高中英语：Inference Exercises学生题

Inference

2-1.(TPO3-2TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystems)

Paragraph5:Eventhekindofstabilitydefinedassimplelackofchangeisnotalwaysassociated

withmaximumdiversity.Atleastintemperatezones,maximumdiversityisoftenfoundin

mid-successionalstages,notintheclimaxcommunity.Oncearedwoodforestmatures,forexample,

thekindsofspeciesandthenumberofindividualsgrowingontheforestfloorarereduced.Ingeneral,

diversity,byitself,doesnotensurestability.Mathematicalmodelsofecosystemslikewisesuggestthat

diversitydoesnotguaranteeecosystemstability-justtheopposite,infact.Amorecomplicated

systemis,ingeneral,morelikelythanasimplesystemtobreakdown.(Afifteen-speedracingbicycle

ismorelikelytobreakdownthanachild'stricycle.)

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutredwoodforests?

oTheybecomelessstableastheymature.

oTheysupportmanyspecieswhentheyreachclimax.

oTheyarefoundintemperatezones.

oTheyhavereduceddiversityduringmid-successionalstages.

2-2.(TPO4-3PetroleumResources)

Paragraph3:Oilpoolsarevaluableundergroundaccumulationsofoil,andoilfieldsareregions

underlainbyoneormoreoilpools.Whenanoilpoolorfieldhasbeendiscovered,wellsaredrilled

intotheground.Permanenttowers,calledderricks,usedtobebuilttohandlethelongsectionsof

drillingpipe.Nowportabledrillingmachinesaresetupandarethendismantledandremoved.When

thewellreachesapool,oilusuallyrisesupthewellbecauseofitsdensitydifferencewithwater

beneathitorbecauseofthepressureofexpandinggastrappedaboveit.Althoughthisriseofoilis

almostalwayscarefullycontrolledtoday,spoutsofoil,orgushers,werecommoninthepast.Gas

pressuregraduallydiesout,andoilispumpedfromthewell.Waterorsteammaybepumpeddown

adjacentwellstohelppushtheoilout.Atarefinery,thecrudeoilfromundergroundisseparatedinto

naturalgas,gasoline,kerosene,andvariousoils.Petrochemicalssuchasdyes,fertilizer,andplasticare

alsomanufacturedfromthepetroleum.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutgushers?

oTheymakebringingtheoiltothesurfaceeasier.

oTheysignalthepresenceofhugeoilreserves.

oTheywastemoreoilthantheycollect.

oTheyareunlikelytooccurnowadays.

2-3.(TPO10-1ChinesePottery)

Paragraph5:JustaspainteddesignsonGreekpotsmayseemtodaytobepurelydecorative,

whereasinfacttheywerecarefullyandpreciselyworkedoutsothatatthetime,theirmeaningwas

clear,soitiswithChinesepots.Totwentieth-centuryeyes,Chinesepotterymayappearmerely

decorative,yettotheChinesetheformofeachobjectanditsadornmenthadmeaningandsignificance.

Thedragonrepresentedtheemperor,andthephoenix,theempress;thepomegranateindicatedfertility,

andapairoffish,happiness;mandarinducksstoodforweddedbliss;thepinetree,peach,andcrane

areemblemsoflonglife;andfishleapingfromwavesindicatedsuccessinthecivilservice

examinations.OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeaningsbecome

obscuredorevenlost.

Paragraph5suggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthedecorationsonChinesepottery?

oTheyhadmoreimportanceforaristocratsthanforordinarycitizens.

oTheirsignificancemayhaveremainedclearhadtheChinesenotcomeunderforeigninfluence.

oTheycontainsomeofthesameimagesthatappearonGreekpots

oTheirsignificanceisnowascleartotwentiethcenturyobserversasitwastotheearlyChinese.

2-4.(TPO17-1Europe'sEarlySeaTradewithAsia)

Paragraph2:Thechiefproblemwastechnological:HowweretheEuropeanstoreachtheEast?

Europe'smaritimetraditionhaddevelopedinthecontextofeasilynavigableseas一theMediterranean,

theBaltic,and.toalesserextent,theNorthSeabetweenEnglandandtheContinent-notofvast

oceans.Newtypesofshipswereneeded,newmethodsoffindingone'sway,newtechniquesfor

financingsovastascheme.Thesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionat

seareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast-Westtradecouldcreate.Spiceswerethemost

sought-aftercommodities.SpicesnotonlydramaticallyimprovedthetasteoftheEuropeandietbut

alsowereusedtomanufactureperfumesandcertainmedicines.Butevenhigh-pricedcommoditieslike

spiceshadtobetransportedinlargebulkinordertojustifytheexpenseandtroubleofsailingaround

theAfricancontinentallthewaytoIndiaandChina.

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatspicesfromAsiaweredesirableinEuropeinthe

MiddleAgesbecausethey

owereeasilytransportedinlargequantities

ocouldnotbeproducedinEuropeancountries

ocouldbetradedforproductssuchasperfumesandmedicines

owereexpectedtoincreaseinvalueovertime

2-5.《Comets》

AsacometmovesawayfromtheSun,thegasesformingthecomarecondense,thetaildisappears,

andthecometreturnstodistantspace.Materialthatwasblownfromthecomatoformthetailislost

fromthecometforever.Consequently,itisbelievedthatmostcometscannotsurvivemorethanafew

hundredcloseorbitsoftheSun.Onceallthegasesareexpelled,theremainingmaterial一aswarmof

tinymetallicandstonyparticles-continuestheorbitwithoutacomaoratail.

SelectTWOanswerchoicesthataccordingtoparagraph4describehowacometchangesasit

travelsawayfromtheSun.Toreceivecredit,youmustselectTWOanswers.

oItlosesitsmetallicandstonyparticles,

oItlosesallthematerialthatwasinitstail,

oltsorbitalperiodbecomesshorter.

oThegasesthatwereinitscomarecondense.

2-6.^AgriculturalSocietyinEighteenth-CenturyBritishAmerica》

ThedecreasingfertilityofthesoilcompoundedtheproblemofdwindlingfarmsizeinNew

England.Whenlandhadbeenplentiful,farmersplantedcropsinthesamefieldforthreeyearsand

thenletitliefallow(unplanted)inpasturesevenyearsormoreuntilitregaineditsfertility.Butonthe

smallerfarmsoftheeighteenthcentury,farmershadreducedfallowtimetoonlyayearortwo.Such

intenseuseofthesoilreducedcropyields,forcingfarmerstoplowmarginallandorshifttolivestock

production.

Accordingtoparagraph5,whatcausesthecropyieldsinNewEnglandtofail团Theshiftto

livestockproductionbymanyfarmers

oThedecreasedamountoftimethatfieldswereleftfallow

oThepracticeofplantingcropsinthesamefieldforthreeyearsinarow

oThereducedsizeoftheaveragefield

oTheshifttolivestockproductionbymanyfarmers

2-7.《WaterManagementinEarlyAgriculture^

Salinizationiscausedbyanaccumulationofsaltinthesoilnearitssurface.Thissaltiscarriedby

riverwaterfromthesedimentaryrocksinthemountainsanddepositedontheMesopotamianfields

duringnaturalfloodingorpurposefulirrigation.Evaporationofwatersittingonthesurfaceinhot

climatesisrapid,concentratingthesaltsintheremainingwaterthatthendescendsthroughthesoilto

theunderlyingwatertable.InsouthernMesopotamia,forexample,thenaturalwatertablecomesto

withinroughlysixfeetofthesurface.Conditionsofexcessiveirrigationbringthewatertableto

eighteeninches,andwatercanrisefurthertotherootzone,wherethehighconcentrationofsalts

wouldkillmostplants.

Accordingtoparagraph3,excessiveirrigationcandestroycropsby

oraisingsaltywatertotheleveloftheroots

oforcingtherootsofplantstogrowclosetothesurface

otakingtheplaceofsomenaturalflooding

ocreatingsaltdepositsonthesurfaceofthesoil

2-8.《DepletionoftheOgallalaAquifer^

ThevastgrasslandsoftheHighPlainsinthecentralUnitedStatesweresettledbyfarmersand

ranchersinthe1880's.Thisregionhasasemiaridclimate,andfor50yearsafteritssettlement,it

supportedalow-intensityagriculturaleconomyofcattleranchingandwheatfarming.Intheearly

twentiethcentury,however,itwasdiscoveredthatmuchoftheHighPlainswasunderlainbyahuge

aquifer(arocklayercontaininglargequantitiesofgroundwater).ThisaquiferwasnamedtheOgallala

aquiferaftertheOgallalaSiouxIndians,whoonceinhabitedtheregion.

Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheHighPlainsistrue?

oUntilfarmersandrancherssettledthereinthe1880's,theHighPlainshadneverbeeninhabited.

oTheclimateoftheHighPlainsischaracterizedbyhigher-than-averagetemperatures.

oThelargeaquiferthatliesunderneaththeHighPlainswasdiscoveredbytheOgallalaSiouxIndians.

oBeforetheearly1900'stherewasonlyasmallamountoffarmingandranchingintheHighPlains.

2-9.

Theevolutionofthesymbolismisreflectedinthearchaeologicalrecordfirstofallbythe

increasingcomplexityofthetokensthemselves.Theearliesttokens,datingfromabout10,000to6,000

yearsago,wereofonlythesimplestgeometricshapes.Butabout3500B.C.E.,morecomplextokens

cameintocommonusage,includingmanynaturalisticformsshapedlikeminiaturetools,furniture,

fruit,andhumans.Theearlier,plaintokenswerecountersforagriculturalproducts,whereasthe

complexonesstoodforfinishedproducts,suchasbread,oil,perfume,wool,andrope,andforitems

producedinworkshops,suchasmetal,bracelets,typesofcloth,garments,mats,piecesoffurniture,

tools,andavarietyofstoneandpotteryvessels.Thesignsmarkedonclaytabletslikewiseevolved

fromsimplewedges,circles,ovals,andtrianglesbasedontheplaintokenstopictographsderivedfrom

thecomplextokens.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthedifferencebetweenearlier

tokensandlatertokens?

Clickonanovaltoselectyouranswer.Tochooseadifferentanswer,clickonedifferentoval.

oLatertokensweremadeofmanydifferentmaterials,butearlieronesweremadeonlyofclay,

oLatertokensoftenlookedlikethecommoditiesthattheyrepresented,butearlieronesdidnot.

oLatertokensrepresentedagriculturalproducts,butearlieronesrepresentedfinishedproducts,

oLatertokenswerebasedonpictographs,butearlieroneswerebasedonnaturalisticforms.

2-10.

ThecityofMemphis,locatedontheNilenearthemoderncityofCairo,wasfoundedaround3100

B.C.asthefirstcapitalofarecentlyunitedEgypt.ThechoiceofMemphisbyEgypt'sfirstkings

reflectsthesite'sstrategicimportance.First,andmostobvious,theapexoftheNileRiverdeltawasa

politicallyopportunelocationforthestate'sadministrativecenter,standingbetweentheunitedlandsof

UpperandLowerEgyptandofferingreadyaccesstobothpartsofthecountry.Theolderpredynastic

(pre-3100B.C.)centersofpower,ThisandHierakonpolis,weretooremotefromthevastexpanseof

thedelta,whichhadbeenincorporatedintotheunifiedstate.Onlyacitywithineasyreachofboththe

Nilevalleytothesouthandthemorespreadout,difficultterraintothenorthcouldprovidethe

necessarypoliticalcontrolthattherulersofearlydynasticEgypt(roughly3000-2600B.C.)required.

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph1thatoneconsequenceoftheunificationofEgyptwas

Clickonanovaltoselectyouranswer.Tochooseadifferentanswer,clickonedifferentoval,

othereductionofthestrategicimportanceofoldercentersofpower

otheopportunityfortherecentlyunitedEgypttobecomeeconomicallyself-sufficient

otheincreaseinpoliticaltensionsbetweentherulersofUpperandLowerEgypt

othereductionofEgypfsdependenceupontheNilefortradeandcommunications

2-11.

heNavajo,aNativeAmericanpeoplelivinginthesouthwesternUnitedStates,liveinsmall

scatteredsettlements.Inmanyrespects,suchaseducation,occupation,andleisureactivities,theirlife

islikethatofothergroupsthatcontributetothediversesocialfabricofNorthAmericancultureinthe

twenty-firstcentury.Atthesametime,theyhaveretainedsometraditionalculturalpracticesthatare

associatedwithparticularartforms.Forexample,themostimportanttraditionalNavajoritualsinclude

theproductionoflargefloorpaintings.Theseareactuallymadebypouringthin,finelycontrolled

streamsofcoloredsandsorpulverizedvegetableandmineralsubstances,pollen,andflowersinprecise

patternsontheground.Thelargestofthesepaintingsmaybeupto5.5metersindiameterandcoverthe

entirefloorofaroom.Workingfromtheinsideofthedesignoutward,theNavajoartistandhis

assistantswillsifttheblack,white,bluish-gray,orange,andredmaterialsthroughtheirfingersto

createthefinelydetailedimagery.Thepaintingsandchantsusedintheceremoniesaredirectedby

well-trainedartistsandsingerswhoenlisttheaidofspiritswhoareimpersonatedbymasked

performers.Thetwenty-fourknownNavajochantscanberepresentedbyupto500sandpaintings.

Thesecomplexpaintingsserveasmemoryaidstoguidethesingersduringtheperformanceofthe

ritualsongs,whichcanlastuptoninedays.

Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1abouttheNavajoritualchants?

Clickonanovaltoselectyouranswer.Tochooseadifferentanswer,clickonedifferentoval.

oThereisalargenumberofthem.

oEachofthemcorrespondstoaparticularsandpainting.

oTheyaredifficulttoremember.

oTheydonottakelongtoperform.

2-12.

Thepurposeandmeaningofthesandpaintingscanbeexplainedbyexaminingoneofthemost

basicidealsofNavajosociety,embodiedintheirwordhozho(beautyorharmony,goodness,and

happiness).Itcoexistswithhochxo("ugliness,"or"evil,"and"disorder")inaworldwhereopposing

forcesofdynamismandstabilitycreateconstantchange.Whentheworld,whichwascreatedinbeauty,

becomesuglyanddisorderly,theNavajogathertoperformritualswithsongsandmakesandpaintings

torestorebeautyandharmonytotheworld.Someillnessisitselfregardedasatypeofdisharmony.

Thus,therestorationofharmonythroughaceremonycanbepartofacuringprocess.

Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussionofillnessandcuringinparagraph2that

Clickonanovaltoselectyouranswer.Tochooseadifferentanswer,clickonedifferentoval.

otheNavajoconsiderillnesstoalwayshaveasupernaturalcause

oritualsinvolvingsongsandsandpaintingsmaybeusedtotreatanillness

owhenaNavajoisill,uglyanddisorderlysandpaintingsaremade

oafteraseriousillness,aNavajowilltakepartinaceremony

2-13.

Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethis

samepatternfarbackinprehistory?Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-hand

dominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andin

manyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimplies

thattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,

onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumption

thathandswerestenciledpalmdownward一alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookas

ifitwerearighthand.Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,

andonly22asright;right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph1thatevenwhenpaintwassprayedbymouthtomakeahand

stencil

otherewasnowaytotellwhichhandwasstenciled

othestenciledhandwastheweakerhand

othestenciledhandwasthedominanthand

oartistsstenciledmoreimagesofthedominanthandthantheydidoftheweak

2-14.

ThislastfactorisatleastcircumstantiallyimplicatedinTeotihuacan^rise.Priorto200B.C.,a

numberofrelativelysmallcenterscoexistedinandneartheValleyofMexico.Aroundthistime,the

largestofthesecenters,Cuicuilco,wasseriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofits

agriculturallandcoveredbylava.WithCuicuilcoeliminatedasapotentialrival,anyoneofanumber

ofrelativelymodesttownsmighthaveemergedasaleadingeconomicandpoliticalpowerinCentral

Mexico.Thearchaeologicalevidenceclearlyindicates,though,thatTeotihuacanwasthecenterthat

didariseasthepredominantforceintheareabythefirstcenturyA.D.

Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutCuicuilcopriorto200B.C.?

oltwasafairlysmallcityuntilthatdate.

oltwaslocatedoutsidetheValleyofMexico.

oltemergedrapidlyasaneconomicalandpoliticalcenter.

oltseconomyreliedheavilyonagriculture.

2-15.

Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardtheGlomarChallenger

processedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.OnAugust23,1970,theyrecovereda

sample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesofhardenedsedimentthathadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud,

aswellasgranulesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasinglepebblewasfoundthat

mighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedaysfollowing,samples

ofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdrillingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.

Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethat

suggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtiny

marinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.Astheydrilledintothecentralanddeepestpartofthe

Mediterraneanbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbedded

withthesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthesolidgypsumlayer?

oltdidnotcontainanymarinefossil.

olthadformedinopen-oceanconditions.

olthadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud.

oltcontainedsedimentfromnearbydeserts.

2-16.

Thiswasbeforethesteamlocomotive,andcanalbuildingwasatitsheight.Thecompanies

buildingthecanalstotransportcoalneededsurveyorstohelpthemfindthecoaldepositsworthmining

aswellastodeterminethebestcoursesforthecanals.ThisjobgaveSmithanopportunitytostudythe

freshrockoutcropscreatedbythenewlydugcanal.Helaterworkedonsimilarjobsacrossthelength

andbreadthofEngland,allthewhilestudyingthenewlyrevealedstrataandcollectingallthefossilshe

couldfind.Smithusedmailcoachestotravelasmuchas10,000milesperyear.In1815hepublished

thefirstmodemgeologicalmap,"AMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleswithaPartofScotland/9

amapsometiculouslyresearchedthatitcanstillbeusedtoday.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2aboutcanalbuilding?

oCanalswerebuiltprimarilyinthesouthofEnglandratherthaninotherregions.

oCanalbuildingdecreasedafterthesteamlocomotivewasinvented.

oCanalbuildingmadeitdifficulttostudyrockstratawhichoftenbecamedamagedintheprocess,

oCanalbuildershiredsurveyorslikeSmithtoexamineexposedrockstrata.

2-17.

ThestoryofthewestwardmovementofpopulationintheUnitedStatesis,inthemain,thestory

oftheexpansionofAmericanagriculture-ofthedevelopmentofnewareasfortheraisingof

livestockandthecultivationofwheat,com,tobacco,andcotton.After1815improvedtransportation

enabledmoreandmorewesternfarmerstoescapeaself-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranational

marketeconomyduringperiodswhencommoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigration

increasedspectacularly."OldAmericaseemedtobebreakingupandmovingwestward,"observedan

Englishvisitorin1817,duringthefirstgreatwaveofmigration.Emigrationtothewestreachedapeak

inthe1830's,whereasin1810onlyaseventyoftheAmericanpeoplelivedwestoftheAppalachian

mountain,by1840morethanathirdlivedthere.

Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutwesternfarmerspriorto1815?

□Theyhadlimitedtheircropproductiontowheat,com,tobacco,andcotton,

oTheywereabletoselltheirproduceathighprices.

oTheyhadnotbeensuccessfulinraisingcattle.

oD.Theydidnotoperateinanationalmarketeconomy.

2-18.

Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.Theybreathe

throughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceof

hindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dwelling

mammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whose

limbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.

Extinctbut,alreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegap

betweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossils

clearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?

oltisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike

oThereweregreatnumbersofthem.

oTheylivedintheseaonly.

oTheydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.

2-19.

Groundwateristhewordusedtodescribewaterthatsaturatestheground,fillingalltheavailable

spaces.Byfarthemostabundanttypeofgroundwaterismeteoricwater;thisisthegroundwaterthat

circulatesaspartofthewatercycle.Ordinarymeteoricwateriswaterthathassoakedintotheground

fromthesurface,fromprecipitation(rainandsnow)andfromlakesandstreams.Thereitremains,

sometimesforlongperiods,beforeemergingatthesurfaceagain.Atfirstthoughtitseemsincredible

thattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid“groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutthegroundthatwewalkon?

oltcannotholdrainwaterforlongperiodsoftime.

oltpreventsmostgroundwaterfromcirculating.

oIthasthecapacitytostorelargeamountsofwater.

oItabsorbsmostofthewateritcontainsfromrivers.

2-20.

Asymbioticrelationshipisaninteractionbetweentwoormorespeciesinwhichonespecieslives

inoronanotherspecies.Therearethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:parasitism,

commensalism,andmutualism.Thefirstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofa

biologicalcommunity;thatis,allthepopulationsoforganismslivingtogetherandpotentially

interactinginaparticulararea.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcommensalismcanbeinferredfromparagraph1?

oltexcludesinteractionsbetweenmorethantwospecies.

oltmakesitlesslikelyforspecieswithinacommunity,tosurvive.

oItssignificancetotheorganizationofbiologicalcommunitiesissmall.

oltsroleinthestructureofbiologicalpopulationsisadisruptiveone.

一.例题重温

Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.Theybreathe

throughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceof

hindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke3andblowhole4cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswith

land-dwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,and

walruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirst

whaleslookedlike.Extinctbut,alreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.How

wasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywere

fossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

1-1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?

A.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike

B.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.

C.Theylivedintheseaonly.

D.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.

ThestoryofthewestwardmovementofpopulationintheUnitedStatesis,inthemain,thestoryofthe

expansionofAmericanagriculture-ofthedevelopmentofnewareasfortheraisingoflivestockandthe

cultivationofwheat,com,tobacco,andcotton.After1815improvedtransportationenabledmoreand

morewesternfarmerstoescapeaself-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranationalmarketeconomy

duringperiodswhencommoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigrationincreased

spectacularly.6601dAmericaseemedtobebreakingupandmovingwestward,“observedanEnglish

visitorin1817,duringthefirstgreatwaveofmigration.Emigrationtothewestreachedapeakinthe

1830's,whereasin1810onlyaseventyoftheAmericanpeoplelivedwestoftheAppalachian

mountains,by1840morethanathirdlivedthere.

1-2.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutwesternfarmerspriorto1815?

A.Theyhadlimitedtheircropproductiontowheat,com,tobacco,andcotton.

B.Theywereabletoselltheirproduceathighprices.

C.Theyhadnotbeensuccessfulinraisingcattle.

D.Theydidnotoperateinanationalmarketeconomy.

Evendevelopmentinarchitecturehasbeentheresultofmajortechnologicalchanges.Materialsand

methodsofconstructionareintegralpartsofthedesignofarchitecturestructures.Inearliertimesit

wasnecessarytodesignstructuralsystemssuitableforthematerialsthatwereavailable,suchaswood,

stone,brick.Todaytechnologyhasprogressedtothepointwhereitispossibletoinventnewbuilding

materialstosuitthetypeofstructuredesired.Enormouschangesinmaterialsandtechniques

ofconstructionwithinthelastfewgenerationshavemadeitpossibletoenclosespacewithmuch

greatereaseandspeedandwithaminimumofmaterial.Progressinthisareacanbemeasuredbythe

differenceinweightbetweenbuildingsbuiltnowandthoseofcomparablesizebuiltonehundredyears

ago.

1-3.Inparagraph4,whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutmodernbuildings?

A.Theyoccupymuchlessspacethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsago.

B.Theyarenotverydifferentfromthebuildingofafewgenerationsago.

C.Theyweighlessinrelationtotheirsizethanbuildingsconstructedonehundredyearsago.

D.Theytakealongtimetobuildasaresultoftheircomplexconstructionmethods.

Groundwateristhewordusedtodescribewaterthatsaturatestheground,fillingalltheavailable

spaces.Byfarthemostabundanttypeofgroundwaterismeteoricwater;thisisthegroundwaterthat

circulates