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电气英语证书考试(PEC)-GlossaryofElectrical
EngineeringTerms1
1-WireAsingle-wire(plusground)communicationsprotocol.
1-WireMasterA1-Wireinterfacemastercontroller.
10GbE10-GigabitEthernet
3GThird-generationmobiletelephoneprotocolsthatsupporthigherdata
rates,fornon-voicecommunicationssuchasmultimediaandInternet
access.
3GPPThirdGenerationPartnershipProject,acollaborationofcellphone
technologystandardsbodies.
802.11IEEEstandardthatspecifiesmedium-accessandphysical-layer
specificationsfor1Mbpsand2Mbpswirelessconnectivitybetween
fixed,portable,andmovingstationswithinalocalarea.
802.11aTheIEEEstandardthatgovernsthedeploymentof5GHzOFDM
systems.Itspecifiestheimplementationofthephysicallayerfor
wirelessUNIIb.
802.11bAninternationalIEEEstandardforWLANnetworks,operatingat
2.4GHzandprovidingamaximumdatatransferrateof11Mbps.
802.11gAproposedstandardthatdescribesawirelessnetworkingmethodfora
WLANthatoperatesinthe2.4GHzradioband(ISM:IndustrialScientific
Medicalfrequencyband).Ittransfersdataatupto54Mbps.
A-WeightingA-weightingisastandardweightingcurveappliedtoaudio
measurements,designedtoreflecttheresponseofthehumanear.
Sound-pressurelevelsderivedusingA-weightingaredenotedby"dBA,"
orA-weighteddBlevels.
A/DConverterAnalogtodigital.Specifically:A/Dconverter,acircuitthatconverts
analogsignalsintoastreamofdigitaldata.
ACAlternatingcurrent:Asignalorpowersourcethatvarieswithtime,
switchingpolarities.Typically,sinusodialandconstantfrequency.
AccelerometerAsensorortransducerformeasuringacceleration.
ACPIAdvancedConfigurationandPowerInterface:Anindustry-standard
specification(co-developedbyHewlett-Packard,Intel,Microsoft,
Phoenix,andToshiba)foroperating-system-directedpower
managementforlaptop,desktop,andservercomputers.Areplacement
forAPM.
ACPRAdjacent(alternate)-channelpowerratio
ACRAccumulatedcurrentregister
ADMAdd/DropMultiplexer:Asynchronoustransmissionnetwork(SDHor
Sonet)cancarrymultiplechannels.AnAdd/DropMultiplexerisadevice
thatadds(inserts)ordrops(removes)lower-data-ratechanneltraffic
fromthehigher-rateaggregatedchannel.
ADPCMAdaptiveDifferentialPulseCodeModulation:Acompressiontechnique
thatencodesonlythedifferencebetweensequentialsamples.
ADSAnalogdesignsystem
ADSLAsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine:Amethodformovingdataover
regularphonelines.AnADSLcircuitcarriesmuchmoredatathana
modemcanencodeonaregularphoneconnection.ADSLridesonthe
regularphonewirescomingintothesubscriber'spremises(twistedpair
copper).
AEC-Q100Aqualificationtestsequenceforintegratedcircuitsdevelopedbythe
AIAGautomotiveorganization.
AFEAnalogFrontEnd:TheanalogportionofacircuitwhichprecedesA/D
conversion.
AGCAutomaticGainControl:Acircuitthatmodulatesanamplifier'sgain,in
responsetotherelativestrengthoftheinputsignal,inordertomaintain
theoutputpower.
AhAmpere-hour(s):Ameasureofbatterycapacity.A4Ahbatterycould,for
instance,deliver1Afor4hours,1/2Afor8hours,etc.
AirDischargeAmethodfortestingESD-protectionstructuresinwhichtheESD
generatorisdischargedthroughanairgapbetweenthegeneratorand
thedeviceundertest(DUT).
AISAlarmindicationsystem
AISGTheAntennaInterfaceStandardsGroup(AISG)createsopen
specificationsforantenna-linecontrolandmonitoringfor3Gsystems.
Source:
AliasingInA/Dconversion,theNyquistprinciplestatesthatthesamplingrate
mustbeatleasttwicethemaximumbandwidthoftheanalogsignal.If
thesamplingrateisinsufficient,thenhigher-frequencycomponentsare
"undersampled"andappearshiftedtolower-frequencies.These
frequency-shiftedcomponentsarecalledaliases.
Thefrequenciesthatshiftaresometimescalled"folded"frequencies
becauseaspectralplotlookslikeitwasfoldedtosuperimposethe
higherfrequencycomponentsoverthesub-Nyquistportionoftheband.
AMAmplitudeModulation:Amodulationmethodinwhichthecarrier
amplitudechangeswiththeinputsignalamplitude.
AmbientTemperatureoftheairsurroundingacomponent.
Temperature
AmbientTemperaturesensorusedtomeasurethetemperatureoftheairthat
Temperaturesurroundsacomponent(theambienttemperature).
Sensor
AMLCDActive-matrixliquid-crystaldisplay
Amp1.Ampere
2.Amplifier
AmpacityTheamountofcurrentaconductorcancarrywithoutexceedingits
specifiedtemperature,inamperes.
AmpereAmpere(s),theunitofelectricalcurrent.Currentisdefinedasthe
amountofchargethatflowspastagivepoint,perunitoftime.
ThesymbolIisusedforcurrentinequationsandAistheabbreviation
forampere.
Ampere-hourAmeasureofcharge(orcurrentflowovertime).
Oneampere-hour(oramp-hourorAh)isacurrentofone
ampereflowingforonehour.Theamountofchargetransferredinthat
houris3,600coulombs(ampere-seconds).
Amilliampere-hour(mAhormilliamp-hour)isathousandthof
anamp-hour.
Anampere-second(A-soramp-second)isanampsuppliedfor
onesecond.
Acommonuseofthetermisratingenergystoragedevicecapacity,
especiallyrechargeablebatteries.Forexample,a12-volt,7Ah
rechargeablebatteryusedinanalarmsystemwillsupplyanampatthe
ratedvoltagerangeforsevenhours,2ampsfor3.5hours,etc.Ifmy
alarmconsumes250mA,thisbatterywouldoperatethesystemfor28
hours.
AmplifierAnelectricalcircuitthatproducesanoutputthatisareplicaoftheinput.
Theoutputmaybescaledorhaveincreaseddrive,oritmayprovide
isolation(sochangesinoutputconditionsdonotaffecttheinputorother
outputs).Itmayperformothertransformations(e.g.,filteringor
logarithmicdrive).
AmplifierClassAmplifiercircuittypesaredividedinto"classes"whichdescribewhether
theamplifieroperatesinalinearorswitchingmode,andanytechniques
usedtorestorelinearityofoutput.
AMPSAdvancedMobilePhoneSystem:Ananalogonly,1Gstandardthat
operatesinthe800MHzto900MHzfrequencyband.Itisstillwidely
usedintheUnitedStates.
AMRAutomaticMeterReading:Asysteminstalledtoreadautilitymeter
remotely.
AnalogAsysteminwhichanelectricalvalue(usuallyvoltageorcurrent,but
sometimesfrequency,phase,etc.)representssomethinginthephysical
world.Theelectricalsignalcanthenbeprocessed,transmitted,
amplified,andfinally,transformedbackintoaphysicalquality.
Forexample:Amicrophoneproducesacurrentthatisproportionalto
soundpressure.Variousstagesamplify,process,modulate,etc.
Ultimately,avaryingvoltageispresentedtoaspeakerwhichconvertsit
backtosoundwaves.
Bycontrast,adigitalsystemhandlesasignalasastreamofnumbers.
AnalogSwitchAnanalogswitch(sometimesjustcalleda"switch")isaswitching
devicecapableofswitchingorroutinganalogsignals(meaningsignals
thatcanhaveanylevelwithinaspecifiedlegalrange),basedonthe
levelofadigitalcontrolsignal.Commonlyimplementedusinga
"transmissiongate,"ananalogswitchperformsafunctionsimilartothat
ofarelay.
Forexample,ananalogswitchcanturnanaudiosignalonoroffbased
onaMUTEsignal;oranalogswitchescouldsendoneoftwosignalsto
aheadphoneamplifier.
MostcommonlyimplementedusingCMOStechnologyintegrated
circuits.Maximmakeshundredsofexamples.
AnalogTemperaturesensorwithacontinuousanalogvoltageorcurrentoutput
Temperaturethatisrelated,usuallylinearly,tothemeasuredtemperature.
Sensor
ANDCombiningtwosignalssothattheoutputisonifbothsignalsare
present.ThiscanbeaccomplishedbyanANDlogicgate(twoinputs,
oneoutputwhichishighifbothinputsare).
ANSIAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute
Anti-AliasingAnanti-aliasingfilterisusedbeforeA/Dconversion.Itisalowpassfilter
thatremovessignalcomponentsabovetheNyquistfrequency,thereby
eliminatingtheirsampledreplicas(aliases)inthebaseband.
APCAutomaticPowerControl:Featureinlaserdrivers(suchasthe
MAX3669)thatusesfeedbackfromthelasertoadjustthedrive,tokeep
thelaser'soutputconstant.
APDAvalanchePhotoDiode:Aphotodiodedesignedtotakeadvantageof
avalanchemultiplicationofphotocurrenttoprovidegain.Asthe
reverse-biasvoltageapproachesthebreak-downvoltage,hole-electron
pairscreatedbyabsorbedphotonsacquiresufficientenergytocreate
additionalhole-electronpairswhentheycollidewithions.Thusa
multiplicationorsignalgainisachieved.
APIApplicationprograminterface:Asoftwarelayerthatallowsasystemto
beprogrammedviaadefinedsetofcommands.
APMAdvancedPowerManagement:Powermanagementstandardfor
computersthatprovidesfivepowerstates:Ready,Stand-by,
Suspended,Hibernation,Off.
APONATM(-based)passiveopticalnetwork
APQPAdvancedProductQualityPlanning.SystemdevelopedbytheAIAG
automotiveorganizationtocommunicatecommonproductquality
planningandcontrolplanguidelinesforsupplierstotheautomotive
industry.
ASCIIAmericanStandardCodesforInformationInterchange
ASICApplication-specificintegratedcircuit.
ATEAutomatictestequipment;automatedtestequipment.
ATMAsynchronoustransfermode
AutoShutdownAfeatureinEIA-232interfacedeviceswhichputstheICintoa
low-powershutdownmodewhennosignalispresentontheEIA-232
bus.
AutoshutdownPlusAfeatureinEIA-232interfacedeviceswhichputstheICintoa
low-powershutdownmodewhennosignalispresentonthebusorthe
transmitterinputs.
AutotransformerAnautotransformerisatransformerthatusesacommonwindingfor
boththeprimaryandsecondarywindings.Essentiallyaninductorwitha
center-tap,anautotransformerisoftenusedinpower-supply
boost-converterapplicationstoachieveahigheroutputvoltage,while
limitingthepeakflybackvoltageseenbythepowerswitch.
AWG1.Arbitrarywaveformgenerator
2.AmericanWireGauge:Ameasureofwirethickness(whichalso
dictatescross-sectionalarea,andforagivenmaterial,ampacity).
Example:24AWGwirehasanominaldiameterof0.0201inor
0.511mm.AlsocalledtheBrownandSharpeWireGauge.
Notethatsteelwireismeasuredbyadifferentgauge.AWGonlyapplies
towireusedtoconductelectricity.
BBel:Measurementofasignal'spowercomparedtoareference;also,
measurementofsoundpressure.Seethemorecommonlyusedterm,
"decibel;'or,"dB."
BackupStep-UpStep-up,switching-regulatorpowersupplywithabackupbattery
switchover.
Bandwidth1.Bandwidth(BW)isarangeoffrequencies,orinformation,thata
circuitcanhandleortherangeoffrequenciesthatasignalcontainsor
occupies.
Example:AnAMbroadcastradiochannelintheUShasabandwidthof
10kHz,meaningthatitoccupiesa10kHz-wideband,suchasthe
frequenciesfrom760kHzto770kHz.
2.Theamountofdataadigitalchannelorlinecanhandle,expressedin
bitspersecond(bps),kilobitspersecond(kbps),baud,orasimilar
measure.
BaseStationAbasestation(orbasestation)isawirelesstransceiveratafixed
location(e.g.atopatelephonepole)whichispartofawireless
communicationsnetwork,e.g.thecellphonenetwork.Typically,the
basestationconnectstoanycellphonesinitsareaandrelaysthecalls
tothewirednetwork.
Afemtobasestationisasmaller,personalbasestationwhichmight
coverahomeorbuildingandconnectviaaDSLInternetconnection.
BaselineTheelectricalsignalfromasensorwhennomeasuredvariableis
present.Oftenreferredtotheoutputatno-loadcondition.
BassBoostCircuitrythatbooststhebassresponseoftheamplifier,improvingaudio
reproduction,especiallywhenusinginexpensiveheadphones.
BatteryBackupAfeatureofmicroprocessorsupervisorycircuitsandsomepower
suppliestoswitchbetweenamainpowersourceandabattery.
BatteryFreshnessAfeatureinmicroprocessorsupervisorycircuitswhichdisconnectsa
Sealbackupbatteryfromanydown-streamcircuitryuntilVccisappliedthe
firsttime.Thiskeepsabackupbatteryfromdischarginguntilthefirst
timeaboardispluggedinandused,andthuspreservesthebatterylife.
BatteryFuelGaugeAfeatureordevicethatmeasurestheaccumulatedenergyaddedto
andremovedfromabattery,allowingaccurateestimatesofbattery
chargelevel.
BatteryMonitorAfeaturethatmonitorsthevoltageonabatteryandindicateswhenthe
batteryislow.Itisusuallyimplementedusingacomparatortocompare
thebatteryvoltagetoaspecifiedlevel.Mayalsoincludefunctionssuch
ascharging,remainingcapacityestimation,safetymonitoring,unique
ID,temperaturemeasurement,andnonvolatile(NV)parametricstorage.
BatterySwitchoverAcircuitthatswitchesbetweenthehigherofamainsupplyanda
backupbattery.
BCDBinary-codeddecimal:Representationofanumberinwhicheach
decimaldigit(0-9)isencodedinbinary,withfourbitsperdecimaldigit
BERBitErrorRate:Ameasureofthenumberoferroneousbitswhichcanbe
expectedinaspecifiednumberofbitsinaserialstream.
BERTBitErrorRate(BER)Tester:Apieceoftestequipmentwhich
determinesthebiterrorrateforadeviceundertest(DUT).
Beyond-the-Rails™Afeatureofamplifiersthatallowsinputoroutputvoltagestoexceedthe
supplyrails.
BGABallgridarray:Apackagingtechnology.
BidirectionalThedeviceaccommodatessignalstravelingeitherdirectionthougha
singlechannel.
BipolarInputsAninputwhichaccommodatessignalsbothaboveandbelowground.
BipolarJunctionABipolarJunctionTransistor,orBJT,isasolid-statedeviceinwhichthe
Transistorcurrentflowbetweentwoterminals(thecollectorandtheemitter)is
controlledbytheamountofcurrentthatflowsthroughathirdterminal
(thebase).
Contrasttotheothermaintransistortype,theFET,inwhichtheouput
currentiscontrolledbyinputvoltage(ratherthanbyinputcurrent).
BISTBuilt-inself-test.
BitBangingAtechniquewhichusesthegeneral-purposeportsofamicrocontroller
2
toemulateaserialinterfacestandard(1C,SPI,etc).
BitErrorRatioThenumberoferroneousbitsdividedbythetotalnumberofbits
transmitted,received,orprocessedoversomestipulatedperiod.
BladeServerAbladeserverisacomputersystemonamotherboard,whichincludes
processor(s),memory,anetworkconnection,andsometimesstorage.
Thebladeideaisintendedtoaddresstheneedsoflarge-scale
computingcenterstoreducespacerequirementsforapplicationservers
andlowercosts.
BlinkControlControlsthedisplaysegmentblinkrate.
BLMBalllimitingmetal
BluetoothAtechnologythatallowsvoiceanddataconnectionsbetweenawide
rangeofmobileandstationarydevicesthroughshort-rangedigital
two-wayradio.Forinstance,itspecifieshowmobilephones,Wireless
InformationDevices(WIDs),computersandPDAsinterconnectwith
eachother,withcomputers,andwithofficeorhomephones.
BLVDSBuslow-voltagedifferentialsignal
BOCBit-orientedcode
BoostConverterApowersupplythatstepsaninputvoltageup(boostsit)toahigher,
regulatedvoltage.
BootstrapOftenreferstousingtheoutputofastep-upconvertertodrivethemain
powerFETswitch,providingmoregatedrivethantheinputcansupply
alone.Alsoreferstousingaswitchedcapacitortoboostthevoltageofa
node.
BPONBroadbandpassiveopticalnetwork
BPSKBinaryphase-shiftkeying
BRDBand-ratedivisor
Break-Before-MakeBreak-Before-Make:Aswitchthatisconfiguredtobreak(open)thefirst
setofcontactsbeforeengaging(closing)thenewcontacts.This
preventsthemomentaryconnectionoftheoldandnewsignalpaths.
Appliestomechanicalsystems(e.g.thatuserelaysormanualswitches)
andtosolid-stateanalogmultiplexersandswitches.
BRIBit-rateinterface
BridgeBatteryAbatteryintendedtoprovidepowertosystemmemorywhilethemain
batteryisreplaced.
Bridge-TiedLoadUsedinaudioapplications,theload(aspeakerinthiscase)is
connectedbetweentwoaudioamplifieroutputs(it"bridges"thetwo
outputterminals).
Thiscandoublethevoltageswingatthespeaker,comparedtoa
speakerthatisconnectedtoground.Theground-tiedspeakercanhave
aswingfromzerototheamplifier'ssupplyvoltage.ABTL-driven
speakercanseetwicethisswingbecausetheamplifiercandriveeither
the+terminalofthespeakerorthe—terminal,effectivelydoublingthe
voltageswing.
Sincetwicethevoltagemeansfourtimesthepower,thisisamajor
improvement,especiallyinapplicationswherebatterysizedictatesa
lowersupplyvoltage—e.g.automotiveorhandheldapplications.
BrightnessAlthoughtheterms"brightness"andluminance"areoftenused
interchangeably,theyaredifferent.Luminanceisthelightintensity;
brightnessishowitisperceivedbythehumaneye.
BroadbandAtransmissionmediumwithenoughbandwidthtocarrymultiplevoice,
video,ordatachannelssimultaneously.
Thistechniqueisused,forexample,toprovidefiftyCATVchannelson
onecoaxialcable;ortoprovideInternetaccessovercableTV;ortoadd
DSLtoavoice-gradetelephoneline.
Acommontechniqueisfrequency-division.Eachchannelismodulated
toadifferentfrequencybandandcombinedinthetransmission
medium.Itisdemodulatedtoitsoriginalfrequencyatthereceivingend.
Channelsareseparatedbyguardbands(emptyspaces)toensurethat
eachchannelwillnotinterferewithitsneighboringchannels.
BrownoutAconditionwherethevoltagesuppliedtothesystemfallsbelowthe
specifiedoperatingrange,butaboveOV.
BSCBSC(BasicSpacingbetweenCenters)isatermthatappearsonIC
packagedrawingsinreferencetodimensionsbetweenpins.
"Basic"spacingisnominalandcanchangewithconditions.For
example,thedistancebetweentherowsofpinsonaDIP(dualinline
package)isBSCbecauseitchangeswhentheautoinsertionmachine
grabsthepart,andagainwhenthepartisinserted.TheBSC
dimension,inthiscase,isthedimensionoftheholespacingthatthe
partwillfitinto,ratherthanthedimensionsofthepartitself.
BSLFBest-straight-linefit
BTButterworth(filter)
BTSBaseTransceiverStation:Thestationarycomponentofacellphone
systemincludestransmit-receiveunitsandoneormoreantennae.The
combinedsystems(oftenincludingmultipleco-locatedsystemsand
gangeddirectionalantennae)iscalledacell-site,abasestation,ora
basetransceiverstation(BTS).
BuckA"buck"or"step-down"switch-modevoltageregulatorisoneinwhich
theoutputvoltageislowerthanitsinputvoltage.
Note:Acustomeraskedtheoriginofthetermandnooneseemsto
know!Abuckregulatorisastep-downregulator,asopposedtoboost.
Wethinkit'sanAmericanterm—inEnglanditwasalways"step-down."
Buckmeanstoresistorreduce(asin"buckthetrend"),andhencewas
usedtodenoteastep-down.Conveniently,italliterateswiththe
opposite,aboostregulator.
Buck-BoostAswitch-modevoltageregulatorinwhichoutputvoltagecanbeabove
orbelowtheinputvoltage.
BurstDimmingBurstDimmingisamethodofcontrollingthebrightnessofcoldcathode
fluorescentlamps(CCFL)byturningthelampsonandoffatarate
fasterthanthehumaneyecandetect.Theon/offrateisnominally
100Hzto300Hz.Thehighertheratioofon-timetooff-time,thebrighter
thelampswillbe.BecauseofCCFLresponsetimes,on-timetooff-time
ratiosoflessthan1%arenotpractical.
BurstMode1)Atemporaryhigh-speeddata-transfermodethatcantransferdataat
significantlyhigherratesthanwouldnormallybeachievedwithnonburst
technology.
2)Themaximumshort-termthroughputwhichadeviceiscapableof
transferringdata.
BusDatapaththatconnectstoanumberofdevices.Atypicalexampleis
thebusacomputer'scircuitboardorbackplane.Memory,processor,
andI/Odevicesmayallsharethebustosenddatafromonetoanother.
Abusactsasasharedhighwayandisinlieuofthemanydevoted
connectionsitwouldtaketohookeverydevicetoeveryotherdevice.
Oftenmisspelled"buss."
BWLSBandwidth,LargeSignal
BWSSBandwidth,SmallSignal
C1.Capacitance,capacitor;coulomb
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