中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书高级

中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书（试用版）目录第一部分通用英语UNIT1-UNIT30┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈1-127第二部分石油化工专业英语油气工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈128-176炼化工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈177-216第一部分通用英语UNIT1HowtobeHappyInthepasttwoweekswehavelookedatthehappinessformuladefinedbypositivepsychologistMartinSeligman,whereH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).Thisweekwelookattheconditionsinlifethatcanimproveourhappinessquotient.Step1:PeaceandquietJonathonHaidtinhisexcellentbook,'TheHappinessHypothesis',notesthatresearchshowsthatwecannevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponses(theotheristhefearoffalling)andwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Noisyneighboursareoneofthemostemotivecausesofdomesticupsetforaverygoodreason.Itisessentialtohavesomepeaceandquieteveryday.Ifyouareunfortunateenoughtolivesomewherenoisy,persistwithcomplainingtoyourlocalcouncil.Additionally,trywearingwaxearplugstogiveyousomerespite.IfyouneedyourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesaltruismtoyourneighbours,whichwillmakeyouandthemfeelgood.Step2:RelationshipsThisisthemostimportantofalltheexternalconditionsthatcanimproveyourhappinessquotient.Oftenourdeepestsourcesofunhappinessarefoundinpoorrelationshipswithothers.Acolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesuscreatesuntoldwretchedness.Acruellyconflictualrelationshipwithapartnerorloverleavesusfeelingbetrayedandabandoned.Arelationshipwithourparentsorchildrenwhichisnotbasedoncompassionate,unconditionalregardcreatesisolationandmisery.Weneverfullyadapttohostilerelationships,theyinvidiouslycontaminateourwellbeing,squattinginsideourmindsasunresolved,destructiveruminations.Whenfacedwithsuchrelationships,themostpositivethingwecandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.Step3:ShareIfyouhavediscoveredconditionsorchoicesinlifethathavesignificantlyimprovedyourwellbeing,Iwouldliketosharethemwithreaders.Passingonwhatworksisessentialtoimproveourownandthewellbeingofothers.如何获得幸福：寻找幸福公式？过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)本周我们将着眼于能提高幸福指数的生活状态。第一步：平和宁静乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不也许完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引起我们某种面对恐惊本能反映(另一种是对于坠落的恐惊)，假如周遭噪音喧闹，我们不也许完全放松。这样看来，吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和起到很大影响。每日保持平和宁静事关重要。假如不幸你生活环境比较吵，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。此外，试试实用耳塞，也许会缓解噪声。假如你一定要大声看电视听收银放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。第二步：人际关系这是增长幸福指数的一条至关重要的内部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层因素，往往就是人际关系欠佳。假如一个在职同事对我们表达威吓的话，会导致难以言语的抑郁情绪。与拍档或者爱人的关系陷入残酷竞争之中，会让我们感到背叛和背弃。与父母孩子之间的关系缺少同情心和无私关心，那么这会导致隔阂生产痛苦。我们不也许适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康，长期留存在我们心里，会让人陷入无以解决的恶性心理困境。当我们面临这类问题时，最佳的办法，就是直面难题，挽救关系，或者学着继续前进。第三步：分享假如你发现生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有极大帮助的话，我很想将其和读者们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和别人的幸福都有积极作用。1.What’sthehappinessformulaaccordingtopassage?TheformulareferstoH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).2．Whycanwenevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution?Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponsesandwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.3．Howcouldwemakebothourselvesandtheneighborsfeelgood?IfweneedourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesourkindnessandconsiderationtoourneighbors.4．Wheredoestheunhappinesscomefrom?Ourunhappinessoftencomesfrompoorrelationshipwithothers.5．whatisthepositivewaytofacewiththecruellyconflictualrelationship?Whatyoucandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.ExercisesA．汉译英1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。Noisyneighborsareoneofthemajorcausesofdomesticupset.2．在职场上，假如一个同事对我们表达威吓的话，会导致难以言表的抑郁情绪。Acolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesuscreatesuntoldwretchedness.3．我们不也许适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。Wecanneverfullyadapttohostilerelationship,whichinevitablydamageourwellbeing.4．假如这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。Ifthisbadmoodstaysinsideourmind,itwillleadustoanunresolveddestructivedepression.5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要对的面对它们。Weshouldnotavoidtheseproblemsbutfacetheminstead.B．英译汉Therearemanybenefitstobeinghappy.Happierpeopletendtobehealthier,livelongerandearnmore.Theyalsotendtovolunteermore,bebetteratrelationshipsandsmilemoreofwhatpsychologistscall“Duchenne”orgenuinesmiles.Lesswellunderstoodiswhyhappinessiscontagious.幸福有许多好处。更幸福的人往往更健康、更长寿、挣得更多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于解决人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”(Duchennesmile)，即真诚的微笑。让人不太理解的是，为什么幸福可以传染。AccordingtoJamesFowlerandNicholasChristakis,authorsoftheinternationalbestsellerConnected,peoplesurroundedbymanyhappyfriends,familymembersandneighbourswhoarecentraltotheirsocialnetworkbecomesignificantlyhappierinthefuture.Morespecifically,theysaywewillbecome25percenthappierwithourlifeifafriendwholiveswithinamileofusbecomessignificantlyhappierwithhisorherlife.全球畅销书Connected的作者詹姆斯•福勒(JamesFowler)和尼古拉斯•克里斯塔基斯(NicholasChristakis)发现，假如你身边那些人际网络中重要的朋友、家人与邻居，有许多都很幸福，那么你将来也会幸福很多。他们表达，更准确地说，假如居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提高，你的生活幸福感就会增长25%。Similareffectsareseeninco-residentspouses(8percenthappier);siblingswholivewithinamileofeachother(14percent);andnext-doorneighbours(34percent).Whatthisimpliesisthatthemagnitudeofhappinessspreadseemstodependmoreonfrequentsocialcontact(duetophysicalproximity)thanondeepsocialconnections.Alas,forsomereasonthisdoesn’ttranslatetotheworkplace.存在同样效应的尚有同居配偶（幸福感提高8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹（14%）和邻居（34%）。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更多有赖于社会交往的频繁度（与地区邻近相关），而不是社会关系的深度。哎呀，可惜出于某种因素，这并不合用于工作场合。So,whyishappinesscontagious?Onereasonmaybethathappypeoplesharetheirgoodfortunewiththeirfriendsandfamily(forexample,bybeingpragmaticallyhelpfulorfinanciallygenerous).Anotherreasoncouldbethathappypeopletendtochangetheirbehaviourforthebetterbybeingnicerorlesshostiletothoseclosetothem.Oritcouldjustbethatpositiveemotionsarehighlycontagious.那么，为什么幸福可以传染？一个因素或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个因素也许是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周边的人更加和谐，或不那么有敌意。又或许只是由于正面情绪具有高度传染性。UNIT2CityDesignWhenI’mbeingdriventhroughacityfromourhoteltoaconferencecenter,Icouldn’thelpbutnotetheoverwhelmingpresenceofcarsandparkinglots.Theworld’scitiesareintrouble.Inhundredsofcities,thelifeofdailylifeisdeteriorating.Breathingtheairinsomecitiesisequivalenttosmokingtwopacksofcigarettesperday.Thenumberofhourscommutersspendgoingnowheresittingintraffic-congestedstreetsandhighwaysclimbshighereachyear,raisingfrustrationlevels.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市平常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，天天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。天天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。Inresponsetotheseconditions,weareseeingtheemergenceofanewurbanism.Injustafewyears,manycitybannedtheparkingofcarsonsidewalks,createdorrenovatedmoreparks,introducedahighlysuccessfulbus-basedrapidtransitsystem,builthundredsofkilometersofbicyclepathsandpedestrianstreets,reducedrushhourtraffic,plantedmoretreesandinvolvedlocalcitizensdirectlyintheimprovementoftheirneighborhoods.Thequalityofurbanlifeinthesecitieshasbeengreatlyenhancedwiththevisionofacitydesignedforpeople.针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运营系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸取本地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。Nowgovernmentplannerseverywhereareexperimenting,seekingwaystodesigncitiesforpeoplenotcars.Carspromisemobility.Butinanurbanizingworldthereisaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecity.Afterapoint,astheirnumbersmultiply,automobilesprovidenotmobilitybutimmobility.现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而停滞。Basedonthisperspective,somecitiesinindustrialanddevelopingcountriesalikewilldramaticallyincreaseurbanmobilitybymovingawayfromthecar.Letmeremindyouoncemore,citiesarebuiltforpeople,notforcars.Acityfullofcarsislikewhatthehorrifyingsci-fidepicted–allmechanismandnohuman.Inordertoavoidthisdisaster,we’dbetterstartdesigningsustainablecities.基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增长市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场劫难，我们最佳开始设计可连续发展的城市。1．Whatmeansoftransportationdoestheauthortaketotheconferencecenter?（Hetakes）abus.2．Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatishappeningincitieswheretherearemorecars?Carsnotonlydoharmtopeople’shealthbutalsocauseheavytrafficjam.3．Whatdoesthelastsentence“thevisionofacitydesignedforpeople”inparagraph2mean?Designcitiesforpeoplenot(for)cars.4．Whyisthereaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecityinurbanareas?Becausepeopledependlargelyoncars.5．Howwouldacitylooklikeifcarswereeverywhere?Therewouldbeallcars(mechanism)nohuman.ExercisesA．汉译英1．随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。Thedemandforcarsissoaringasgrowingnumbersofcitizensarepushedintodistantsuburbs.2．生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。Theeco-citywillcombineelementsoftraditionaldesignwiththelatestgreentechnologies.3．预计到2023年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而2023年将增至一万辆。Onethousandfuel-cellvehicleswillbeestimatedtoputtouseby2023andincreaseto10,000by2023.4．如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城市计划的话题。Thesedays,thereishardlyalocalgovernmentthatdoesnottalkaboutplansforaneco-village,townorevencity.5．全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。Itisfairlynecessarytosearchforwaystoreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcitiesbecausearoundhalfoftheworld’spopulationisnowcity-dwellers(isnowlivingincities).B．英译汉Onceatasupermarket,Ireadathought-provokingsignatthecheck-outcounter.Itsaidthestorewasusingonlyplasticbags.Thesupermarketclaimedthattheenergyandexhaustfumesexpelledtotransportfumesexpelledtoproduceandtransportthesamenumberofpaperbagsoutweighedthefactthatplasticwasn'tbiodegradable.Paperbagstakeupmorespaceandrequiremoretrucksfortransport,sothestorebelieveditwaslesseningitscarbonfootprintbyusingplastic.Itgotmethinkingfurther.Whynotaskforplasticandbringyourusedplasticbagseachtimeyouvisitthegrocerystore?Ifyouusethemfiveorsixtimes,oruntiltheystarttofallapart,youhavereallydoneagoodthing.Youcanalsousethemtolineyoursmallwastebaskets,insteadofpurchasingplastictrashbags.有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运送同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。并且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上反复使用呢？假如能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。UNIT3PopulationAveryimportantworldproblemistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountoflandandlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。假如继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源不久不能养活这么巨大的人口。Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace?Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatisbecomingknownas“DeathControl”.Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm”BirthControl”.”DeathControl”issomethingratherdifficult.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewho,notverylongago,wouldhavediedofavarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthatincludefarmingmethodsandthecontrolofdeadlydiseases,wehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie.However,thissuccessistheverycauseofthegreatestthreattomankind.那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是由于知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它认可了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们可以留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中涉及耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到减少死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。Ifweexaminetheamountoflandavailableforthisever-increasingpopulation,webegintoseetheproblem.Ifeveryoneontheplanethadanequalshareofland,wewouldeachhaveabout50,000squaremeters.Thisfigureseemstobequiteencouraginguntilweexaminetheamountofusablelandweactuallyhave.Morethanthree-fifthsoftheworld’slandcannotproducefood.假如计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。假如这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相称振奋人心，而当我们计算一个每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。由于世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。Obviously,withsolittlelandtosupportus,weshouldbetakinggreatcarenottoreduceitfurther.Butwearenot!Instead,weareconsumingits“capital”-itsnonrenewablefossilfuelsandothermineraldepositsthattookmillionsofyearstoformbutwhicharenowbeingdestroyedindecades.Wearealsodoingthesamewithothervitalresourcesnotusuallythoughtofasbeingnonrenewablesuchasfertilesoils,groundwaterandthemillionsofotherspeciesthatsharetheearthwithus.显然，可以养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应当想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万年与我们共同居住的地球上的物种。1．Whatcanbelearntaboutthepopulationgrowthatpresent?Itcontinuestoincrease/growatitspresentrate.2．Accordingtothearticle,whatcontributestothepopulationincrease?DeathControl.3．Whatisthedoctor’sjobaccordingtoparagraph2?Theykeeppeoplewhosufferfromincurablediseasesalive.4．Whyisn’tthereenoughlandtosupporthumanbeings?Becausetheworld’slandhasalreadybeentakenup/occupiedbytheever-increasingpopulation.5．Inparagraph4thefertilesoilsareconsideredasnonrenewable.ExercisesA．汉译英1．亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。Asiamakesuptwenty-ninepercentoftheworld’slandarea.2．人口的增长使土地必须生产更多的粮食。Theincreasingpopulationmakesitnecessaryfortheearthtoproducemoregrain.3．我们应当先进行抽样调查再写报告。Weshouldconductasamplinginvestigationbeforewewritethereport.4．我认可我在工作中因缺少经验犯过这样那样的错误。IadmitthatduetolackofexperienceIhavemademistakesofallkinds.5．中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。ThedevelopmentofmodernindustryandcommodityeconomyinChinahaspromotedoccupational(mobility)andpopulationmobility.B．英译汉Areport,basedonUnitedNationsprojectionsshowingslow,steadygrowthofeconomiesandpopulations,suggeststhatbymidcentury,humanity’sdemandonnaturewillbetwicethebiosphere’sproductivecapacity.Atthislevelofecologicaldeficit,exhaustionofecologicalassetsandlarge-scaleecosystemcollapsebecomereal.一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓解增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达成生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。Movingtowardssustainabilitydependsonsignificantactionnow.Populationsizechangesslowly,andhuman-madecapital–homes,cars,roads,factories,orpowerplants–canlastformanydecades.Thisimpliesthatpolicyandinvestmentdecisionsmadetodaywillcontinuetodetermineourresourcedemandthroughoutmuchofthe21stcentury.向可连续发展的转变取决于现在所采用的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类发明的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会连续几十年。这意味着，今天所作的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的连续需求。UNIT4Earthquake地震Earthquakesmayberankedasoneofthemostdestructiveforcesknowntoman:sincerecordsbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalities(死亡)havenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.Thegreaterpartofsuchdamageandlossoflifehadbeenduetocollapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis,andotherobservableeventsresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromquakesthemselves.地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震导致的死亡达数百万以上，地震导致的破坏更是不计其数。地震导致的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，重要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象导致的，而不是由于地震自身。Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.OnesuchareacoversthePacificOceananditsborderinglandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndianstotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,TurkeyandtheAlpineregions.Itisinthesetwogreatbeltsorzonesthatninetypercentofallearthquakestakeplace;theymay,however,happenanywhereatanytime.大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中涉及喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时随地都也许发生地震。Thiselementofunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedeadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecenttimestherehavebeenindicationsthatearthquakeforecastmaybepossible.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth'sshell,variationsintheearth'sforceofattraction,andthefrequencywithwhichminorearthshakesareobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinexpectingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.Asaresult,aworldwideearthquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtopreparefor(andthuslessen)thevastdestructionthatmightotherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增长了地震的可怕和恐惊性。但近几年来已有迹象表白地震预测是也许的。通过度析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及监测到的轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，并且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也也许完全不能预料的。Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandgetridoftheirdestructivenessaltogether,butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpossibledamagebeforetheyoccur.人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力尚未知。但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和因素有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好地应对也许导致的破坏。1．Whatarethecausesofthegreatpartofthedamageandlossoflife?Collapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenafromearthquakes.2．Wherearethetwomostactiveearthquakebeltsintheworld?TheareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses,EastindianstotheAtlasMountains.3．Whatfactdoes“elementoftheunknown”inparagraph3referto?Itreferstothefacttheearthquakescanhappenanywhereatanytime.4．Whatfourwaysareusedtoanticipateearthquakeactivity?a)analyzingchanesinanimalbehaviorb)patternsofmovementsintheearth’scrustc)variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth’smagneticfieldd)observationofthefrequencyofminorearthtremors5．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthepossibilityofearthquakepredictions?EarthquakepredictionisbecomingmoreandmorepossibleExercisesA．汉译英1．会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。Preparationsforthemeetingareproceedingsmoothly.2．科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。Astechnologicaladvancementsolvesoldproblems,italsocreatesnewonce.3．1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。The1976earthquakeinTangshanwasoneofthegreatestnaturaldisastersinhistory.4．近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。Inrecentyears,China,JapanandtheU.Shavemadecertainprogressinforecastingwhenandwhereearthquakeswilloccur.5．地震能导致惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。Earthquakecauseseverecasualtiesanddestroyconstructionslikebuildings,damsandbridges.B．英译汉Ourweathersurelyisgettingstrange。Thereseemtobemoretornadoesthaninlivememory,longerdroughts,biggerdownpoursandrecordfloods.Unprecedentedfiresareburninginsomeareas.Scientiststellusthatforeveryonedegreeincreaseintemperature,lightningstrikeswillgoupanother10percent.Anditislightning,afterall,thatisprincipallyresponsibleforignitingtheconflagrationinsomeareastoday.天气的确越来越反常。在人们记忆中，龙卷风似乎更加频繁、旱灾连续更加久、暴雨更加大、洪灾也创下纪录、在一些地区火灾史无前例。科学家告诉我们，气温每升高一度，闪电数量就会增长10%。毕竟，在一些地区闪电至今仍然是引起特大火灾的重要因素。UNIT5TheaftermathofBPGulfOilSpillIntheaftermathoftheBPoilspill,PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists,environmentalists,andGulfCoastresidentswhenhedeclared,“We'redealingwithamassiveandpotentiallyunprecedentedenvironmentaldisaster.”Thesheersizeoftheoilspill–210,000gallonsadaycontaminatingtheGulfofMexico–hasmanypeopleworriedabouttheshortandlong-termenvironmentalharmitiscausing.英国石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奥巴马总统在一次公开发言表达出了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在发言中提到，“我们正在应对的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境劫难”。天天足足有21万加仑的原油泄漏并污染着墨西哥湾，这使得很多人为这次事件对环境所导致的短期和长期的危害感到担忧。Theoilspillcouldseverelydamagefragileecosystemsforyears,possiblydecades.Beachesfouledbyoilspillsareverydifficulttocleanup.Tomakemattersworse,thespillthreatensbeachesjustasshorebirdsarenestingandseaturtlesarecomingashoretolaytheireggs.这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会连续很数年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海难很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海难导致污染的时间正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上孵蛋的季节。Evenworseistheeffecttheoilspillcouldhaveonsensitivesaltmarshesandmangrovecoastlines,whichwouldbepracticallyimpossibletocleanandthatsomefearmightbepermanentlydestroyed.Thesewetlandsareconsideredthenurseriesforthefishingandseafoodindustryandareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.Becausetheycovermuchmorelandareathanbeaches,theriskoftheirexposuretodamageisgreatlyincreased.尚有更糟的事情，石油污染还也许影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是几乎不也许被清理干净的，有些人甚至紧张这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地是捕鱼业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩的面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增长了。Fully98percentofthefishandshellfishharvestedintheGulfofMexicodependonestuaries,whicharecoastalwaterswherefreshwaterfromriversandstreamsmixwithseawater.Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.Manyspeciesdependonwetlandsforfood,shelter,andbreeding.在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98%依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、栖息和繁殖的场合。ThewatersoftheGulfofMexicoarehometohundredsofspeciesofaquaticlife.Thelongertheoilfoulsthewater,themorepollutedthefoodchainbecomes,whichcouldresultinlargefishkillsandseafoodtoocontaminatedforconsumption.墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水导致污染的时间颠簸，水产品食物链被污染的限度就会越大，这最终会导致大量的鱼类死亡以及水产品被严重污染而无法食用。1．Inthefirstsentence“PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists…”whatdoestheword“voice”mean?Voiceheremeans“toexpressanideaof…”2．Howlongcouldthedamagetotheecosystemlast?Thedamagetotheecosystemcouldlastdecades.3．Howimportantarethewetlandstothewildlife?Thewetlandsareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.4．Whyareestuariesdependentonwetlands?Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.5．HowwilltheoilspillaffecttheseafoodintheGulfofMexico?Manyfishwilldieandtheseafoodwillbetoocontaminatedforconsumption.ExercisesA．汉译英1．如何尽快解决墨西哥湾原油泄漏是BP公司最为关注的问题。HowtourgentlydealwiththeoilspillattheGulfofMexicoremainsthebiggestconcernforBP.2．这起事故使环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。Thisaccidenthasmanyenvironmentalistsconcededaboutthedamageitdoestotheecosystem.3．原油泄漏不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。Oilspillsdonotjustpollutetheocean,tomakethingsworse,theyposegreatthreattomanyspeciesofaquaticlifeaswell.4．所有小动物都要依靠妈妈给它们提供食物和保护。Allbabyanimalsaredependentontheirmothersforfoodandprotection.5．南极洲是多种企鹅的家。Antarcticaisthenaturalhabitatformanyspeciesofpenguins.B．英译汉Anoilspillistheaccidentalpetroleumreleaseintotheenvironment.Onland,oilspillsareusuallylocalizedandthustheirimpactcanbeeliminatedrelativelyeasily.Incontrast,marineoilspillsmayresultinoilpollutionoverlargeareasandpresentseriousenvironmentalhazards.Theprimarysourceofaccidentaloilinputintoseasisassociatedwithoiltransportationbytankersandpipelines(about70%),whereasthecontributionofoffshoredrillingandproductionactivitiesisminimal(lessthan1%).Largeandcatastrophicspillsreleasingmorethan30,000tonsofoilarerelativelyrareeventsandtheirfrequencyinrecentdecadeshasdecreasedperceptibly.Yet,suchepisodeshavethepotentialtocausethemostseriousecologicalrisk(primarilyforseabirdsandmammals)andresultinlong-termenvironmentaldisturbances(mainlyincoastalzones)andeconomicimpactoncoastalactivities(especiallyonfisheriesandmariculture海洋生物养殖).原油泄漏是指由于事故石油泄漏到环境中的事件。在陆地上，由于原油泄漏发生在局部地区，因此其导致的影响相对来说容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏会导致大范围的石油污染并带来严重的环境危害。约有70%的海上原油泄漏事故的重要因素是与油轮与原油运送管道有关，而海上钻井和采油活动引发的原油泄漏事件则占很小的比例（在1%以下）。泄漏三万吨以上的重大劫难性原油泄漏事故并不多见，并且近几十年来这些重大事故也在逐步减少。尽管如此，这类事故的发生仍然会对生态系统，是海鸟和哺乳动物，导致最严重的危害，并且导致海岸地区长期环境失调，对海岸商业活动（如捕鱼业和生物养殖业）带来经济损失。Publicconcernovermarineoilspillshasbeenclearlyaugmentedsince1967.Morerecently,thehighlypublicized1989spilloftheExxonValdezinPrinceWilliamSound,AlaskacausedunprecedenteddamagetothefragileArcticsystem.Sincethen,impressivetechnical,political,andlegalexperienceinmanagingtheproblemhasbeengainedinmanycountriesandattheinternationallevel,mainlythroughanumberofConventionsinitiatedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO).公众对海上原油泄漏事件的关注从1967的开始明显上升。较近的一次原油泄漏事故，即众所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦尔德斯”号油轮在阿拉斯加州威廉王子湾搁浅事件。这次事故对脆弱的北冰洋生态系统导致了有史以来最为严重的破坏。从那之后，国际海事组织召开了众多会议，帮助很多国家以及国际社会在解决这一问题上获得了很好的技术、政治和法律上的经验。UNIT6GreenComputers“绿色”电脑Computermanufacturers,chipmakersandsoftwarecompaniesaredeveloping'greener'productsforenvironmentallyconsciousconsumers.Whilesometechcompaniesaredevelopingmoreenergy-efficientproductlines,othersarereleasingsoftwaretomakeexistingcomputersconsumeless.Andelectronicsmanufacturersareexpandingwaystomakenewcomputersoutofrecycledmaterials,aswellasencouragecustomerstorecycleoldmachines.Consumersmaypayaslightpremiumforsomeeco-friendlyelectronics,butmanypriceswillbecomparablewithtraditionalofferings.目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司者纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需要。一些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，尚有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造业不断扩展工艺运用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环使用旧电脑。某些环保类电子产品也许需要消费者多花些钱，但仍然有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差不多了。Severalfactorsarepushingcompaniestobegreener.Manywanttostayaheadofenvironmentallegislationandtogarnerfavorwithgreeninvestors,saysChristopherMines,ananalystwithForresterResearchInc.Andwithenergypriceshigh,theytryingtoappealtopeoplelikeMs.Conrad,whoarelookingforwaystochipawayatexpenses.有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多公司希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投产者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正尝试吸引那些高潮节省费用的消费者。Thecomputerindustryhasbeenworkingonimprovingenergyconsumptionforyears.Thenewerfocushasbeenontoxinsandrecycling.Forexample,LenovoGroupLtd.,uses10%to25