高中英语语法直接引语和间接引语知识点讲解

高中英语语法直接引语和间接引语知识点讲解

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号”“标出,

叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际

上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不

定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间

接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何

变化呢？

1、人称的转变

1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：

Hesaid,“Iamverysorry."------>Hesaidthathewasverysorry.

2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称,

如：

“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,“myfathertoldme.------>

MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.

3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人

称。如:

ShesaidtohersonJT11checkyourhomeworktonight.^^------>

Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.

4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：

Heaskedme,"Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethis

afternoon?”------>

HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhis

thatafternoon.

总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。

2、时态的转换

直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接

引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态

（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：

例如：

“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid.------>

Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.

Tomsaid,"Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.^^------>

Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.

Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?”------>

MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.

Heaskedtheconductor,"WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?”------>

HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.

“Whydidsherefusetogothere?"theteacherasked.------>

Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.

Motheraskedme,"HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?”

---->

MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.

Tomsaid,"Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.^^------>

Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.

Hesaid,"Ihaven'theardfrommyparentsthesedays.”------>

Hesaidthathehadn'theardfromhisparentsthosedays.

3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况

1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：

Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout."------>Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.

2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如:

Hewillsay,"I'lltrymybesttohelpyou."------>Hewillsaythathewilltryhis

besttohelpme.

3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：

Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”------>Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein

1994.

4）当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：

Hesaid,"WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.^^------>

Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.

5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：

Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”------>

Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.

6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：

Hesaid,"Practicemakesperfect.^^------>Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.

7）当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,

might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时，如：

例如：

Thedoctorsaid,“You'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater?9----->

ThedoctorsaidI'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.

Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher."------>Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.

Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”------>

Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.

Theteachersaid,"Youneedn'thandinyourcompositionstoday.^^------>

Theteachersaidweneedn't/didn'tneedto/didn'thavetohandinour

compositions.

Sheasked,"MustItakethemedicine?^^------>Sheaskedifshehadtotakethe

medicine.

〔注〕：此处用hadto代替must更好

Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.

Student:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?

Monitor:Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.

4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化

1)时间状语：

直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语

nowthentomorrowthenext(following)day

todaythatdaynextweekthenext(following)week(month,year)

yesterdaythedaybeforetwodaysagotwodaysbefore

lastweek(month,year)theweek(month,year)beforethisweekthatweek

(month,year)

2)指示代词：these变成those

3)地点状语：here变成there

Shesaid,"Iwon'tcomehereanymore.^^------>Shesaidthatshewouldn'tgo

thereanymore..

4)动词：come变成go,bring变成take

5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化

1)陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直

用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替，注意，可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,

toldsb.that,不可直接说toldthat,如:

Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall."------>Hesaidtousthathehadbeento

theGreatWall.

Hesaid,"TilgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.">

HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不可说told

that)

此外主句中的谓语还常有：

repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等，又如：

Hesaid,'Tmlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.------>Heexplainedtousthathe

waslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.

如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以

省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。

Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.^^------>

Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.

2)直接引语为一般疑问句，(也称是否疑问句，)间接引语用连词whether

或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等)，语序是陈述

句的语序，这一点非常重要。

Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?^^------>

Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.

Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou?”------>

HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.

3)直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用

if...or...,也不用either…or….如：

Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?^^------>

HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench..

Iasked,"Willyoutakebusortaketrain?^^------>

Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.

4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语

的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：

Heasked,"What'syourname?^^------>Heasked（me）whatmynamewas.

Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?^^------>

Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.

5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词

常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo,（由肯定祈使句

变成）asksb.nottodo（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、

地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：

Hesaid,“Beseated,please."------>Heaskedustobeseated.

“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.Hesaid.------>

Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.

“Nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearby.------>

Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.

“Don'ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,“theteachersaid.------>

Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnotto