考研英语（一）第四部分分段翻译练习题

考研英语(一)第四部分分段翻译练习题

材料题

根据下面资料，回答1-5题

(46)AmajorAntarcticglaciersatriskofdisintegratingirreversiblyifit

passesakeytippingpoint,whichcouldtriggerthecollapseoftheentire

WestAntarcticicesheet—andwecan'tsaywhenitmighthappen.Pine

IslandglacierisoneoftwoglaciersflowingintoPineIslandBay,partof

theAmundsenSeaoffWestAntarctica.TheotherisThwaitesglacier.

Bothhaveretreatedrapidlyduetoclimatechange,contributingtorising

sealevels.

Worse,thetwoglaciersaretheweakpointoftheWestAntarcticice

sheet,whichsitsonbedrockbelowsealevel.(47)Adramaticglacier

retreatcouldletwatergetundertheiceandthuscollapsetheentireice

sheet,leadingtomorethan3metersofsealevelrise,overcenturies.

ThemainreasonthePineIslandglacierisretreatingisacurrentof

warmerwaterthatnowperiodicallyflowsunderitsfloatingtip,melting

itfrombelow.(48)Rosierandhiscolleaguessimulatedtheglacier's

behaviorastheoceanwateratitstipslowlywarmed；theyfoundthatit

passedthroughnotonebutthreetippingpoints.Thefirsttwobothledto

rapidiceloss,eveniftheoceanwaslatercooled；thethirdcausedthe

glaciertocollapseentirely.Thiscouldn'tbestoppedbycoolingthe

ocean.

"Tippingpointthreeissortofgameover,"saysTedScambosatthe

UniversityofColoradoinBoulder.Inthemodel,thethirdtippingpoint

occurredwhentheoceanwaterhadwarmedby1.2固A2014study

foundthattheAmundsenSeaiswarmingby0.1to0.3回perdecade.

However,Rosiersaysthe1.2回thresholdisonly"aroughballpark"."It's

highlylikelythatthingsmighthappenoveraquickerperiodoftime,"he

says.(49)Rapidoceanwarmingcouldeventriggeracascade,inwhich

thefirsttippingpointcausedenoughmeltingtounleashthesecond,and

thenthethird.TherealchallengeisthattheAmundsenSeaisn'twarming

asifathermostatwerebeingturnedup,saysScambos.

(50)Instead,warmerwaterthatusedt。bekeptoutbycurrentsand

windsisenteringinpulses,controlledbyshiftsinwindsacrossthePacific

Ocean.Couldweseethetippingpointcoming?Inthemodel,the

researcherswereabletospotwarningsigns：PineIslandglacierbecame

slowtorespondtoperturbationsinoceantemperature.Buttheyneeded

300yearsofdataforthistoworkouthowtheglacierbehavedearlierin

itshistorybystudyingsedimentcoresfromtheoceanfloorjustoff

Antarctica,saysScambos.

1［简答题］

第(46)题答案

参考解析：如果南极的一个主要冰川超过了关键的临界点，那么它就

有不可逆转地瓦解的危险，这可能会引发整个南极西部冰盖的崩塌。

2［简答题］

第(47)题答案

参考解析：急剧的冰川消退可能会让水进入冰下，从而使整个冰盖崩

塌，导致海平面在几个世纪内上升超过3米。

3［简答题］

第(48)题答案

参考解析：罗齐尔和他的同事们模拟了当冰川末端的海水缓慢变暖时

冰川的活动；他们发现不传经过了三个临界点，而不是一个临界点。

4［简答题］

第(49)题答案

参考解析：快速的海洋变暖甚至可能引发一连串的后果，第一个临界

点造成的融化足以触发第二个临界点，然后就是第三个临界点。

5［简答题］

第(50)题答案

参考解析：相反，过去被洋流和风阻挡在外的温暖海水，现在正以脉

冲的形式进入，而这种脉冲是由横跨太平洋的风向变化控制的。

・材料题

•根据下面资料，回答6-10题

Howshouldwetellthestoryofthedigitalcentury,nowtwodecadesold?

Wecouldfocus,asjournalistsdo,onthedepredationsoftheconnected

life.AsFacebook,Twitter,andYouTubehavedevouredtheonlineworld,

theyhaveunderminedtraditionalmedia,empoweredpropagandists,

andwidenedAmerica'spoliticaldivides.Thesmartphone,forallits

wonderandutility,hasalsoprovedtobeananaesthetic.

(46)Theinternetagewaspraisedasathirdindustrialrevolution—aspur

f。门ndividualingenuityandanengineofemployment,however,on

thesecounts,ithasnotdelivered.T。thecontrary,thedigitalagehas

coincidedwithaslumpinAmerica'seconomicdynamism.Thetech

sector'sinnovationshavemadeahandfulofpeoplequiterich,(47)butit

hasfailedt。createenoughmiddle-classjobsortohelpsokethe

country'smostpressingproblems：deterioratinginfrastructure,climate

change』owgrowth,risingeconomicinequality.

Decadesfromnow,historianswilllikelylookbackonthebeginningof

the21stcenturyasaperiodwhenthesmartestmindsintheworld's

richestcountrysanktheirtalent,time,andcapitalintoanarrowbandof

humanendeavor—digitaltechnology.Theireffortshavegivenus

frictionlessaccesstomedia,information,consumergoods,and

chauffeurs.(48)Softwarehashardlyremadethephysicalworldwhenwe

werepromisedanindustrialrevolution,whereaswhatwegotwasa

revolutioninconsumerconvenience.

TheoriginalIndustrialRevolutionfreedhumanityfromthe

centuries-longprisonofsloweconomicgrowth.Intheearly19thcentury,

productivityandincomewereskyrocketing,firstinEnglandandsoon

throughoutEurope.Whilethetransitionwasbrutalformany,(49)the

gainswerebroadlyshared：Realwagesfortheworkingclassdoubledin

thefirsthalfofthecentury,andlifeexpectancyatbirthrosedramatically

inthesecondhalf.

Inthecomputerage,theeconomyhastrendedintheoppositedirection.

Lookupfromyourtextbooks：Everythingisgettingbetterexceptour

abilitytomeasurehowmuchbettereverythingisgetting.(50)Butn。

matterhowaggressivelyyoutorturethenumbers,thecomputeragehas

coincidedwithadeclineintherateofeconomicgrowthaswellas

innovation.Thebulkofinnovationhasbeenshuntedintotheinvisible

realmofbytesandcode.Allofthatcode,technologyadvocatesargue,

hasincreasedhumaningenuitybyallowingindividualstotinker,talk,and

tradewithunprecedentedease.Thiscertainlyfeelstrue.Butbymost

measures,individualinnovationisindecline.In2015,Americanswere

farlesslikelytostartacompanythantheywereinthe1980s.

•

6［简答题］

第(46)题答案

参考解析：互联网时代被誉为第三次工业革命一一激发个人创造力并

且创造就业机会；然而，在这些方面，它没有兑现。

7［简答题］

第(47)题答案

参考解析：但它未能创造足够的中产阶级就业岗位，也没有帮助解决

美国最紧迫的问题：基础设施恶化、气候变化、低增长和经济不平等

加剧。

8［简答题］

第(48)题答案

参考解析：当我们被承诺一场工业革命时，软件却几乎没有重塑物质

世界，而我们得到的只是一场消费者便利性的革命。

9［简答题］

第(49)题答案

参考解析：但是(它带来的)好处得到了广泛的共享：在19世纪上半

叶，工人阶级的实际工资翻了一番，而且在19世纪下半叶出生时预

期寿命也大幅度增长。

10［简答题］

第(50)题答案

参考解析：但是，无论你对这些数字有多苛刻，计算机时代都伴随着

经济增长率的下降和创新的衰退。

•材料题

•根据下面资料，回答11-15题

Sincecultureisdefinedbrieflyas"thetotalityofbeliefsandpracticesof

asociety,"nothingisofgreaterstrategicimportancethanthelanguage

throughwhichitsbeliefsareexpressedandtransmittedandbywhich

mostinteractionofitsmemberstakesplace.

(46)Therelationbetweenlanguageandculturewouldnotconstitute

suchseriousdifficultiesforcross-culturalunderstandingifitwerenotfor

thenumerousmisconceptionsaboutlanguageanditsfunctionwithina

society.Perhapsthemostseriousmisconceptionistheideathateach

languagemoreorlesscontrolsthewaypeoplethink,sometimes

expressedas"Wethinkthewaywethinkbecausewetalkthewaywe

talk."(47)Itistruethattheparticularstructuresofalanguagemay

reflecttoacertaindegreethewaypeoplethinkandtheymaybesaidt。

form"thepathsforthinking,"buttheydonotdeterminewhatorhow

peoplemustthink.Languagesaretooopen-endedandhuman

imaginationistoocreativetoeverberigidlyruledbytheregulationsof

anyfeatureoflanguage

.Somepeoplehavethoughtthateachlanguageissodistinctthatthere

isnovalidwayinwhichthediscoursesofonelanguagecanbetranslated

intoanother.Butatleastninetypercentofthefundamentalstructuresof

alllanguagesarequitesimilar,andlanguageuniversalsfaroutweighthe

distinctions.Alllanguagesemployfigurativeexpressionsandhavea

greatnumberofliteraryforms.(48)Onelanguage-culturemay

emphasizethedevelopmentanduseofparticulargenres,e.g.epic

poetryoranimalfolktales,whichanotherlanguage-culturemayseldom

employandmayevenstronglyreject.Butthepeopleofany

language-culturehavesufficientimaginationandexperienceto

understandhowthepeopleofanotherlanguage-culturemayrightly

differintheirbehaviorandvalues,sincethebehavioraldifferences

withinasinglecultureareusuallygreaterthanthosewhichexist

betweencultures.

(49)Theideathatsomelanguagesarefarsuperiortootherlanguages

andthataccordinglysomeculturesarefarsuperiort。otherculturesis

alsoanotedobstaclet。understandingtherelationbetweenlanguage

andculture.Whenpeoplespeakaboutlanguagesuperiority,theyare

usuallytalkingabouttheliteraturewhichhasbeenproducedinsucha

languagebycreativewriters.Theoralandwrittenliteraturesofdifferent

languagescandifferconsiderablyinquality,(50)butthisisnottheresult

oftheformalstructuresofthelanguageinquestionbutofthewaysin

whichthepeopleofthesocietyhaveinvestedcreativetalentinusingthe

languageasamediumfortheproductionofvaluableliteraryworks.All

languageshavethepotentialforoutstandingaestheticexpression.Itis

simplyoneofthe"accidents"ofhistorywhichdeterminesthe

emergenceofliterarygenius.

11［简答题］

第（46）题答案

参考解析：总体评述

【文章概述1本文选自美国语言学家、翻译家尤金•奈达（Eugene

A.Nida）的著作

LanguageCultureandTranslating（《语言文化和翻译》）的第七章

Languageand

Culture（《语言与文化》）。由于人们对语言及其功能存在许多错误

的认识，致使语言与文化之间的关系给跨文化的沟通造成了严重的困

难。文章列举了其中三种错误的观点并予以评析。

难句分析

【原文再现】Therelationbetweenlanguageandculturewouldnot

constitutesuchseriousdifficultiesforcross—cultural

understandingifitwerenotforthenumerous

misconceptionsaboutlanguageanditsfunctionwithinasociety.

【结构分析1本句的主干为Therelation…wouldnot

constitute…difficulties…，其中介词结构betweenlanguageand

culture作后置定语修饰Therelation,for

cross^culturalunderstanding作状语。由if引导的从句为与现

在事实相反的虚拟条件句，介词结构aboutlanguageandits

functionwithinasociety作后置定语修饰misconceptionso

【译点分析】

(l)Therelation…wouldnotconstitute…ifitwerenot…：本

句为虚拟语气，if引导的是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，翻

译时可将条件状语从句译为汉语的假设句，并颠倒原文顺序，译作

“如果不是……，就不会……”。

(2)constitutesuchseriousdifficultiesforcross,cultural

understanding：constitute表示构成；形成“；Cross,cultural

understanding表示“跨文化沟通"；forcrosSo

Culturalunderstandin9为constitute的状语，翻译时需提前。

(3)itwerenotfor...withinasociety：it表示一种笼统的

情况，在汉语中往往不译出；Misconceives表示“错误的想法；误

解”，此处可将名词译作动词，并增加泛指性的主语“人们”，译作

“人们存在错误的看法”；aboutlanguageanditsfunction

wlthmasociety为后置定语修饰misconceptions,此处根据汉语

习惯，灵活译作状语：“人们对……存在错误的看法”；its

functionwithinasociety直译为“在社会中的作用”

可意译为“社会功用”。

【参考译文】如果不是由于人们对语言及其社会功用存在诸多错误的

看法，语言和文化的关系就不会对跨文化沟通造成这么严重的困难了。

12［简答题］

第(47)题答案

参考解析：确实，一种语言的特定结构可能在一定程度上反映了人们

的思维方式，也可以说形成了“思维的路径”，但它们并不能决定

人们在思考时必然涉及的内容和必然采取的方式。

13［简答题］

第（48）题答案

参考解析：一种语言一文化可能着重发展和使用诸如史诗或动物故事

等特定的文学体裁，而这些体裁在另一种语言一文化中则可能很少用

到，甚至会被强烈排斥。

14［简答题］

第（49）题答案

参考解析：有人认为某些语言比其他语言优秀得多，由此得出某些文

化远远优于其他文化的结论，这种观点也是人们所共知的理解语言与

文化之间关系的障碍之一。

15［简答题］

第（50）题答案

参考解析：但这并不是这种语言的形式结构所造成的，而是这一社会

的人们在将语言作为一种手段来创作有价值的文学作品的过程中展

现创造才能的不同方式造成的。

•材料题

•根据下面资料，回答16-20题

Ithelpstospeakmorethanonelanguage—evenifthebenefitsare

unquantifiable.Justafewgenerationsago,speakingtwolanguageswas

supposedtobebadforyou.TestsinAmericafoundthatbilingualpeople

hadlowerIQS,whichseemedevidenceenough.(46)Latentbecame

clearthatthosesurveyswerereallymeasuringthematerialpovertyof

immigrants;membersofsuchfamiliesweremorelikelytobe

undernourishedandunderstimulated,nottomentiontheobviousfact

thattheyoftensatthetestsinalanguagethatwasnottheirbest.How

thingshavechanged.Inthepastdecadeithasbecomealmostcommon

knowledgethatbilingualismisgoodforyou—witnessarticlessuch"Why

BilingualsareSmarter"and"TheAmazingBenefitsofBeingBilingual"by

theNewYorkTimesandtheBBC.(47)Mostnotably,theyhaveshown

thatbilingualsgetdementiaonaveragefouryearslaterthan

monolinguals,andthattheyhaveanedgein“executivecontrol"—a

basketofabilitiesthataidpeopledoingcomplextasks.Whybilingualism

wouldenhancethesecapabilitiesisunclear.(48)Researchers

hypothesisethathavingtwolanguagesmeanssuppressingonewhen

speakingtheother,akindofconstantmentalexercisethatmakesthe

brainhealthier.Butasintellectualpendulumsdo,thisonehasbegunto

swingagain,againstthe"bilingualadvantage".RobertoFilippiof

UniversityCollegeLondonandhiscolleagueshavespentfiveyears

testingmorethan600people,fromsevento80yearsoldandincluding

somewhooscillatebetweentwolanguages.Theycouldfindno

statisticallysignificantadvantageinanyagecohort.(49)Inresponseto

thescepticism,researcherswhobelieveintheadvantagehaverefined

theirstudies—nowacknowledgingthatbilingualpeopleusetheir

languagesinvaryingwaysthatmayaccountfortheincongruentprevious

results.Asecondlanguageexpandsthenumberofpeopleyoucantalkto.

Itaddstothewaysyoucansaythings,andsooffersasecondpointof

viewonthewholebusinessofexpression.（50）Onestudyfoundthat

bilingualchildrenarebetteratgraspingotherperspectives,perhaps

becausetheyarealwayskeepingtrackofwhospeakswhat,aregular

reminderthateveryoneisdifferent.

•

16［简答题］

第（46）题答案

参考解析：后来才弄清楚这些调查实际旨在衡量移民的物质贫困；移

民家庭的成员更有可能营养不良和缺乏鼓励，更不用说他们经常参加

用自己不擅长的语言进行的考试这一明显的事实。

17［简答题］

第（47）题答案

参考解析：最值得注意的是，他们发现双语者患上痴呆症的时间比单

语者平均晚四年，另外他们在“执行控制”方面有优势，这是一组帮

助人们完成复杂任务的能力。

18［简答题］

第（48）题答案

参考解析：研究人员提出假设，掌握两种语言意味着在使用一种语言

时要压制另一种语言，这是一种持续的脑力锻炼，能让大脑更健康。

19［简答题］

第(49)题答案

参考解析：作为对怀疑论的回应，相信这种优势的研究人员改进了其

研究。他们现在承认，双语者使用其语言的方式不同，这可能是之前

结果不一致的原因。

20［简答题］

第(50)题答案

参考解析：一项研究发现，掌握双语的孩子更擅于理解其他观点，这

可能是因为他们总是要留心谁说了什么，这经常提醒他们，每个人都

是不同的。

•材料题

•根据以下材料，回答21-25题

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Beforeenteringonthequestionoftherelationofmoralitytoourexiting

socialenvironment,itwillbeadvisabletoinquirewhatwemeanby

moralprogress,andwhatevidencethereisthatanysuchprogresshas

occurredinrecenttimes,orevenwithintheperiodofwell-established

history.

(46)Bymoralswemeanrightconduct,notonlyinourimmediatesocial

relations,butalsoinourdealingswithourfellowcitizensandwiththe

wholehumanrace.ltisbaseduponthepossessionofclearidealsasto

whatactionsarerightandwhatarewrongandthedeterminationofour

conductbyaconstantreferencetothoseideals.

(47)Thebeliefswasonceprevalent,andisstillheldbymanypersons,

thataknowledgeofrightandwrongisinherent(^instinctivein

everyone,andthattheimmoralpersonmaybejustlypunishedforsuch

wrongdoingashecommits.Butthatthiscannotbewholly,ifatall,trueis

shownbythefactthatindifferentsocietiesandatdifferentperiodsthe

standardofrightandwrongchangesconsiderably.Thatwhichatonetime

andplaceisheldtoberightandproperis,atanothertimeorplace,

consideredtobenotonlywrong,butoneofthegreatestofcrimes.

Weareobligedtoconclude,therefore,thatwhatiscommonlytermed

moralityisnotwhollyduetoanyinherentperceptionofwhatisrightor

wrongconduct,butthatitistosomeextentandoftenverylargelya

matterofconvention,varyingatdifferenttimesandplacesinaccordance

withthedegreeandkindofsocialdevelopmentwhichhasbeenattained

oftenunderdifferentconditionsofexistence.Theactualmoralityofa

communityislargelyaproductoftheenvironment,butitislocaland

temporary,notpermanentlyaffectingthecharacter.

(48)Tobringtogethertheevidenceinsupportofthisview,t。distinguish

betweenwhatispermanentandinheritedandwhatissuperficialand

notinherited,andtotraceoutsomeoftheconsequencesasregards

whatweterm"morality"isthepurposeofthepresentvolume.

Thoughmuchofwhatwetermmoralityhasnoabsolutesanctionin

humannature,yetitistosomeextent,andperhapsverylargely,based

uponit.(49)ltwillbewell,therefore,toconsiderbrieflythenatureand

probableoriginofwhatweterm"character”—inindividuals,insocieties,

andespeciallyinthosemoreancientandmorefundamentaldivisionsof

mankindwhichweterm"races".

Charactermaybedefinedastheintegrationofmentalfacultiesand

emotionswhichconstitutepersonalornationalindividuality.ltisvery

stronglyinherited,yetitisprobablysubjecttomoreinherentvariation

thanistheformandstructureofthebody.(50)Thecombinationsofits

constituentelementsaresonumerousas,incommonlanguage,t。be

termedinfinite;andthisgivestoeachpersonaverydistinctindividuality,

asmanifestedinspeech,inemotionalexpression,andinaction.

•

21［简答题］

第46题的答案

参考解析：我们所谓的道德是指正确的行为，既指我们亲密的社会关

系中的行为，也指我们同自己的同胞以及全人类打交道中的行为。

22［简答题］

第47题的答案是

参考解析：每个人对行为对错的认知是固有的或者天生的，恶人有恶

报，这些信念曾经盛极一时，现在仍旧有很多人相信。

23［简答题］

第48题的答案是

参考解析：为了用证据支撑这一观点，为了区分永久的、内在的东西

和肤浅的、外在的东西，还为了探寻关于我们把“道德”定义成什么

的一些结果，这些都是本书的目的。

24［简答题］

第49题的答案是

参考解析：因此，我们要简略地考虑一下我们所谓的“性格”的本质

和可能的起源一一个人和社会以及尤其是那些我们所谓“种族”的

人类里更古老和更基本的分支。

25［简答题］

第50题的答案是

参考解析：性格的构成要素的组合不计其数，用普通的语言来说，可

以将它定义为无限的；这就赋予每个人非常独特的个性，比如在演讲

中、在情绪表达中和行动中所显示出的个性。

・材料题

•根据以下材料，回答26-30题

LudwigvanBeethoveniswidelyconsideredtobeoneoftheoutstanding

classicalmusicfiguresofthewesternworld.ThisGermanmusicalgenius

creatednumerousworksthatarefirmlyentrenchedinthe

repertoire.Exceptforaweaknessincomposingvocalandoperatic

music,Beethovenhadcompletemasteryoftheartform.Manyofhis

worksareingeniouslyimaginativeandinnovative,suchashis3rd

Symphony,his9thViolinSonataandsoon.

Itisdifficulttosumupbrieflywhathismusicalworksrepresentor

symbolize,sincetakentogethertheyincludeavastsystemof

thought.Generally,however,thosewhounderstandhismusicsensethat

itreflectstheirownpersonallongingsandsufferings.(46)Itegoistically,

andalwaysintelligently,"discusses"withitslistenerhisorherfeelingsin

thewakeofpersonalfailureandpersonaltriumph,fromthelowest

depthsofdespairtothehighestheightsofhappyortriumphant

fulfillment.lnhismusic,herepresentsthefeelingsfeltbythose

attemptingtoachievetheirgoalswithintheirsocieties,whethertheyare

competingforlove,status,money,poweroranyotherthingsindividuals

feelnaturallyinclinedtoattempttoacquire.

Inathematicsense,Beethovendoesnotpromoteanarchist

ideas.(47)Thelistenercannot,inlisteningtoBeethoven's

music,understandideaswhich,ifapplied,wouldcompromisethewelfare

ofhissociety.Themusicisthus"civicallyresponsible,"asisthemusicof

BachorMozart.ForBeethoven,thesocietyexistsasabulwark(堡

垒)withwhichtheindividualmustfunctioninharmony,oratleastnot

functionsuchastoharmordestroyit.And,(48)shouldthesociety

marginalizeorhurttheindividual,asitoftendoes,theindividualmust,

accordingt。Beethoven,humblyacceptthis,neverconsideringthe

alternativeactofattemptingtoharmordestroythesocietyinthewake

ofhisorherpersonalfrustrations.But,thankstoBeethoven,suchan

individualisprovidedwiththemeanstosoothehisorhermiseryinthe

wakeoffeeling"hurt"atthehandsofsociety.(49)Themeansisthis

musicandthepleasurethatitcanprovidet。mindspossessingthe

psycho-intellectual"wiring"neededt。understandit.

Somepost-World-War-回composersrejectthemusicofBeethoven

becauseofitspredominantrelianceon"beauty"aswayof

communicatingidealizedconcepts.(50)Ais。，sincethemusicintimately

reflectsthedesiresandthought-processesofthenaturalhumanmind,

whichinnumerouswaysisemotionallyandintellectuallyirrational,the

musicmayitselfbeconsequentlyirrational.

•

26［简答题］

第46题的答案是

参考解析：他的音乐是自我的，但总是机智地与听众“讨论”个人成

功和失败之后的情感，从绝望至极到欣喜若狂或胜利的满足。

27［简答题］

第47题的答案是

参考解析：这种思想一经贯彻必将会危及社会的安宁与繁荣，听众在

听贝多芬的音乐时并不能理解这种思想。

28［简答题］

第48题的答案是

参考解析：如果社会排斥或者伤害了个人，事实也经常如此，按照贝

多芬的意思，个人必须谦卑地接受这一切，永远不要在自己受挫之后

而试图去伤害或者破坏社会。

29［简答题］

第49题的答案是

参考解析：这途径就是音乐和音乐为头脑提供的愉悦，这些头脑拥有

解读音乐所必需的心智上的“线路”。

30［简答题］

第50题的答案是

参考解析：而且，由于他的音乐深刻反映了自然的人类心智的渴望和

思维过程，而人类的心智在很多情况下，在感情和思想方面是非理性

的，因此，他的音乐本身也是非理性的。

•材料题

•根据以下材料，回答31-35题

Whatisscientificcreativity?(46)Truescientificcreativityisoften

presumedtobethepreserveofindependentinvestigatorsoperatingin

anenvironmentwithnoneofthepracticalorpoliticalconcernsthat

bothermanyotherworkers.Intruth,farfrombeingcreative,most

scientistsspendmuchoftheirtimeworryingaboutfunding,sittingin

meetingsanddealingwithadministrativebureaucracy.lnthisageof

economicausterity,hastheconceptofabsoluteacademicautonomy

becomealuxurythatthescientificenterprisecannolongerafford?

But,inmanyways,academicsdoliveveryshelteredlivesbytoday's

standards—howmanyothercareersoffertenureoremploymentforlife?

(47)And,frequently,anindividual'sinsistenceonworkingasfreefrom

restrictionsaspossiblecanbetakent。。far,forcingeveryoneand

everythingaroundthemt。accommodatetheirneeds.Thisbecomesa

wasteoftimeandeffort—inotherwords,ofmoney.

ConsultantThomasMartydescribeshow,insomedepartments,faculty

membersinsistoneachdoingtheirowncourseplanning,choosingtimes

andsubjectsindependently.(48)Thisforcestheadministrationtorevise

coursest。ensurethatthecreditsassignedtoeachareconsistent,that

studentshavetakenthenecessaryknowledgetheprofessorsrequire,

andthateverythingispresentedintheformatthatthecomputersystem

recognizes,sothatstudentscanregisteronline.Althoughthismaysound

likepartofadministrators'responsibilities,thejobcanbesobigthatone

departmenthadtodedicatetwofull-timestaffmemberstoresolving

suchconflicts.Yetacademicsoftencomplainabouttheresourcestheir

universitiesdevotetoadministration.

Scientistsmayrageagainstsomeofthesuggestionsproposedtoimprove

theefficiencyoftheresearchenterprise.Increasethepowerofinstitute

directorsanduniversitypresidentssotheycanmakemoreexecutive

decisionswithoutaskingforfacultymembers'input?Placea"tax"onthe

useoftemporaryworkerssuchasgraduatestudentsandpostdocs,to

encouragescientiststohiremorepermanentstaffscientists?

Butscientistsshouldthinktwiceaboutthisinstinctive,defensive

approach.Somethingthatmayseemathreattoacademicautonomyis

oftenquitetheopposite.(49)Astandardpatternforcourseplanningthat

allfacultymembersmustadhereto,forexample,withstrictdeadlines

foreachphase,couldcutthenumberofcourserevisions.Thiswouldfree

stafftodealwithotheradministrativeissues,lettingthescientistswho

hadbeenshoulderingthatburdengetbacktoresearchand

teaching.(50)Althoughgivingleadersmorepowertomakeexecutive

decisionswithoutconsultingfacultymembersmayseemt。threaten

academicindependence,inthisinstancegivingupdecision-making

powersallowsscientistst。spendmoretimedoingcreative,independent

research.

31［简答题］

第46题的答案是

参考解析：真正意义上的科研创新通常被认为是独立研究者的特权,

他们在一个不必担心现实问题和政治问题的环境中工作，而很多其他

科研人员则要受这些问题的困扰。

32［简答题］

第47题的答案是

参考解析：而且，通常，坚持让个人尽可能无拘无束地工作会出格,

迫使周围所有的人和事都适应他们的需求。

33［简答题］

第48题的答案是

参考解析：这迫使行政人员调整课程来确保各门课程所分配的学分一

致，并确保学生已经具备教授们所要求的必要知识，还要确保所有信

息的呈现格式都是计算机系统所能识别的，以便学生们能在线注册。

34［简答题］

第49题的答案是

参考解析：例如，所有教职员工都必须遵循的、对每一阶段都有严格

期限要求的课程规划标准模板可以减少课程修改量。

35［简答题］

第50题的答案是

参考解析：虽然赋予领导者更多无需咨询教职工便可作出行政决定的

权力似乎会威胁学术自主性，然而，在这种情况下放弃决策权可以让

科学家们花更多的时间从事创造性的独立研究。

・材料题

•根据以下材料，回答36-40题

Therealquestioninthinkingaboutthenatureofcivilizationisconnected

withtheissueofimprovingthequalityofman'sinterpersonal

relationships.

Itisimpossibletousethescientificmethodwhenthethinkerisguided

bywhathewantstobelieveinsteadofmakingafullsurrendertothe

truthseekingprocess.Civilizedmanhasfounditanecessaryaspectof

beingnormaltoacceptthestandardsofthinkingandbehavingimposed

bythesocialsysteminwhichhelives.(46)Ifhegoesoutsidethissystem

hissenseofbeingawelladjustedpersonvanishes,andhebecomesa

maverick(3虫行其是者)withattributeswhichheandothersregardas

strange,unconventional,andqueer.Thesocialsystemherequireshimself

toacceptisfilledwithmagicalandwonderfulmechanisms,which,when

viewedfromtheoutside,arebasedonignoranceandimmorality.Tobe

welladjustedinsuchahumansituationrequiresthatbothignoranceand

immoralitypassunnoticedandunrecorded.Inorderthatthesenegative

forcesremainunidentified,theplaceoftruthseekingisusurped(篡夺)

bydoctrine,andmoralintegritymustgivewaytoauthoritarianism.The

primacyoftruthandrightbecomeslostwhentheindividualhasaprior

obligationtoconventionalnormalcyandtherewardsitbrings.ltis

apparentthatthisisauniqueproblemforpsychologicalscience.(47)The

scientistwhodealswithrocks,weather,chemicals,orstarshasnosuch

tyrannicalpressurecomingfromhisrelationshipwiththeworldofthe

unknown.

Howdoesithappenthatasuccessfulsocialadjustmentrequiresofthe

individualthathedefertoalargesocietyinestablishingwhatistrueand

rightinhumanrelationships?(48)Whatistheaspectofsocialstability

whichmakesitappeartothriveonignorantdoctrineandtheuseof

arbitraryviolence?Therealsourcesofoursocialills,including

injustice,prejudice,internationalwar,andthelike,istobefoundwithin

eachindividualhimself.(49)Thereissomethingaboutthelimitations

mansetsonhispsychologicalgrowthwhichcauseshimt。losehiswayin

understandingandcontrollinghumannature.

Theexpansionoftheselfinawarenessandabilityistheonlyreliable

sourceofinneridentityandthesenseofpersonalimportancewhich

goeswithit.(50)Whenanindividualcontinuestogrowthroughouta

lifetimehestayspsychologicallyyoungandhasaccesstoanincreasing

senseofbeingvaluableto0thers.Themoreamanhastogivetoothersin

apsychologicalwaythemoreheisequippedtobelieveinloveand

responsiblepowerinhumanrelationships.

36［简答题］

第46题的答案是

参考解析：如果他背离了这个系统，那么他作为善于自我调整之人的

感觉就会消失，他就会成为反常之人，具有他和其他人认为古怪的、

另类的和变态的特性。

37［简答题］

第47题的答案是

参考解析：和岩石、天气、化学品或者恒星打交道的科学家与未知世

界的关系方面，并没有受到如此巨大的压力。

38［简答题］

第48题的答案是

参考解析：使它看起来能在无知的教条和任意暴力的使用之中蓬勃发

展的社会稳定是何种状态

39［简答题］

第49题的答案是

参考解析：人们在自己的心理成长方面设置了限制，这导致自己在理

解和控制人性中迷失。

40［简答题］

第50题的答案是

参考解析：当个人终其一生都在持续成长，他就能保持心理年轻，就

可能越来越感觉自