

ecology?Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife?（如果我们不考

虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏

呢厂可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。

11.细节理解题。根据第三段的"We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinueto

flowaltheirpresentrate.Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage,theclockwillgetaheadofstandard

time.Iftheyrunslower,you'llseetheoppositeeffect.（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了

编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的

运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。

故选C项。

12.推理判断题。根据第二段的"We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswith

engineeringalone,andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance.（我

们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要

调节我们的行动。）”和倒数第二段的“Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheir

survival.Likewise,rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmental

awareness（时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保

护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识）”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护

环境。故选C。

止郃跄招空

（2021•北京•高考真题）Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinan

openletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobal

collapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario（情景）this

century”.

Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmight

createglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.

Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentof

still-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notvery

longago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovenso

disastrouslylackinginflexibility.

Theinternationalscholars'warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmight

happen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangers

ofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories（签署者）ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe

“ecologicalfbotprinf,concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintaina

givenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,"itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsome

form,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,“Johnsonsaidinanemail.

“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwe

havethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm^^.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikely

tobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,

Manisavictimofdope（麻醉品）

Intheincurableformofhope.

Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent（执着）onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.

“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,theysay,"anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatwesee

theretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.^^

13.Whatdocstheunderlinedword“germane"inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Scientific.B.Credible.

C.Original.D.Relevant.

14.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris.

A.worriedB.puzzled

C.surprisedD.scared

15.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?

A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.

B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.

C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.

D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.

【答案】13.D14.A15.B

【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在

去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风

险。文章具体阐释了学者们对•这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。

13.词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句"Thecallfbrpublicengagementwiththe

unthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesinthe

world'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密

切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也

提到，一场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都

是无法想象，不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满J’不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable

加以关注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A.Scientific科学的；B.Credible可信的，可靠的；C.

Original原来的，原创的；D.Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选

Do

14.推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbance

arelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine."（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽

略，我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如"Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueof

collapse,Mtheysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroubling

future."（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没

那么糟。“）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌'’的重视意识不够，比较担心，A.worried担忧的；B.puzzled

困惑的，茫然的；C.surprised惊讶的；D.scared害怕的,综合以上的分析,可见作者对此是“担忧的“，故

选A,

15.推理判断题。原文诗歌“Manisavictimofdope;Intheincurablefbnnofhope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；

沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，

充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearc1汰clyto

beignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine."（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希

望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提

至!I执着于“quietinghopethatignorespreparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提到

"Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,"theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatwesee

theretomakeIhebestofatroublingfuture."（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的

可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。“）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方

的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故

选Bo

（2021•全国•高考真题）Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"tell"whetheryoulookcontentor

annoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhuman

faces,accordingtoanewstudy

Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages（图像）ofthesamepersonmakingeither

ahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfof

theperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsby

showingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson*sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.The

researchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeir

nosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.

Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduring

trainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage."Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepictures

basedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,"saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller.''Instead,ourresultssuggest

thatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesamerule

appliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes."

"Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhuman

facialexpressions,1'MullertoldLiveScience.

Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacial

expressionsinhumans,"Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwith

humans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,"andthisexposurehasprovidedthem

withmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Mullersaid.

16.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan.

A.distinguishshapesB.makesenseofhumanfaces

C.feelhappyorangryD.communicatewitheachother

17.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?

A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.

B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.

C.Picturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferent

D.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethelest.

18.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.

C.AmajorlimitationofthestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.

【答案】16.B17.C18.B

【分析】这是•篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类的面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种

能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。

16.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimagesofthe

samepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.（研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高

兴还是愤怒）”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。

17.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelower

halfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacial

expressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson\faceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedin

training』在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表

情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像）“可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗

看的照片是不一样的。故选C。

18.主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheir

livingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,andthisexposurehas

providedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem"Mullersaid.（Muller说：“对我们来说,

最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接

触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情

的可能原因。故选B。

经典变式练（基础练、提升练、真题练）

※基础练

Dodogsunderstandus?

Becarefulwhatyousayaroundyourdog.Itmightunderstandmorethanyouthink.

AbordercollienamedRicorecognizesthenamesofabout200objects,sayresearchersinGemany.Thedog

alsoappearstobeabletolearnnewwordsaseasilyasa3-year-oldchild.Itsword-learningskillsareasgoodas

thoseofaparrotorchimpanzee.

Inoneexperiment,theresearcherstookall200itemsthatRicoissupposedtoknowanddividedtheminto20

groupsof10objects.Thentheownertoldthedogtogoandfetchoneoftheitemsandbringitback.Infourtests,

Ricogot37outof40commandsright.Asthedogcouldn'tseeanyonetogetclues,thescientistsbelieveRico

mustunderstandthemeaningsofcertainwords.

Inanotherexperiment,thescientiststookonetoythatRicohadneverseenbeforeandputitinaroomwith

seventoyswhosenamesthedogalreadyknew.TheownerthentoldRicotofetchtheobject,usingawordthedog

hadneverheardbefore.

Thecorrectobjectwaschoseninsevenoutof10tests,suggestingthatthedoghadworkedouttheanswerby

processofelimination.Amonthlater,Ricorememberedhalfofthenewnames,whichisevenmoreimpressive.

Ricoisthoughttobesmarterthantheaveragedog.Foronething,Ricoisabordercollie,abreedknownfbr

itsmentalabilities.Inaddition,the9-year-olddoghasbeentrainedtofetchtoysbytheirnamessincetheageof

ninemonths.

It'shardtoknowifalldogsunderstandatleastsomeofthewordswesay.Eveniftheydo,theycan'ttalk

back.Still,itwouldn'thurttosweet-talkyourdogeverynowandthen.Youmightjustgetabig,wetkissin

return!

1.Fromparagraph2weknowthat.

A.animalsareascleverashumanbeings

B.dogsaresmarterthanpanotsandchimpanzees

C.dogshavesimilarlearningabilitiesas3-year-oldchildren

D.chimpanzeeshaveverygoodword-learningskills

2.Bothexperimentsshowthat.

A.Ricocanrecognizedifferentthingsincludingtoys

B.Ricoissmartenoughtogetallcommandsright

C.Ricohasdevelopedtheabilityoflearningmathematics

D.Ricowon'tforgetthenamesofobjectsoncerecognizingthem

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Ricohasabettermemorypartlybecauseofitsproperearlytraining.

B.Thepurposeoftheexperimentsistoshowthebordercollie'smentalabilities.

C.Thebordercollieisworld-famousforrecognizingobjects.

D.Ricoisbomtounderstanditsowner'scommands.

4.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?

A.Totrainyourdog.B.Totalktoyourdog.

C.Tobefriendlytoyourdog.D.Tobecarefulwithyourdog.

5.FromthepassageweknowthatRicois.

A.athree-year-oldbabyB.adogC.achimpanzeeD.aparrot

GemanartistHASchultisanunusualartistwhousestrashtomakesculptures.4€Wearelivinginatimeof

garbage,saysSchult."Icreatedathousandsculpturesofgarbage.Theyareamirrorofourselves.^^Here,Schult

wastalkingabouthis1,000trashsculpturesintheformofhumans.

“Theyaresocialsculptures,heexplained.t4Theyarenotonlysculpturesfortheeyes.Theyaresculpturesto

spreadtheideathatweliveinatimeofgarbage."Sofar,Schult'ssocialsculptureshavebeenonshowinParis,in

Moscow'sRedSquare,ontheGreatWallofChina,andinthedesertnexttotheGreatPyramidofGizanearCairo.

HASchulfsworkisunforgettable.Althoughhisworkhashadabiginfluenceontheartworld,Schult

remainsmodestabouthiscreation,"Artistshavetolearneverytime.Wearenotimportant.Allthatcountsisthe

timeinwhichweareliving.”

Trasharthasbeenaroundforyears.Butitseemsthatonlythepopularartistsareregardedastrueartistswhen

workingwithtrash.Whycan'tordinarypeoplebeconsideredartistswhentheyusethesamethingsandchange

themintosomeformofpersonalart?Maybeit'sbecauseweallhaveourownpresumptionofwhatartisandisn't,

orwhomartistsareorshouldbe.

YoucanbeanartistlikeSchultifyoutry.Lookatusedmetalcans.Whatmightbedonewiththem?Imagine

theminanynumberofnewuses,orimaginethemsimplyasanartform.Whataboutboxesorclothing?Boxes

canusuallyserveasnewstoragecontainersandhousesforpets.Andclothing?Imaginetakingoldclothesand

turningthemintohatsorbags.

6.WhatdoweknowaboutSchulfssculptures?

A.Theyservedasgarbagecontainers.B.Theyreflectedenvironmentalissues.

C.TheywerefirstshowninParis.D.Theyweretoraiseeconomicawareness.

7.WhatcanbelearntbyHASchult'sexample?

A.Anartistm