专题05 阅读理解D篇（2024年新课标I卷） (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 原卷版

PAGE3/《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P10八、阅读理解变式P12变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P20一原题呈现一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词:说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性;科学探究精神;科学素养IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces–andevenspecies–thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?A.Theyarebecomingoutdated. B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.C.Theyarelimitedinnumber. D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.33.WhatdoesDaru’sstudyfocuson?A.Threatenedspecies. B.Physicalspecimens.C.Observationaldata. D.Mobileapplications.34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?A.Mistakesindataanalysis. B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.C.Improperwayofsampling. D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.35.WhatisDaru’ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas. B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers. D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.二答案解析二答案解析三专家评价三专家评价考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇选取的语篇探究生物样本数据的可用性，指出实证研究发现的问题并提出提高数据质量的措施，试题循着“了解现状—聚焦问题—分析原因—提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生对每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。2024年新课标I卷完形填空通过细腻的个人经历叙述，不仅促使学生深刻反思个人目标设定的主观性和个体间差异，还微妙地引导他们在遭遇挑战之际，学会灵活调整策略，培养积极向上的思维模式，以更好地适应个人成长与社会变迁的需求。尤为重要的是，文中作者最终达成的“不盲从、不跟风”的认知结论，鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代青年学子独立思考、理性判断的教育导向，鼓励他们在多元化信息时代中坚守自我，坚持走自己的路。【中国考试·教育部教育考试院】四全文翻译四全文翻译在地球上物种灭绝前的记录竞赛中，研究人员和公民科学家收集了数十亿份记录。如今，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们有助于检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种类型的记录并不完美。“+随着技术的兴起，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察,”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Barnabas•Daru说。“这些观测结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道:它们可用吗?”Daru和他的团队使用19亿份植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。Daru说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索采样中容易对数据产生偏差的方面，比如市民科学家拍摄开花植物照片的可能性更大，而不是旁边的草。”。他们的研究表明，大量仅观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，有利于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得生物多样性观测数据的人往往是记录他们在附近地区与物种相遇的市民科学家。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引力或引人注目特征的物种。我们能如何处理不完善的生物多样性数据集?“相当多,”达鲁解释道。“生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果告知用户过度采样的区域，并将他们带到采样不好的地方，甚至物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性软件还可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传图像的身份。”五词汇变式五词汇变式一、考纲词汇词形转换1.observe vt观察→n观察（observe+-ation）；2.observationn观察→adj观察的（observation+-al）；3.use vt可用→adj可用的，适用的（use+-able）；4.sample vt取样→n（选取的有代表性的）样本（sample+-ing）；5.likely adj可能的→n可能（性）（likely+-hood）；6.flower vt开花→adj开花的，有花的（flower+-ing）；7.cover vt覆盖→n覆盖范围（cover+-age）；8.perfect adj完美的→adj不完美的（im-+perfect）；9.sampled adj被采样的→adj过度采样的（over-+sample+-ed）；10.identify vt辨认，识别→n身份（identify+-ication）；11.upload vt上传→adj已上传的（upload+-ed）；12.outdate vt使过时→adj过时的（out-+date+-ed）；13.threatenedvt威胁→adj受到威胁的，感到危险的（threaten+-ed）；14.proper adj适当的→adj不当的，错误的（im-+proper）；15.reliable adj.可靠的→adj不可靠的（un-+reliable）；16.guide vt.指导→n指导（guide+-ance）二、考纲词汇识词知意第一组：高频单词1.document v[学术词]；2.detect v[学术词]；3.shift n[学术词]；4.variety n多样性；5.application n（缩写为app）；6.primary adj[学术词]；7.investigate v[学术词]；8.reveal v[学术词]；9.favor v；10.device n[学术词]；11.encounter n[学术词]；12.feature n[学术词]第二组：低频单词13.dataset n（data+set）；14.eye-catching adj（eye+catch+-ing）；15.well-sampled adj（well+sample+-ed）16.biodiversity n（bio-+diversity）；17.humanity n；18.outnumber v；19.mobile adj.20.bias n.三、高频短语积少成多1.goextinct ；2.citizenscientist ；3.intheformof ；4.withtheriseof ；5.withtheaidof ；6.leadauthor ；7.assistantprofessor；8.respondto ；9.tendtodosth ；10.makesense ；11.informsbofsth；12.belimitedinnumber13.leadto 四、核心考点单句填空1.Intherace___________(document)thespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsof___________(record).2.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenin___________formof___________(photo),videos,andotherdigitalrecords.3.Thoughtheyareusefulfor___________(detect)shiftsinthenumberand___________(vary)ofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.4.“___________theriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeople___________(make)observationsofdifferentspecies___________theaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,___________isleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.5.Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydata___________comesfromphysicalspecimens(标本).6.Andsinceweare___________(increasing)using___________(observation)datatoinvestigatehowspeciesareresponding___________globalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?7.___________(use)aglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.8.“Wewere___________(particular)interestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,___________thegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.9.Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobal___________(cover).10.Moreover,thesedataarebiased___________favorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.11.This___________(make)sensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientists___________(record)theirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.12.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswith___________(attract)oreye-catchingfeatures.13.___________canwedowiththe___________(perfect)datasetsofbiodiversity?14.“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresults___________(inform)usersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces–andevenspecies–___________arenotwell-sampled.”15.___________(improve)thequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageusers___________(have)anexpertconfirmthe___________(identify)oftheiruploadedimage.五、长难句分析1.Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens,andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?【翻译】现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗?【分析】本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词theprimarydata；后半句中的since引导原因状语从句，how引导宾语从句作investigate的宾语。2.Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.【翻译】Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。【分析】Usingaglobaldataset...为分词短语作状语，how引导宾语从句作test的宾语。3.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.【翻译】这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。【分析】because引导原因状语从句，who引导定语从句修饰先行词thepeople，recording...nearby为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizenscientists。六三年真题六三年真题【2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.13.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmall B.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicate D.estimateswerenotfullyindependent14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups. B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess. D.Theindividualestimates.15.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.【2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】Asweage,evenifwe’rehealthy,theheartjustisn’tasefficientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmostpeoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon’texercise,thechangescanstartevensooner.“Thinkofarubberband.Inthebeginning,itisflexible,butputitinadrawerfor20yearsanditwillbecomedryandeasilybroken,”saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.That’swhathappenstotheheart.Fortunatelyforthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven’tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettinginshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvolunteersagedbetween45and64whodidnotexercisemuchbutwereotherwisehealthy.Participantswererandomlydividedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroupparticipatedinaprogramofnonaerobic(无氧)exercise—balancetrainingandweighttraining—threetimesaweek.Thesecondgroupdidhigh-intensityaerobicexerciseundertheguidanceofatrainerforfourormoredaysaweek.Aftertwoyears,thesecondgroupsawremarkableimprovementsinhearthealth.“Wetookthese50-year-oldheartsandturnedtheclockbackto30-or35-year-oldhearts,”saysLevine.“Andthereasontheygotsomuchstrongerandfitterwasthattheirheartscouldnowfillalotbetterandpump(泵送)alotmorebloodduringexercise.”Buttheheartsofthosewhoparticipatedinlessintenseexercisedidn’tchange,hesays.“Thesweetspotinlifetostartexercising,ifyouhaven’talready,isinlatemiddleagewhentheheartstillhasflexibility,”Levinesays.“Weputhealthy70-year-oldsthroughayearlongexercisetrainingprogram,andnothinghappenedtothematall.”Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.32.WhatdoesLevinewanttoexplainbymentioningtherubberband?A.Therightwayofexercising. B.Thecausesofaheartattack.C.Thedifficultyofkeepingfit. D.Theagingprocessoftheheart.33.Inwhichaspectwerethetwogroupsdifferentintermsofresearchdesign?A.Dietplan. B.Professionalbackground.C.Exercisetype. D.Previousphysicalcondition.34.WhatdoesLevine’sresearchfind?A.Middle-agedheartsgetyoungerwithaerobicexercise.B.High-intensityexerciseismoresuitablefortheyoung.C.Itisnevertoolateforpeopletostarttakingexercise.D.Themoreexercisewedo,thestrongerourheartsget.35.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest. B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule. B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact. D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic. B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication. D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.七满分策略七满分策略阅读理解说明文满分策略一、细读文章重点关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。二、明确说明对象通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。三、弄清说明顺序在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。四、把握作者态度说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。五、吃透长难句子学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。六、学会适当放弃无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？1.话题较陌生。这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果，和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。2.专业术语多。高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多个专业术语：marinemicroorganism，concentration，giveoffoxygen，nutrients，makeconditionsriper，foodchain，phytoplankton，carbondioxide，regulate，climatemodel，foodweb，statistically。这些和生物、环境等相关的词汇，如海底微生物、浓度、释放氧气、营养物质、食物链等，都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。3.长难句子多。因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告，所以说明文的另外一个特点是长难句子多。如2017年北京高考卷C篇的句子：Thisiscalled“herdimmunity”,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan’tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthevaccinedoesn’twork.这句话主干是一个简短的主系表结构，但后边附加了which引导的非限定性定语从句，而这个从句中又包含一个who引导的限定性定语从句，后面的介词短语中也包含了who引导的限定性定语从句。在有限的考试时间内，复杂的句子结构给考生准确理解句意带来了困难。4.词汇有新义。每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇，但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。2019年北京高考卷有句话中包含一个简单的词语project：StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT’sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.project被大家熟知的意思是“项目”，但在这句话中变成了动词，表示“预测，推想”。如果考生对project的理解还停留在“项目”上，就不能很好地理解句意了。阅读理解说明文答题策略1.把握介绍或阐述的主体。通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。英语文章，尤其是说明文和议论文，最大的特点就是开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点铺平直叙出来。2.关注每一段的段首句。关注每一段的段首句，确认段落的主旨大意。就像文章的开篇段落告诉读者文章的主旨大意一样，第一段落的第一句话通常也起到同样的作用。3.关注每一段的段尾句。前两项策略已经被大多数考生广泛应用在阅读中。但除了关注篇首段落和段首句子之外，也不能忽视段尾句。一个段落由三个部分组成：topicsentence（主旨句），supportingdetails（支撑细节），和concludingsentence（总结句）。在段落结尾，作者会用不同的表达方式重申主旨句，但从篇章整体来看，在每个段落结尾出现的句子还起到承上启下的作用，作者会借助这个句子引出下文。4.关注文章中出现的问题。说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述，但在平铺直叙的语言中，还会有问句出现。这些问句不仅仅是简单的疑问句，而是作者有意为之，答案就出现在后文。阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息：A.说明的对象B.说明对象的特征C.说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法）①例证法这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用Forexample或Forinstance等短语引导出具体的例子。②定义法下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。③分类法：分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。④因果关系法事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用because,as,since,so,nowthat,if...then,thereasonisthat...等表示因果关系。⑤比较对照法：有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点,叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。⑥过程分析法过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是Whathappens;因果关系研究的对象是Whyithappens,而过程分析研究的对象是Howithappens。八话题变式-名校好题再练八话题变式-名校好题再练变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展01（2024·广西贵港·模拟预测）Thereiswidespreadagreementthatclimatechangethreatensourexistence.Butinourrushtoaddressthischallenge,oureffortsmustn’theightenanother,moreimmediateone:theglobaldeclineofbiodiversity.Wearelosingspeciesat1,000timesthenaturalrate.Ifwestayonthistrack,werisklosinguptohalfofthembythemiddleofthecentury.Sadly,thesingularfocusonsolvingclimatechangehasledtopeopleignoringbiodiversity.Thealarmingresultisthatmanyclimateeffortsunintentionallyquickennature’sdestruction.Takethehugeneedforsolarfarmsforanexample.Ifnotlocatedproperly,they’llimpactecosystemsandhabitats.InVirginia,forexample,morethanhalfofsolarfacilitiesarebeingbuiltonforestedlandratherthanareassuchasrooftopsorparkinglots.Thestate’spushforsolardevelopmentcouldleadtothedeforestationofnearly30,000acresannually.Thereisarealriskthatbadlyplannedrenewableinfrastructure(基础设施)willhaveagreaterimpactonbiodiversitythanexistingfossilfuelinfrastructure.Thus,weneedtochartapaththatdoesn’taddressoneenvironmentalchallengebycreatingothers.Indeed,withpracticalchoices,wecandotheopposite,usingnaturetoaddressclimatechange.Considercarbonremoval.Researchshowsbetween2001and2019,forestsaroundtheworldseizedmorethantwicetheamountofcarbondioxidethattheyemitted(排放)—absorbingmorethanthecombinedannualemissionsoftheUSandUK.Natureisalsocriticalinsettingtheadaptationnecessarytoprepareforincreasinglysevereweathershocks,suchastheroleofmangroves(akindoftree)inabsorbingfloods.Governmentsmustthinkdifferently,employingbetterinfrastructureplanningatalllevels.AreportfromTheNatureConservancyshowscarefulsitingcanreducetheeffectsofthecleanenergyinfrastructureby70%comparedwithsitingasusualpractices.Forinstance,solarfarmscanbeputonalreadydegradedland.Itwouldbeatragicironyif,inoureffortstotackleclimatechange,weendupbringingabigandimmediatecrisisinthenaturalworld.1.WhatistheeffectofbuildingsolarfarmsonforestedlandinVirginia?A.Itdamagestheforest. B.Itboostslocaleconomy.C.Itreduceshuman’slivingspace. D.Itprotectstheenvironment.2.Whatstrategydoesthetextsuggest?A.Increasingfundsforcleanenergy. B.Usingtechnologytoremovecarbon.C.Locatingcleanenergyprojectscarefully. D.Prioritizingrenewableenergytotally.3.The“tragicirony”inthelastparagraphreferstothepossibilitythat______.A.climatechangewillcontributetomoresevereissuesB.focusonclimatechangemakespeopleignorelanduseC.effortstosolveclimatechangespeedupbiodiversitylossD.thedevelopmentofcleanenergyquickensclimatechange4.Whatistheoveralltoneofthetext?A.Pessimisticandcritical. B.Factualandconcerned.C.Subjectiveanddismissive. D.Humorousandoptimistic.02（2024·浙江·三模）Anancient,interdependentrelationshipthatcontributestofoodsystemsandecosystemstabilityacrosstheglobecouldbechanging.Manyfloweringplantscanself-pollinate(自花传粉),ortransferpollenbetweentheirownblossomsforseedgenerationandreproduction,butmostoftheseplantshavereliedonpollinatorssuchasbutterfliesandbeestoreproduce.Now—duringdeclinesreportedinmanypollinatorpopulations—anewstudyontheevolutionofoneflowerspecies’matingsystemhasrevealedaremarkablechangethatcouldworsenthechallengesfacedbytheplants’insectpartners.Theflowersreproductiveevolutionmaybelinkedtoenvironmentalchangessuchashabitatdestructionandrapidongoingdecreasesinpollinatorbiodiversity,accordingtoSamsonAcoca-Pidolle,wholedthestudypublishedDecember19inthejournalNewPhytologist.Comparingseedsofwildfieldpansies(三色堇)collecteddecadesagoinFrancewiththeplants’moderndescendants.Acoca-Pidolleandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthattoday’sflowersaresmallerandproducelessnectar(花蜜)asaresultofincreasedself-pollination,whichhasdirectimpactsonpollinatorbehavior.Thepansiesofthepastself-fertilizedlessandattractedfarmorepollinatorsthanthoseofthepresent,accordingtothestudy.“Itseemsthatit’sonlytraits(特性)thatareinvolvedinplant-pollinatorinteractionthatareevolving,”saidAcoca-Pidolle.Thechangescouldrestricttheplants’abilitytoadapttofutureenvironmentalchangesandhaveimplicationsfor“alloffloralbiodiversity”—potentiallydecreasingfloweringplants’genetic,speciesandecosystemvariation.“Thismayincreasethepollinatordeclin