公司SAP实施专案之零件领用流程模板

附件二：SAP阴暗面-有限业务效益不值得承受这么大痛苦众所周知SAP阴暗面是:有限业务收益，缺乏灵活性，极难实施和使用，复杂。。。。。等等，造成用户排斥和高额推广费用。一家独立咨询企业SpikesCavell&Co.最近调查了部分英国SAP用户,深入证实了以上问题。以下附上调查摘要（文章一）。为了愈加具体地说明SAP弱点，我们来看一下“CFOEurope”杂志(文章二)中列出Pirelli项目情况.这是一个经典SAP项目:1994年一月开启,“预期”今年年底完成.(有没有搞错?对!是需要六年.ASAP大约是代表AsSLOWAsPainful!)最终发表在英国媒体文章(文章三)足以说明SAP在开放性方面怎样落后.正如文章所说:一个企业假如试图将用户锁定在它系统里,就不可能考虑处理现代最新业务需求.

文章一"ComputasoftConsultingrevealsSAPHurdlesandSolutions",PressInformationComputasoft咨询企业揭露了SAP障碍和处理方案，所公布资料来自1999年7月1日《Computasoft咨询》fromComputasoftConsulting,July1,1999IndependentmarketresearchsponsoredbyComputasoftConsultingrevealsthatdespite由computasoft负责独立市场调查揭露，尽管SAP得到了广泛应用，不过几乎2/3已经应用此软件企业感到没有取得充足收益。thewideuptakeofSAP,almosttwo-thirdsofcorporatebusinessesthathaveimplementedthesoftwaredonotfeeltheyreapthefullbenefits.Theresearch,undertakenby 该调查由SpikesCavell负责，她于1999年5月，在英国调查了100个SAP项目经理和商业经理。SpikesCavell&Co,surveyed100SAPprojectmanagersandbusinessmanagersintheUKduringMay1999.ThesurveywasdesignedtoassesstheimpactofSAPonUKbusinesses 这个调查目标是评定SAP在英国商界影响和展示她们未来依靠原有投资来发展方法。andtodemonstratethewaysinwhichtheyplantobuildontheirexistinginvestmentinthefuture.Two-thirdsofSAPITmanagersand62%ofbusinessmanagersadmitthattheircompanies2/3IT经理和62％商业经理认可她们企业现在没有从SAP处理方案中取得充足收益。donotcurrentlyreceivethefullbenefitsoftheSAPsolution.59%ofthosesurveyed 59％被调查者statedthatalackofflexibilitywasreducingthebenefitstheyreceived,while表明SAP缺乏灵活性，并所以降低了她们收益，56%foundthatmoretrainingwasneededthanoriginallyestimated.Afurther54%56％调查者表明SAP需要培训比她们原先估量要多。 foundthatfine-tuningthesolutiontomatchtheirbusinessneedscausedproblems.另外54％调查者表明调整SAP处理方案以匹配她们商业需求将造成问题。ReasonsfornotrealisingallexpectedSAPbenefits.Base-allrespondents没有从SAP中取得预期收益理由还有很多。对全部回复者来说，其IT和商业经理面临最大问题之一是最终用户接收和系统使用。However,oneofthemosttellingproblemsfacingITandbusinessmanagerswasgeneratingend-useracceptanceanduseofthesystem.70%ofIT/SAPmanagersand 70%IT/SAP经理和90％商业经理认为职员感觉在企业软件应用和信息共享是关键。90%ofbusinessmanagersviewitasimportantforstafftofeelinvolvedinenterpriseapplicationsandinformationsharing.Yetoveronethird(37%)ofthesebusiness 不过超出1/3（37％）商业经理感到SAP界面不友好造成了最终用户对系统使用降低。managersfeelthattheSAPinterfaceisnotfriendlyandleadstolowuseofthesystembyendusers.Surprisingly,onethirdofthecompaniestakingpartinthe 让人吃惊是，参与培训1/3企业只利用了SAP全部功效中10%.studyonlyextendtheSAPclienttoaround10%oftheirorganisation."SAPprovidesafoundationforefficientbusinessoperationsandisabsolutelyinvaluabletomost“SAP提供了一个有效商业运作基础，不过对很多企业而言是完全无价值。companies.However,itistoocomplexandinflexibleforusersinthefrontoffice对企业最前端用户来说，SAP太复杂和不灵活引发信息存取和步骤管理没有效率。”，Computasoft咨询董事TobyConrad评价，oftheorganisationtoaccessinformationandmanagetheirprocesseseffectively"commentedTobyConrad,ManagingDirector,ComputasoftConsulting."Providingandsharinginformationtoendusersisbecomingincreasinglyimportant-particularlyinsales,marketing,andbusinessmanagementfunctions.Self-serviceapplicationsthatsupportthefrontofficeandintegratewithSAPprovidetheflexibilityandreachneededbythebusiness.Theypromotethesharingofknowledgeacrossandbeyondtheorganisation,"Conradcontinued.“对最终用户提供和共享信息变得日益关键，尤其是在销售、市场和商业管理作用中。支持前端办公和同SAP集成自我服务提供了灵活性而且满足了企业需求。它们提升了信息在整个组织和超越组织知识共享”Conrad继续说。ComputasoftConsultingistheUK'sleadingintegratorofSAPR/3withLotusNotesandintranettechnology.ItsEnterpriseInvolvementSuiteofself-serviceComputasoft咨询企业在SAP和Lotus软件群集成和内联网技术领域在英国处于领导地位。它企业applicationsisauser-friendlyrangeofsolutionsthatextendthereachofback拥有自我服务软件套件，此套件在处理方案中实用，它扩展了后台ERP信息和步骤，这些步骤遍布和超越了组织。officeERPinformationandprocessesthroughoutandbeyondtheorganisation.ComputasoftConsultingdefinesself-serviceapplicationsaslowcost,easy-to-useandeasilydeployedapplicationsthatallowpeopletoretrieveinformationandinteractelectronicallywithcentraliseddepartmentsandbackofficesystems.Computasoft咨询企业定义自我服务应用是低成本、易使用和轻易扩展应用软件，此应用软件许可大家方便检索其所要信息和和集中管理部门及后台系统能电子互动。ComputasoftConsultingisaninnovativeproviderofworldclassbusinesssolutionstocorporateclientswishingtousegroupware,workflowandinternetrelatedtechnologies.AUKbasedLotusPremierPartnerwithaccesstoover120SAPconsultants,thecompanyofferscorporateclientstheabilitytoleveragetheirSAPinvestment.ComputasoftConsultingisaccreditedbykeyITcompanies,includingIBM,Lotus,MicrosoftandSun.ClientsincludePharmacia&Upjohn,MobilOil,TheHalifax,Sony,Royal&SunAlliance,KraftJacobsSuchardandTesco.Computasoft咨询企业是创新提供者，它提供世界级企业处理方案给那些被代理企业，这些企业期望使用软件群、工作流和互联网相关技术。作为一个英国基于LOTUS第一位合作伙伴，它访问了超出120个SAP顾问和对那些使用SAP用户帮助它们提升其SAP投资回报企业。Computasoft咨询企业是能够信赖，它在关键IT企业中享受盛誉，如：IBM、LOTUS、微软、SUN。用户包含：Pharmacia&Upjohn,MobilOil,TheHalifax,Sony,Royal&SunAlliance,KraftJacobsSuchardandTesco。ComputasoftConsultingispartoftheComputasoftGroup,withofficesinLondon,NewYork,HongKongandWalldorf.WithaturnoverofmorethanGBP21millionperannum,theGrouphasgrownsecurelyandsteadilysinceitwasestablishedin1984.Today,ithasmorethan500customersaroundtheglobeandareputationfordeliveringmeasurablebusinessimprovement.Computasoft咨询企业是Computasoft集团一个部分，它在伦敦、纽约、香港和Walldorf全部有办事处。它每十二个月营业额超出了2100万GBP,自从1984成立以来集团就一直稳健地发展。至今，它已拥有超出500家用户，这些用户遍布全球，并在陈说可测量企业改良见解方面享受较高声誉。

文章二"ERP,PlugandPlay","CFOEurope",June1999,JanetKersnarandMatthewMay资料起源：”ERP，即插即用”，”欧洲财务经理”，1999年6月，作者：JanetKersnar和MatthewMayManylargeEuropeancompanieshavealreadyembracedERPsystems,orareabouttodoso.Italy'sPirelliisamongthem."Westartedimplementation[ofaSAPR/3system]inJanuary1994anditwillbecompletedbytheendofthisyear,whichisontarget,"saysEnricoParazzini,directorofadministrationplanningandcontrolofthetyreandcablecompany,whichhad1998revenuesof10.7trillionlire(E5.5billion).That'squitealongperiodbyindustrystandards-accordingtoMetaGroup,atechnologyresearchfirm,theaveragetimeittakestoimplementanERPsysteminEuropeisaround23months.很多欧洲大企业已经拥有ERP系统，或正准备这么做。意大利Pirelli企业就是其中一个。”我们已在1994年1月开始实施SAPR/3系统，而且将在1998年年末完工，这是我们目标”轮胎和缆车企业行政计划控制董事如是说，，些企业1998年收入是10.7万亿里拉（E5.5十亿）。以工业标准来衡量，这是一段很漫长过程，依据Meta集团--一个技术研究企业，它在欧洲实施ERP系统平均时间是23个月。ParazziniacknowledgesthatovercominginternalresistancetoreplacingPirelli'scustombusinesssoftwaretooktime."Itwasverydifficultatthebeginning,"herecalls,"...butby1996,wenolongerhadtoconvincepeopleinsidetheoperation.TheywereaskingforERP,andthenwefounditeasy."ThefirmhasalreadyimplementedR/3'sfinance,costaccounting,materialmanagement,servicedistributionandassetmanagementmodules,andiscurrentlyworkingontheproductionones.(...)Parazzini认可在克服用R3替换原来商业软件内部抵制上花费了时间。”开始非困难,”,她回想说，”…但直至1996年，我们就再也无须使大家信服内部运作。她们开始要求ERP,而且我们发觉很轻易。”企业已经应用了R/3财务、成本会计、材料管理、服务分配和资产管理模块，现在工作运行在SAP上”。"SAPpackages,comewithanincrediblenumberofoptionsandyouhavetoevaluatethecombinations,"notesDavidGarrett,aconsultantwithKPMG.Doingsodidn'ttirePirelli.ParazzinisaysthatthecompanypickedSAP'sR/3systemforthreereasons:thefactthatitwasrelativelynewatthetime;itsabilitytointegrateotherapplicationseffectively;andSAP'sabilitytooffersupportinallofthe16countriesinwhichtheItalianfirmoperates.ParazziniacknowledgesthatR/3isaparticularly"rigid"productthatcan'tbetailoredeasily,butnotesthatPirellihasdealtwiththisbyprovidingstaffwithintensetraininginitsuse.ThecompanyalsodecidedtoswitchfromvarioushardwareplatformstousingHewlett-PackardhardwarandUnix.DavidGarrett,KPMG企业一个顾问说，“SAP软件包,有多得不可置信选项，你不得不去评价它们组合，”。DavidGarrett说，这么做不是整理PIRELLI企业。Parazzini说企业选择R/3系统有三个原因：一、实际上SAP在当初是最新；二、它能和其它应用软件有效集成；三、SAP有能力在16个国家包含意大利运行企业提供支持。Parazzini认可SAP是一个不轻易适应很”钢性”产品，，不过她同时表明企业已经过培训职员怎样使用该系统来处理这个问题。企业也决定从不一样硬件平台转到使用HEWLETT-PACKARD硬件和UNIX上。 Typically,theexpenseofbuyingERPsoftwareandhardwareisonlyasmallpartoftheoverallcostofaproject.Assoonasthe"go"buttonishit,CFOscanexpecttosignofffatchequesforeverythingfromconsultingworktotrainingfees."About60%ofthecostwas[on]implementationand40%onsoftware,"saysPirelli'sParazzini,whoseprojectisestimatedbyTheROIReport,anindustrynewsletter,tohaverequiredatotalinvestmentof98billionlire.(...)经典ERP软件和硬件费用成本只是全部项目成本很小一部分。一旦开始运作，财务总监期望能停止大量因培训而支付费用。”60％成本是实施费，40％是软件件费”PIRELLI企业PARAZZINI说，她项目被ROI汇报（一个工业通讯刊物）估量，总额需要投入980亿里拉。Acompanyshouldmoulditsownprocessesinresponsetothesoftware."Wesucceededinthat,overall,wekeptmostofthestandardsolution,"saysParazzini,thoughheadmitsPirellioccasionallytweakedittofitlocalneeds.(...)一个企业必需制作它自己步骤来响应软件。”我们全方面地成功了，我们保留了大部分标准解方案”PARAZZINI说，即使她认可PIRELLI企业偶然也改变标准方案去适应当地需要。ManyseniorexecutivescontinuetotreatERPimplementationsasITprojects.TheyfailtounderstandthatERProlloutsflyinthefaceofthemantraofdecentralisationthatwaspopularinthe1980s,notleastbecausemodulesoftencutacrosstraditionaldepartmentallines,requiringjobdescriptionstoberewrittenandforcingmanagershoardingdatatoshareit.Andtheyunderestimatetheinternalresistancetochangethiscaninspire.很多高级行政人员仍然将ERP实施看成是IT项目，她们不能了解ERP出现和20世纪80年代流行分权完全相反，并不因为模块缩短了传统部门步骤，而是ERP需要重新明确工作细则并使储存资料经理不得不共享。她们认为内部抵制改变能够起到激励作用。AtPirelli,supportfromthecompany'sCEO,MarcoTronchettiProvera,andothertopmanagersincludingtheCFO,CarloBuora,wasessentialindrivingtheprojectforward."Thekeyreasonforwhatweseeassuccessiscommitmentfromtopmanagement...andtheopinionleadersinsidethecompany,"saysParazzini.在PIRLLI企业，最高实施官，MarcoTronchettiProvera和其它高级管理人员包含财务总监，CARLOBUORA,认为推进项目是必需”我们认为成功最关键原因是高层管理人员承诺```和企业领导见解”PARAZZINI说文章三"SAPrappedbyanalysts","Computing",UK,May6,1999“SAP被分析家们斥责”，”计算”，英国，1999年5月6日。SAPisblockingrivalsfromcreatingproductsthatcompetewithitsowndatawarehousingproduct,saysomeindustryanalysts.部分工业分析家说，SAP阻碍竞争对手生产和SAP数据仓库产品竞争产品。TheanalystssaySAPhasfailedtosimplifyanextremelycomplexapplicationprograminterface(API)withinitsflagshipR/3enterpriseresourceplanningsoftware.TheinterfacemakesitverydifficultforrivalcompaniestowritedatawarehouseproductsthatcanextractdatafromR/3.Evenifothervendorscanovercomethedifficulty,SAPwilloftenrefusetocertifyorapprovetheirsoftwareforusewithR/3.分析家们说SAP未能简化在它R/3企业资源计划软件中复杂应用程序界面。这些界面使得竞争对手极难写数据仓库产品来榨取R/3资料。既使其它卖主能克服困难，SAP也拒绝确保或赞成她们软件和R/3一起使用。OtherpartsoftheAPIforR/3havebeensimplifiedinthelastthreeyears.SAPhasalsodevelopedanAPIwhichallowsdatafromrivalERPsystemstobeexportedtoSAP'sdatawarehousesoftwareBusinessInformationWarehouse(BW).在最近三年其它部分应用程序界面已经简化。SAP已经开发了API，它许可数据从竞争对手ERP系统输出过入SAP数据仓库”商业信息库”Byrefusingtoopenthewholeofitsplatform,SAPiseffectivelylockingR/3usersintoaSAPenvironment,accordingtoMikeThompson,researchmanageratanalystButlerGroup."It'sobviouswhySAPisdoingthis.It'sbecauseitwantspeopletouseitsowntoolsandlockusersintoSAP,"hesaid.因为拒绝开放全部平台，SAP有效地锁定了R/3用户在SAP环境中。依据MIKETHOMPSON，“很显而易见为何SAP这么做，因为她想大家使用它自己工具和锁定用户于SAP中”R/3usersarebeingaffectedbythestrategy."SAP'sapproachleadstolesschoiceandhigherimplemen