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OpenSLS:一个开放源码的激光烧结实验平台3D打印咨询网【3D打印咨询网编者按】国内的FDM和SLA的diy打印机已经有不少了,但是SLS的还不多见,而在2014年底SLS打印技术专利开放后,国外已经涌现不少DIY爱好者,也获得了不少成绩,下面介绍一种比较简单的、门槛也比较低的OpenSLS打印机制作过程。希望对3D打印机爱好者是一个很好的参考。注:本网致力于3D打印专业技术和行业发展研究,欢迎爱好者加入我们的翻译队伍,一起为DIY爱好者提供高价值的专业技术资料。(QQ:1472294842,备注“翻译”)为了确保对读者原文的研读,这里保留了原文,方便查看相关的硬件器件或资料的来源链接。另外,也方便发现错漏之处及时与我们联系!(QQ:1472294842,备注“翻译问题”)本文原文地址:/wiki/OpenSLS#IntroductionOpenSLS:一个开放源码的激光烧结实验平台Introduction简介OpenSLSprintemergingfromthebuildchamber.OpenSLS打印机从构建室制作而来。OpenSLSisaplatformforexploringtheselectivelasersinteringprocessandafunctioningprototypeSLS3Dprintercapableoffabricatingobjectsinavarietyofmaterials.ItwasdevelopedattheAdvancedManufacturingResearchInstitute(AMRI)andwasfundedbyDr.JordanMiller'slabformicrophysiologicalsystemsandadvancedmaterials.Anoverviewofthisprojectandtheresearchinwhichitwillbeusedcanbefoundhere.OpenSLS是探索选择性激光烧结工艺和SLS3D打印机功能样机加工各种材料对象能力的平台。它是先进制造技术研究所(AMRI)研制的,由乔丹米勒博士的实验室资助,实验室是进行微观生理系统和先进材料研究的。这个项目的一个综述和将会被用到的一些研究可以在这里找到。Thisprojectisuniqueinthatitappropriatesexisting,affordablelaserhardware,namelylasercutters,foruseasintheSLSprocess.Thischangedthenatureofthechallengefromoneofprocurement(ie,wheretofindasufficientlypowerfullaserandoptics)tooneofintegration,modularhardwaredesign,andmaterialdevelopment.TheOpenSLShardwareisdesignedtobeadrop-inpowdermanagementmodulewhosesolepurposeistosynchronouslylayoutlayersofpowderforthelasermotionsystem(thelasercutter'sgantryandlaser)tosinterormelt.Byadaptingcommercialandwidelyavailablelasercuttersforthisprocess,thebarriertoentryforthistechnologycanbelowered.这个项目是独特的,它提供利用现有的、负担得起的激光硬件,即把激光切割机用于烧结工艺。这改变了挑战的性质为从采购(比如,在哪里可以找到一个足够强大的激光和光学器材)到集成的、模块化的硬件设计和材料开发。OpenSLS硬件被设计成为装粉管理模块,其唯一目的是一边铺粉,一边让激光系统(激光切割机的机架和激光)烧结或熔化。通过采用市场上和广泛使用的激光切割机做这个过程,这使得SLS打印技术的进入壁垒降低。SAFETY安全BecauseSLSisaninherentlyhigh-energyprocessinvolvingapowerfulinvisiblelaser,CNCequipment,andhazardousmaterials,itshouldnotbetreatedlikethemorefamiliarextrusion-basedmachines.Thisisaverydangerousprocess.Muchcangowrong.Ifyoudecidetoexplorethistechnology,pleaseexerciseextremecaution:thepotentialforlastingbodilyharmisrealandever-presentandshouldtakenveryseriously.因为SLS是一个固有的高能的过程,涉及一个强大的看不见的激光、数控设备、有害物质,它不应被当作我们很熟悉的基于挤压的机器。这是一个非常危险的过程,很多人会出错。如果你决定去探索这个技术,请有心理准备:身体伤害的可能性是真实的、时刻存在的,应该非常谨慎地对待。LaserSafety激光安全性Thelasersusedinlasercuttersareincrediblypowerful--literallytensofthousandsoftimesmorepowerfulthanthepocketlaserpointersthatalreadybearaeye-safetywarninglabel.Thisisawholeotherclassoflasersafety.Youreyesarenolongertheonlythingatrisk.Inadditiontothedangerofthelaserradiation,thegastubethatemitsthelaserisdrivenbyahighvoltagepowersupplywithvoltagesupwardsof30kV.Extremecareshouldbetakenwhenworkingonthelasercutterelectronicsasthehighvoltagesupplyholdschargeforsometimeafterthelasercutterispowereddown.SamGoldwasserhaspreparedanexcellentpageonlasersafety,includinganextensivesectiononDIYlasersandthesafetychallengesthere-in.Pleasereadthroughitbeforeattemptinganyoftheworkdescribedhere.用于激光切割机的激光是令人难以置信的强大——简直比口袋里激光指示器的能量高成千上万倍,口袋激光指示器已经满足用眼安全警示指示,而这完全是另一个激光安全级别。你的眼睛不再是唯一危险的事情,除了激光辐射的危险,发射激光的气管通过一个30kV以上的高电压电源驱动。工作时对激光切割机电子部分应该特别注意,激光切割机断电后,让高压电源保持充电一些时间。SamGoldwasser准备了一个激光安全的优秀的网页,包括一个DIY激光器扩展领域和安全挑战。请在尝试这里的所有工作之前先阅读它。MaterialsHazards材料的危害FinelypowderedmaterialsareoftenVERYFLAMMABLEorEXPLOSIVEinadditiontobeingaseriousrespiratoryhazard.Extremecareshouldbetakenwhenhandlingpowderedmaterials.Staticshocksareinsomecasesenoughenergytoignitecloudsofdust,causinganexplosion.Additionally,thisfirstprototypedoesnotincorporateinert-gasshieldingofthepowder-laserinterface,which,forsomematerials,couldbeverydangerous,especiallyifanypowderbecomesairborne.最后,细粉状的材料往往是非常易燃易爆的,而且有严重的呼吸系统危害性,处理粉状材料时应特别小心。静电冲撞在某些情况下有足够的能量点燃尘云,引起爆炸。此外,这第一版原型并不包含粉末激光接口惰性气体保护装置,这对一些材料是很危险的,尤其是粉末散播到空气中。ProcessOverview工艺概述Laser-basedadditivemanufacturingtechnologiesarealittledifferentfromthemorefamiliarmelt-extrusiontechniques.Ofchiefinterestistheflexibiitythatcomeswithusingapowderedfeedstock.Manynon-thermodecomposingmaterialshavethepotentialforcompatibilitywiththelaser-formingprocesses.基于激光的增材制造技术与比较熟悉的熔融挤出技术有点不同。主要有趣的是使用粉末状的进料存贮带来的复杂性。许多非热解材料与激光成形工艺有潜在兼容性。Terminology术语ThetermSLSisusedoftenbroadlytodescribeanumberoflaser-formingprocesses.Itissometimedistinguishedfromselectivelaser-melting(SLM)becausethereisacleardifferencebetweenthetwosolidificationmethods.Laser-meltinginvolvesfullymeltingthepowderedmaterialtoitsliquidphase,whichresultsinafully-densepart.Laser-sinteringreliesonveryhighthermalgradientstoliquify(thoughnotinallcases)thesurfaceofthepowderparticles,bondingtoeachother,butleavingsmallvoidsbetweenthebondedparticles.Intermsofbondingmechanisms,thisdistinctionisimportant,butintermsofterminology,laser-sinteringandlaser-meltingareoftenusedsomewhatinterchangeably.Kruthetal,2005proposed12distinctbindingmechanismsinthefamilyoflaser-sintering/laser-meltingprocesses.Theimportantpointthoughisthatthedistinctionbetweenmechanismsismainlymaterial-dependentandbasedonparticlesize,geometry,packingstructure,andthermalconductivityaswellasthebedtemperature,laserpower,spotsize,andatmosphere.Buttheimplicationsofthefinerpointsoflaser-formingterminologywithrespecttothisprojectareinteresting:thissystemhasbeendemonstratedsuccessfullywiththelaser-meltingprocess,buthasyettobedemonstratedwiththelaser-sinteringprocess.术语SLS经常广泛地指激光成形工艺系列。它有时是区别于选择性激光熔融(SLM)因为两种凝固方法之间有明显的差异。激光熔融包括完全熔化粉末材料到液态的过程——最后形成一个完全致密的状态。激光烧结依赖很高的热梯度来液化(虽然不是在所有情况下)表层的粉末颗粒,使其彼此粘结,但粘结颗粒之间留下小的空隙。就粘合机制而言,这个区别是重要的,但从术语而言,激光烧结、激光熔化通常有点相同的含义。Kruth等人,2005年对激光烧结/激光熔化过程,提出了12种不同的约束机制。然而重要的一点是,机制之间的区别主要是材料相关的,基于颗粒大小、几何、填充物结构、导热性以及床层温度、激光功率、光斑大小和空气。但就这个项目定义激光成形术语的细节很有趣:该系统已被成功证明是激光熔融过程,但尚未被证明是激光烧结过程。

[page]Mechanics机械Theprocessoflaser-sinteringbeginswithaverysimplesystem:alaserinjectingenergyintoagroupofparticlesofsomemass.However,manyfactorsinfluencehowthelaserenergyisabsorbed:particleshape,size,packingdensityandconfiguration,materialabsorption,reflectivity,andtransmission,atmosphere,energydensity,beamprofile,andspotdiameteraresomeofthemajorfactors.激光烧结过程开始于一个非常简单的系统:激光能量注入到一批有质量的粒子。然而,许多因素影响激光能量的吸收:颗粒的形状、大小、密度、结构,材料的吸收、反射、透射、空气、能量密度、光束轮廓、和光斑直径是一些主要的因素。Theparticleshapeaffectshowthepowderbehavesatamacroscale:sphericalparticlesfloweasilyovereachotherandenmasseyieldpowdersthatflowmuchlikealiquid.Moreangularparticlesgiverisetotransient,butstablepackingstructuresandflowinmorestaggered,haltingwaysonthemacroscale.Flakesandmorecomplexplateletscanhavebothfluidflowpropertiesinsomecases,adegreeofself-adhesionorself-entanglement,dependingonthecomplexityoftheformoftheparticles.Thesegeometricfactorscombinewithparticlesizetoinfluenceparticlepackingpatterns,whichinturnplayalargeroleinhowheatistransferredthroughtheparticlesystematthesiteofsintering.Heattransferbetweenbodiesisproportionaltoboththemagnitudeofthetemperaturedifferenceandthecross-sectionalareabetweenthebodies.Particlesize,shape,andpackingpatterndeterminethenumberandsizeofcontactpointsbetweenparticles(Gusarovetal,2003).Themorepointsofcontacttherearebetweenparticles,thebetterheatcanflowthroughthem.颗粒形状在宏观程度影响粉末的行为:球形粒子流很容易互相叠加流动,聚集而生成粉末,就像流动的液体。有棱角的颗粒流会引起瞬间的、但却稳定的填充结构,更多地以交错、停顿的方式(在宏观层面看)流动。薄片和更复杂的片晶在某些情况下都可能有流体特性,并有一定程度的自我粘附或自我缠绕,这取决于颗粒形态的复杂性。这些几何因素结合粒径共同影响颗粒的聚集形态,从而对热量如何穿过烧结中的粒子系统,发挥了很大的作用。物体之间的传递的热量与温差大小和物体之间横截面积的大小成正比。颗粒大小,形状,和填充模式决定颗粒之间的接触点的数量和尺寸(萨洛夫等人,2003)。颗粒之间的接触点越多,通过它们的热量就越多。Inadditiontoinfluencingheattransferthroughstaticpowder,particlesizeandshape(anddistributionthere-of)affectshowlaserenergyistransferredtothepowderparticles.Thesurfaceofthepowderbedcanbethoughtofasporous--therearenumerousvoidsbetweenparticlesthatexposeparticlesoneortwolayersdeeperinthebedtothelaser.Thischangestheabsorptiontopology:forasolidmaterial,laserenergywouldbeabsorbedthroughthetwo-dimensionalsurfaceofthesample.Here,laserlightpenetratesdeeperintothematerial,bothreflectingoffofandbeingabsorbedbyparticlesbeyondthesurfacelayer(Simchi,2006).除了静电粉末影响传热,颗粒大小和形状(分布)影响激光能量如何被传递到粉末颗粒。粉末床的表面可以认为是多孔的——颗粒之间有无数的间隙,给激光暴露了一层或两层以致更深的粉末。这改变了吸收的拓扑结构:对固体材料,激光的能量会通过样本的二维表面吸收。在这里,激光穿透更深的材料时,既被表面层颗粒反射也被表面层颗粒吸收(Simchi,2006)。Nowwecanbegintoconsidertheimpactoftimeonthesystem.Asthelaserheatsparticlesinathree-dimensionalprofile,thesurfacesoftheparticlesbegintomelt,increasingthecontactsurfacearebetweenindividualparticlesandthroughbondingandeliminatingthematerial-gas-materialjunction,increasingheattransferbetweenparticles.Thiscanbethoughofasachangingoftherateofsinteringwhichisinturndependentontherateofsintering(Simchi,2006).Inotherwords,sinteringacceleratesitselfduetotheincreaseinheattransferthatoccursasparticlesbegintobondtoeachother.现在我们可以开始考虑时间对系统的影响。由于激光加热的是颗粒的三维型面,颗粒的表面开始融化,融化增加了单个颗粒之间的接触面,通过粘结并消减材料之间的气体空隙,增加颗粒间的传热。这虽然可以改变烧结速度,它反过来又依赖烧结速度(Simchi,2006)。换句话说,烧结增速本身依赖于热传递的增加,热传递是当颗粒之间开始相互粘合时发生的。Inthecaseoflaser-melting,thereisafullphasechangefromsolidtoliquid,whichgivesrisetooneofthemostdifficultchallengesinlaser-sintering/-meltingprocesses:the"ballingeffect,"whichdescribesthetendencyofpowderedmaterialstobeadupintosmallspheresafterbeingheatedbythelaserbeam.Thisisaresultofsurfacetensionevolvingandexercisingashapingforceuponthematerialasitisliquified.Theeffectisverysimilartothesegmentationthatasinglestreamofwaterundergoesasitfalls–thetensiondistributedoveritscylindricalsurfaceisuneven,spatiallyspeaking:thesurfacetensioncreatesaconstrictiveforce,whichduetonaturalvariancesintheshapeofthestream,leadstonecking,whichleadstodropformation.Thedropsassumetheirspherical(ornearlyspherical)shapebecauseitisthelowestenergyshapeforthephysicalsystem:nettensionisthelowest.Thesameforcesthatcreatedropsfromashowerheadareresponsibleforthesmalldropsofmaterialintheballingeffect.在激光熔化的情况下,有一个从固体到液体的完整的相变过程,导致了激光烧结/熔化过程一个最困难的挑战:“球化效应“,它描述了粉末材料被激光束加热后,形成球珠并分解成小球珠的趋势。这是由于表面张力的变化和材料液化运动的成形力所致。效果非常像一个片段:一个单一的水流经过时–张力分布在水流柱表面是凹凸不平的,从空间上来:表面张力产生收缩力,收缩力依赖于水流形状的自然变化,并导致细颈现象,最后导致液滴形成。水滴我们假设他们是球形(或近球形),因为球形是物理系统的最低能量形状:网张力是最低的。从一个淋浴头形成一滴水的力量完全能胜任从材料的球化效应产生小水滴。Hardware硬件Progressinopen-sourcelaser-sinteringtechnologyhasbeenstymiedbyalackofaffordable,high-powerlasersourcesandopticschains.Lasercuttersareincreasinglyaccessibleathackerspacesandarerapidlydroppingincost.Byusinganexistinghigh-precisiongantryandassociatedoptics,lasersource,andpowersupply,themostsignificantbarriertoentryintothistechnologycanberemoved.OpenSLSisarelativelysimplepowder-handlingmodulethatdropsintoalasercuttertocreateaplatformforlaser-sinteringresearch.Thepowdermodulewasdesignedtoconsistlargelyoflaser-cutpartstoallowittobefabricateduponthelasercutterwhosefunctionalityitwillaugment.3DprintedpartsarealsousedextensivelyandnearlyallotherhardwarecanbesourcedfromMcMasterandInventables.Multiplemodulescanbeinstalledintoonelasercutter,allowingfortandemexperimentationinmultiplematerials.开源的激光烧结技术的进展已经因为缺乏负担得起的、高功率激光源和光学链而遇到阻碍。激光切割机越来越容易在创客空间接触到,成本也在迅速下降。利用现有的高精密龙门架和相关的光学器件、激光源和电源,进入该技术最显著的障碍可以被移除。OpenSLS是一个相对简单的粉末处理模块,用一个激光切割器来创建一个用于激光烧结的研究平台。粉末模块设计主要由激光切割零件组成,使得可以从激光切割机制作出激光打印机,使其功能增强。3D打印的部件也被大量使用和几乎所有其他的硬件可以来自McMaster和inventables。多个模块可以安装到一个激光切割机,多种材料可以串行进行实验。

[page]PowderModule粉模块TheR1hardwaresupportedwaxsinteringandwasavaluablesourceofdesignandprocessrefinement.R1硬件版本支持蜡烧结,对设计和工艺改进是一个有价值资源。R1HardwareR1的硬件TheR1powdermoduleconsistsoftwopistonsofidenticaldimensions,eachdrivenbyalead-screwofdifferentpitch.ThefeedpistonisdrivenbyanM12x3.0AcmescrewwhiletheprintpistonisdrivenbyaM8x1.25threadedsteelrod.Thedifferenceinpitcheswasintendedtoallowthetwopistonstobedrivenoffthesamemotorcontrolchannelinadirection-reversedparallelconfiguration,movingdifferentdistancessimultaneouslyinoppositedirections.However,the"transferratio"betweenthepistonsisactuallyquitedependentonthematerialinquesitonaswellas,tosomedegree,thegeometryoftheobjecttobeprinted.R1粉模块由两个相同的尺寸活塞组成,每一个活塞由不同螺距丝杠驱动。进给活塞通过m12x3.0的梯型螺纹丝杠驱动,打印活塞通过m8x1.25螺纹钢棒驱动。两个活塞的螺距不同是为了两个活塞被驱动离开相同的马达控制器通道,以方向平行相反的配置,同时在相反的方向移动不同的距离。然而,活塞之间的“转移率”实际上还相当依赖于材料的问题,在某种程度上,在于打印件的几何形状。TheR1powderdistributorfirstusedacable-drivencounter-rotatinganodizedAluminumrodtospreadprintpowderduringlayerdistributions.Tensionednylonmonofilamentwrappedaroundstaticpulleyscoupledtotheendsofthedistributorrodenforcedcounter-rotationduringtranslation,whichwasaccomplishedbybelt-drivenbushingsateachendoftheAluminumrod.Thisallowedforaonedegreedrivetoeffecttwodegreesofmotion.Laterexperimentsindicatedthatamuchsimplerpowderdistributorperfromedbetterthanthecounter-rotatingone.Astainlesssteellabspatulaprovidedthebestresultsinbothwaxandnylon.Whilethepowderdistributorusestwosteppermotors(solelyforthelackofanappropriately-sizedGT2timingbelt),thesetoocanbedriveninparalleltoreduceagainthenumberofmotorchannelsneededtocontrolthesystem.R1的粉末分配器首先用电缆驱动的反向旋转的电镀铝杆,用以铺开打印用的粉末。拉紧的尼龙单丝缠绕静滑轮耦合到铝杆的一端,使铝杆在移动的同时执行反向旋转,完美结合铝杆两端的皮带带动的轴衬。这允许一级驱动作用给两级运动。后来的实验表明,一个更简单的粉末分配器比这个反向旋转分配器更好。一个不锈钢实验室刮刀给蜡和尼龙材料提供了最好的结果。而粉末分配器使用两个步进电机(仅为缺乏一个适当大小的GT2同步齿型带),这些也可以并行驱动从而再次降低电机通道的数量,满足控制系统的需求。R2HardwareR2的硬件TheR2hardwareincorporatesmuchofwhatwaslearnedfromworkingwiththeR1module.R2的硬件增加了很多从R1模块使用获得的经验。Thesecondrevisionofthehardwareaddressesbothmechanicalissuesrelevanttothelasersinteringprocessandusabilityconsiderationswiththefollowingfeatures:硬件的第二版修订解决机械问题,包括关于激光烧结过程,以及关于以下功能可用性的考虑:Aluminumbuildchambercompatiblewithsiliconeheatingpads铝构建室兼容硅树脂加热垫Inertgasbuildvolumeshieldingviaperforatedbuildplate惰性气体通过多孔板构建大量屏蔽罩Level-ablebuildplate打印板的水平能力Fluidizedbedpartextraction流化床部分提取Modularandadaptabledistributorsystem模块化和适应性强的分配系统Integratedelectronicsandpowersupply集成的电子和电源Internalpowdercaptureandstorage内部粉末捕获和存储Linearmotionhardwarebetterisolatedformpowder线性运动硬件更好地隔离于粉末Adjustablepowderdistributorblade可调叶片粉末分配器Properlyconstraineddistributionsystemonlinearrailstoenforcelayerheight适当约束分配系统的线性导轨来缩小层高度Integrationbracketsforsecuringpowdermoduletolasercutterframe给激光切割框架集成支架来提高粉末模块的安全性Modularconstructionforeasycleaningofthepowderductingandprintpiston模块化结构,易于清洁粉管道和打印活塞Integrateddistributorwipercleaningbrushestodislodgeanyadheredclumpsorpowder安装刮片清洁刷给分配器,去除分配器上附着的块状或粉末Moduleisfree-standingwhenremovedfromthelasercutterforeasymaintenance/repair模块是独立的,可以从激光切割机上取下来,易于维护/维修LaserCutter激光切割机ThelasercutterbeforeanymodificationsweremadetoitsZ-stageorelectronics.之前的任何修改都合入了Z级或电子器件。R2hardwareinstalledinalasercutter(powderductingremovedandrestingontheleft).R2版本硬件安装在激光切割机上(移动粉末管道的位置,放在左边)。ThelasercutterwasprocuredthroughSeeMeCNC.ItisanamelessChineseimportsystemwithan80Wtube,a600mmx900mmworkenvelope,andsurprisinglycapableaccompanyingsoftware.Anylasercutterthatusessteppermotors(andthat'smostofthem)shouldbecompatiblewiththeelectronicsstackusedhere.激光切割机是通过SeeMeCNC采购。这是一个无名的中国进口系统,一个80W电子管,一个600mm×900mm工作范围,和有惊人的能力的附带的软件。任何采用步进电机的激光切割机(这是大多数人)应与这里使用的电子堆栈兼容。LaserPower激光功率Bothan80Wattand40WatttubeweretestedforusewiththeOpenSLSpowdermodule.Bothtubesonlyemittedaboveathresholdcurrentlevel,creatingafirmlowerboundtothepowerlevelsthatcouldbeexplored.Thelowestattainablepowerwas2.4Wattsonthe80Watttubeandapproximately100milliWattsonthe40Watttube.AscanbeseenbelowintheplotsoflaserpowerversusPWMcontrolsignalvalue,linearityvariesdependingonpowerrange.Bothtubesexhibithighervariabilityathigheroutputpowers,thoughthe80Wtubedistinguishesitselfbyapowersurgebetween14and40Watts,duringwhichitreachespowersmeasuredover150Wattsbeforereturningtoamorepredictablelinearregime.Thelowerendofthe40Wtube'spowerrangeallowedforthefinestgraduationofpowerlevelsforexploringrelativelylowlaserpowercarbohydratesandpolymers.一个80瓦和40瓦电子管在OpenSLS粉末模块上的使用都被进行了测试,两个电子管都只在阈值电流水平以上发射电子束,能生成一个稳定的下界功率水平以便能够探测。最低能达到的功率是2.4瓦/80瓦电子管,和大约100毫瓦/40瓦电子管。通过PWM控制信号变量相应的激光功率图,线性变化取决于功率范围,我们可以看出,两个电子管在较高的输出功率都具有较高的变异性,虽然80W电子管区别在于有14w和40W之间的电源浪涌,其间它达到超过150瓦功率才回到一个可预测的线性状态。下面的40W电子管的功率范围对探索相对较低的激光能量的碳水化合物和聚合物,是极好级别的功率水平Atlowpowers,thelaserisrelativelylinear,butthereisagradualincreaseinpoweroverthefoursequentialtrials,eachlastingapproximately15minutes.在低功率,激光是相对线性的,但在四序贯试验中,功率逐渐增加,每次持续约15分钟。Overamuchbroaderpowerrange,thelaserdeviatesfromthelinearityseenatlowerpowers.在一个更广泛的功率范围,激光在低功率出现线性偏离。The80Wlaserisalsorelativelylinearatthelowerendofitspowerrangeandalsoexhibitsthegradualincreaseinoutputpowerovertheseriesoffourstrialsthatthe40Wlaserdid.80W激光在低功率范围也相对呈线性,也表现出在四序贯试验中,输出功率逐渐增加的情况,如同40W激光的实验结果。Athigherpowerlevels,specificallythosebetween14and40Watts,outputpowerisincrediblyhighandunpredictablebeforeitreturnstoanewlinearregime.在更高的功率水平,特别是那些14和40瓦之间,输出功率是非常高的和不可预知的,直到它返回到一个新的线性状态。BOMBOMTheBOMisbeingcompiledandwillbeupsoon.BOM正在编辑,很快会发上来。

[page]PrintMaterials打印材料Oneofthepowerfulaspectsoflasersinteringisitsabilitytofabricatepartsoutofmanydifferentmaterials.Thissystemhasbeentestedwitharelativelysmallnumberofmaterialstovaryingdegreesorrigor,fromsimplepoint-meltingtoonedimensionaltracesintering,allthewaytofullthreedimensionalsintering.一个强大的激光烧结的方面是它从许多不同的材料制造部件的能力。该系统已经针对相对小数量的材料,不同程度或严谨性地通过了测试,从简单的点熔化到一维跟踪烧结,一直到完整的三维烧结。MethodsofFabrication制造方法GranularCrystallinePowders粒状结晶粉末Ball-millingisawidely-usedprocessforreducingparticlesizeforbrittleandcrystallinematerials.Thelaser-sinteringprocessrequiresfineparticlesforeventraceformationandhigherresolution,butmanymaterialsareonlyavailableascoarsegrains.Byball-millingandsievingtheresults,finepowdersofhomogenousparticlesizecanbemanufacturedinsmallquantities.Iusedasmallrocktumblertostartmakingpowdersandgraduatedtoahigh-capacitytumblerwithasteelbarrelformakinglargerbatchesofpowderusinglargergrindingmedia.球磨机是一种广泛使用的减小脆的和结晶状材料大小的过程。激光烧结工艺要求即使是微量的形成和更高分辨率的细颗粒,但许多材料只提供粗糙颗粒。通过球磨、筛分颗粒材料,均匀大小颗粒的细粉末可小批量生产。我用一个小的石头翻滚器开始制作粉末,并把它升级为一个钢筒制作的大容量滚筒,使用更大的研磨介质制作大批量粉末材料。Ascanbeseeninthetwochartsbelow,therearetwogoverningtrendsingrindingmediaselection.First,ahigherratio(byweight)ofgrindingmediatosubstrateyieldshigherfractionsoffinerparticles.Second,largergrindingmedia"grains"outyieldhigherfractionsoffinerparticlesthandosmallergrindingmediaormixturesofsmallandlargegrindingmedia.Bothofthesetrendsmakesenseinthecontextofthecountlesstinyimpactsbetweengrindingmediaandparticlesthatconstitutetheballmillingprocess:highermassgrindingmedialendslendsdelivershigherenergyimpactsandmoregrindingmediameansmoreimpacts.可以看下面的两个图表,有两个选择研磨介质的控制趋势。第一,底层物质中较高比例(重量比)的研磨介质,能够生产出较高分数的更细的颗粒。第二,相比小研磨介质或大小研磨介质混合物,较大的研磨介质“颗粒”产出较高分数的更细颗粒。研磨介指和颗粒之间无数微小的碰撞,构成了球磨机过程,在这样的背景下前面两个趋势的意义在于:高质量的研磨介质可以提供更高能量的碰撞,更多的研磨介质意味着更多的碰撞。Grindingmediaquantity.png磨矿介质quantity.pngGrindingmediatypechart.png磨矿介质类型chart.pngWax-basedPowder蜡基粉CandelillawaxcanbepurchasedfromStrahlandPitsch.ForprintingwithlowpowernearIRlaserdiodes,itisnecessarytoblendasmallamountofcarbonpowderintothewaxtoactasanenergyabsorbingpigment.Themixturecanbepreparedbyblending100partswaxwith7partscarbonbyweightandthenworkingthemixturethroughan80meshsievetothoroughlybreakupwaxclumpsandincorporatethecarbon.Thismixtureissensitivetohumidityandbeginstoclumpafterremainingstaticforseveraldays.小烛树蜡可以从StrahlandPitsch购买。用低功率近红外激光二极管打印,要混合少量的碳粉到蜡粉中作为能量吸收色素。该混合物可以通过混合重量为100份蜡与7份碳,然后把混合物通过80目筛子,彻底打破蜡粉块并将其参入到碳粉中。这种混合物对湿度敏感,静放几天后开始结块。CandelillaWax小烛树蜡Candelillawaxhasbeendemonstratedasasapotentiallow-costSLSprintmaterialandwasinvestigatedasapositivecontrolduringOpenSLShardwaredevelopment.TheprintmaterialconsistsofCandelillawaxandcarbonpowderblendedina100to7ratio,inwhichthecarbonpowderactsbothasanenergy-absorbingpigmentforlaserwavelengthinthenearinfraredandalsoasade-clumpingagent.Thelaser-sinteringpreviousdemonstratedin2011byAndreasBastianwasfull-meltinglaserconsolidation,whichleadstohighamountsofcurlingandloweredgedefinitionduetosurfacetensioneffectsofafully-liquidconsolidationzone.Parametersformoretraditionalliquid-phasesinteringofindividualparticleswereinvestigatedviatraversalofthepower/speedparameterspace.Ofthe325power/speedcombinationsattempted,noneyieldedliquid-phasesinteringbetweenindividualparticlesofwax.Instead,imagingof2Dsinteredsurfacesindicatedafinedegreeofballingsufficienttoleadtobindingbetweensmallconsolidatedregionsofparticles,leadingtoabulkcohesionsufficientforprintingdelicateandporousobjects.小烛树蜡已被证实为是一个潜在的低成本的SLS打印材料,被探查在OpenSLS硬件开发过程中作为阳性对照。打印材料由小烛树蜡与碳粉混合在一个100比7的比例,其中炭粉既作为激光波近红外线能量吸收色素在,也作为防结块介质。激光烧结是2011年由AndreasBastian展示是全激光熔化固结过程,从而导致大量的卷曲和下边缘的定义基于表面张力影响完全液体固结区。通过遍历了功率/转速参数空间,单颗粒更传统的液态烧结参数获得研究。通过325个的功率/速度组合尝试,没有一个在单个蜡粒子之间产生液态烧结。相反,二维烧结表面成像表明,球化的精细程度充分导致小固结区域的颗粒粘结,导致大量颗粒结合,足够打印精致多孔的物体。Thewaxandcarbonmixtureatlowmagnification.在低倍镜下的蜡粉和碳粉的混合物。Thegearaftercleaningwithcompressedair.Itwasfartoobrittleandporoustosurviveremovalfromthebuildplatform.用压缩空气清洁后的齿轮。它太脆和多孔,从构建平台拆除后很难再利用。Oneofmanyscriptedtraversalsofthepower/speedspace.PowerincreasesinYandspeeddecreasesinX.其中的许多文章中介绍功率/速度知识。X表示速度减小,Y表示功率增大Asmallgearillustratingtheresolutionandscalethemachinecanproduce.一个小齿轮可以表明分辨率和衡量机器可以生产。Athighermagnification,theindividualcarbonandwaxparticlescanbeclearlyseen.高倍镜下,单个的碳颗粒和蜡颗粒清晰可见。Uponfurtherexamination,eventhebestprintingparameterswererevealedtobefineballinginsteadoftrueliquid-phasesinteringbetweenparticles.经进一步试验,即使是最好的打印参数,都显示出很好的球化效应而不是颗粒之间真正的液态烧结。

[page]Nylon尼龙SamplesofTaulman618sandPA650wereprocuredfromTaulman3DandALMLLC,respectively.Bothnylonsprovedmucheasiertosinterthanthewaxortheisomalt.Likethewax,thefirstlayerneededtobefirmlybondedtothebuildplatform(bluetape,inthiscase),orelsecurlingwoulddisruptpowderdistributionandlayerregistration.Evenso,unsupportedregionsoftheprintedobjectwillcurlanddisrupttheprintlaterintheprintsequenceifofsufficientsizetocatchthedistributorblade.Adheringthefirstlayeroftheprintisawork-aroundtoallowforfurtherexplorationof3Dsintering,butitdoesnotallowforthesamefreedomfromgeometricconstraintsascommercialSLStechniques.Thiswillhavetobeachievedviaheatingthepowderunderaninertatmosphere.从Taulman3D和ALM公司获得了taulman618s和PA650个样品,两种尼龙都证明比蜡或异麦芽酮糖醇更容易烧结。像蜡,第一层必须跟构建平台(蓝色带,在这种情况下)粘结牢固,否则首层卷翘会破坏铺粉和每层的准确重合。即便如此,在没有支撑的打印对象区域将卷曲并且扰乱后续的打印序列,即使有足够打的尺寸抓住分配器的刀片。粘紧第一层是能够进一步探索3D烧结的基本工作,商业SLS技术有不受几何约束的自由,但它不同。这需要通过在惰性气体环境下加热粉末来实现。Theseearlyobjectswerefabricatedwithalaserpowerof400mW,printspeedof58mm/s,layerheightof150microns,and"nozzle"sizeof0.075mm.SeethePA650slic3rprofileintheOpenSLSgithubformoredetailedprocessparameters.ThispowerlevelisquitelowandobviouslytheCO2lasercanemitatmuchhigherpowers.What'simportantisthehighabsorptionefficiencyofnylonat10.6um,thewavelengthofCO2gaslasers.Lowcost,high-powerdiodelasersareinthenearinfraredrange,between808nmand840nm,whichisnoteasilyabsorbedandconvertedintoheatbynylon.Lasersinthebluerangemayhavebetterabsorption.Addinganenergyabsorbingpigment,suchascarbonintheaboveCandelillawaxmixture,maybeeffectivefordiodelaserimplementations.这些早期的组件已经是现成的:400MW的激光功率、58mm的打印速度,150微米层高度,“喷嘴”直径0.075mm。在OpenSLSGitHub的PA650Slic3r简介查看更详细的工艺参数。这个功率水平很低,明显的CO2激光器可以发射更大功率。最重要的是尼龙在10.6μm的CO2气体激光器的波长下有更高的吸收效率。低成本,高功率二极管激光器在近红外范围808nm和840nm之间,不容易被尼龙吸收并转化为热能。在蓝色范围内的激光可能有更好的吸收效率。增加能量吸收色素,如在上面的小烛树蜡与碳的混合,用激光二极管实现应该是可行的。PA650particlesizeandshapedistribution.PA650粒子的尺寸和形状分布。Taulman618sparticlesizeandshapeafterpassagethrougha60meshsieve.Taulman618s大小和形状的颗粒通过60目筛后。PA650sinteredin150micronlayers.PA650烧结在150微米层。Taulman618ssinteredin150micronlayers.Taulman618s150微米层烧结。ThePA650ringdemonstratesreasonablefinefeatureresolution.PA650戒指演示细微特征和精度。TheTaulman618sringhasslightlythickerfeatures,butthislikelyisaresultofthecoarsergrainsizeofthepowder.Taulman的618s戒指有略厚的特点,但这可能是由于粗粒度的粉末。ThefinallayerofthefirstPA650printwithoptimizedparameters.第一个PA650参数优化打印的最后一层。Thering(designedbyNervousSystem)aftermostofthepowderhadbeencleared.粉末被清除后的戒指(由神经系统设计)。Theringafterthoroughpowderremovalwithcompressedair.用压缩空气彻底除粉后的戒指。Theengineblock.发动机缸体。Silica/Sand石英砂Thesilicaparticlessintertogetherincrediblysmoothly,ascanbeseenabove,withun-sinteredparticlesintheupperrightandfusedparticlesintehlowerleft.二氧化硅颗粒烧结在一起非常顺利,从上可以看出,在右上方的未烧结颗粒和熔融颗粒在左下角。Silicasandshowspromiseasacheapandabundantprintmaterial.AsdemonstratedbyMarkusKayser,sandcanbethermallyfusedintoobjectsofsomefunctionality.Furtherexplorationbeyondthissimpletestofsinterabilityisnecessary.石英砂是一种很有前景的廉价和丰富的印刷材料。由MarkusKayser表明,砂可热融合到一些功能对象。进一步探索如何优化这个简单的烧结性能测试是必要的。Sucrose蔗糖Detailoflaser-meltedcrystallinesucrose.详细的激光熔化结晶蔗糖。Meltedregionathighermagnification.高倍镜下区域熔化。Sucrosehasatendencytobothballandcaramelize.蔗糖熔融有一个趋势——球和焦糖都有可能。Sucrosee

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