Of-Studies赏析知识点讲义

Of_Studies赏析知识点讲义FrancisBacon(1561-1626)ContentBacon’sMainExperienceBacon’sFamousWorksAnalysisofOfStudiesIn1561borninLondonIn1573enteredCambridgeUniversityIn1579hisfatherpassedawayIn1582receivedtheQualificationforLawyerIn1606MarriedAliceBarnhamBaconIn1626Mar.madeanexperimentApr.diedofbronchitisBacon’sMainExperiencesBacon’schiefcontributiontoposterityliesinhisroleasthefounderofmaterialisminphilosophyandscienceinEngland.Essays(1597)TheProficiencyandAdvancementofLearning(1605)NovumOrganum(1620)TheNewAtlantis(1626)Bacon’sWorksCharacteristicsofBacon’sEssaysBacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.YetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.Thesentencesinthefirsteditionarechargedandcrowdedwithsymmetries.Theyarecomposedinaratheraffectedway.However,thefinaleditionnotonlyenlargestherangeoftheme,butalsobringsforththelooserandmorepersuasivestyle.Theessaysarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandcadence.

AnalysisofOfStudiesStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Readinghasthreefunctions.Itdelightsyou;itbeautifiesyou;anditstrengthensyourability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivateness①andretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Thedelightofreadingliesinyourprivatelifeandretirement.Thebeautifyingofreadingliesinhowyoutalktoothers.Thewayreadingstrengthensyourablityliesinyouractofjudging,howyouassessapersonorsituationoreventandhowyoudealwithit.privateness:privatelifediscourse:carryingonaconversationForexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.for:although,despiteexpertmen:menofexperience(theEnglishadjectivebeingusedinitsLatinsense,experti)Althoughmenwithgreatexperiencecouldjudgetheaffairsfromeachsituationandaccomplishthemwell,menwhoarelearnedalwaysarethebestonetohavecommandofthegeneraldirection,theplanandthearrangement.execute:carrythrough,accomplishcounsel:directionplot:planmarshal:arrangeinlogicalorderTospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.sloth:laziness,inactivityaffectation:adeliberatepretenseorexaggerateddisplayhumorofascholar:mannerism,implyingabsurderrorSpendingtoomuchtimeinreadingmakesyouexhaustedandlazy.Usingreadingasatooltobeautifyyourselfispretending.Makingdecisionstoyourheart’scontentistoosubjectiveandsilly.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.perfect:makeperfectorcomplete(studies)Readingmakesupforyournaturaldisadvantages,andexperienceisneededtocompensateforthedisadvantagesofreading.Wereadandknowhowtoweedouttheunwantedpartsofplants.Sodoesknowledge.Wereadandwedeletewhatwedon’tneed.Itisreadingthatgivesusdetaileddirections,exceptforsomedirectionsthatareonlyguidedbyexperience.prune:weedoutunwantedorunnecessarythingsatlarge:ingeneralCraftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.craftymen:craftsman=apersonskilledinajobcontemn:lookdownonwithdisdainMenskilledinajoblookdownonreading.Menwholackintelligencelookuptoreading.Menwithwisdomapplyreadingtotheirlife.However,booksdonotconvinceothersbytheirusage.Thewisdomofreadingdoesn’tlieinsideabook,butoutsidethebook.Youcouldjustgetitbyobservation.

2.Thesecondpartisfrom“Readnottocontradictandconfute,…hehadneedhavemuchcunningtoseemtoknowthathedothnot”.Howshallwereadbooks?

Inpart2,youcanknowmoreabouthowtoreadbooks.socomewithmetofindthemethodandbenefitofreading.

Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.

Don’tdisagreehostilelywhenyouarereading,don’tbelieveitwholly.Weshouldnotonlyfocusonthewordsandsentences,butalsothinkaboutitbackandforth.superstitionMethodOne"Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested."MethodTwoThreemethodsofreading1.Taste--Toreadinthewaythatyoutestthetasteoffood,toreadbitshereandthereToreadthewholebookorstory,butwithlittleattentionorwithoutthroughunderstanding2.Swallow--

Toreadcarefullyandslowlyandthenthinkaboutandunderstandthemeaningorimportanceof…3.Chewanddigest--Differentbooks,differentattitudes.Somebooksarejustforappreciation,someforentertainment,howover,someshouldbedigested.Thatistosay:--thatissomebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadywholly,andwithdiligenceandattetion.extremly,carefully.itsarchaicmeaning.Inmodernusageis"eagernesstolearnmore"Literaturestyle:simpleprecisecompactaphoristic（格言式的)--themostimprtantEnglishrhetoric:parallismandellipticalsentenceReadingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.

Readingfulfillsaman,discussionmakesamanwitty,notemakesamanclear

BenefitofreadingconversationsellipticalsentenceAndtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.

parallelismTherefore,menwhodon’ttakenotesoftenshouldstrengthenthememory,menwhodon’tdiscussoftenshouldbesmarter,andmenwhodon’toftenreadshouldbemoresophisticated.

Authortellshowtostudy.Somebooksare:a.tobetastedb.tobeswallowedc.tobechewedanddigestedd.Someshouldbereadonlyinpartse.Someshouldbereadonlyforentertainmentf.SomeshouldbereadbydeputyInconclusion:

Historiesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.witty:imaginative,inventivesubtle:abletomakefinedistinctionsmoral:concernedwithprinciplesofrightandwrongorconformingtostandardsofbehaviorgrave:seriousLearninghistoriesmakesmenclear-minded;learningpoemsmakesmenclever;learningmathematicsmakesmencarefulandcautious;learningnaturalphilosophy,yourmindwillbebroadened,yourprincipleswillberegulated,andyourwayofthinkingwillbeserious;learninglogicandrhetoric,youwillbeabletoarguewithothersclearlyandeffectively.rhetoric:usinglanguageeffectivelytopleaseorpersuadecontend:haveanargumentaboutsomething

Abeuntstudiainmores.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebody,mayhaveappropriateexercises.Abeuntstudiainmores:ThissentenceisadaptedfromtheverseHoroidesbytheRomanpoetOvid.Youmaycultivateyourowntemperamentwhilereading.nay:notthismerelybutalso;notonlysobut;stond:difficulty;impediment:anystructurethatmakesprogressdifficult;wit:theabilitytosayorwritethingsthatarebothcleverandamusingwrought:thepasttenseofWORKYoumaycultivateyourowntemperamentwhilereading.However,theremaybeobviousdifficultyordisadvantagesinyourmind.Youmaysolvethisproblembyproperreading.Justlikedoingphysicalexercisescouldgetridofthediseases.Theyarethesame.

Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead,andthelike.Playingbowlingstrengthensyourstoneandkidney.Shootingstrengthensyourlungandbreast.Gentlewalkingstrengthensyourstomach.Ridingstrengthensyourheadandbrain.Theyareinthesamerule.reins:gallbladderandkidneysSoifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.wander:moveaboutaimlesslyorwithoutanydestinationdemonstration:theactofpresentingsomethingtosightorviewTherefore,ifamancan’tconcentratehismind,lethimstudythemathematics.Heshouldpaygreatattentionduringtheprocess.Oncehisattentionrunsmilesaway,he’llhavetorestart.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen,fortheyareCyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermattersandtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyer’scases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.apt:properschoolmen:TheschoolmenwerephilosophersanddivinesoftheMiddleAges,whospentmuchtimeonpointsofniceandabstractspeculation.cyminisectores:splittersofhairsbeatover:investigatedefect:afailingordeficiencyIfheisnotpropertofindoutthedifferences,lethimlearnfromthephilosophersanddivinesoftheMiddleAges,becausetheyaresplittersofhairs.Ifheisnotpropertoinvestigatematters,provethings,ormakeexles,lethimdigintothelawyers’cases.Asaresult,everydisadvantagesofmindcanhavean