气候变化大数据分析-Big data analysis for climate change智慧树知到期末考试答案章节答案2024年中山大学

气候变化大数据分析-Bigdataanalysisforclimatechange智慧树知到期末考试答案+章节答案2024年中山大学Thecalculationsofallextremevaluesshouldbebasedonatleastdailyaverageclimatedata.（）

答案:对ARCMismoresuitablethanaGCMforsimulatingtheclimateovercomplexterrainssuchasmountains,coastlines,islandsandsoon.（）

答案:对ThepressuredifferencebetweentheIcelandiclowandtheAzoreshigh(asmeasuredbytheNorthAtlanticOscillationsindex)governsthestrengthofthewesterlywindsintheNorthAtlanticregionbetweenthetwolocations.Whichtwoofthefollowingarecorrect?Selectoneormore:（）

答案:PositiveNAOindexcorrespondstowesterlywindsthatarestrongerthanusual.###NegativeNAOindexcorrespondstowesterlywindsthatareweakerthanusual.InSharedSocioeconomicPathways,Whichscenariohashighchallengestomitigationandadaptationtoclimatechange?（）

答案:SSP4The（）storylineandscenariofamilydescribesafutureworldofveryrapideconomicgrowth,globalpopulationthatpeaksinmid-centuryanddeclinesthereafter,andtheuseofnon-fossilenergysources.

答案:A1TThecreatedsharedirectorybuildsadatatransmissionchannelbetweentheWindowsandLinuxsystems.（）

答案:对Themodelthatdoesthebestjobofsimulatingpastandpresentclimateistheonethatshouldalwaysbetrustedinforecastingthefuture.（）

答案:错Duringperiodsofglobalcooling,positivefeedbackswillcontributetodeceleratethecoolingspeedoftheclimatesystem.（）

答案:错Cementproductionreleasescarbondioxidetotheatmosphereonlybecauseoftheproductionoftheenergyrequiredbytheprocess.（）

答案:错TheamountofGreenhouseGasesintheatmosphereisoftenreferredtoasthe‘atmosphericloading'or'burden'.（）

答案:错Botharegionalclimatemodelandaglobalclimatemodelarecomprehensivephysicalmodels（）

答案:对FromthecorrespondingprojectionsofglobalmeansurfacetemperaturesfromtheIPCCreport,wecanseethatthegreatestwarmingisprojectedtooccuroverhighnorthernlatitudesbecauseofthepolaramplificationeffectwhichisapositivefeedbackprocess.（）

答案:对Whatarethethingsthatconsistoftheradiationbalanceatthetopoftheatmosphere?（）

答案:Short-waveradiationfromtheoutspace###Outgoinglong-waveradiationfromtheatmospheresystem###Short-waveradiationreflectedbyclouds,surfaceandaerosolTheresponseoftheclimatesystemtoanygivenforcingiscomplicatedbyfeedbacks,whichcanbepositiveandnegative.Tickallofthefollowingthatarepositivefeedbacks.Selectoneormore:（）

答案:Asclimatewarms,theincreasedformationofhigh-levelcloudsthattrapmorelongwaveradiationfromthelandsurface.###Themeltingofsnowandiceasclimatewarms,leadingtolesssunlightbeingreflectedbacktospace.Numericalmodelsoftheclimatesystemarenotperfect.Whichofthefollowingrepresentsasourceoferrorinanumericalsimulationoftheclimate?Tickallthosethatapply.Selectoneormore:（）

答案:Thephysicsinthegoverningequationsbeingincompletelyknown.###Therepresentationoftheglobebyagridofboxesoffinitesize.###Measurementerroronthedatainputtothemodelasinitialconditionsandforcing.###Theapproximaterepresentationofprocessesthatoccuronscalestoosmalltobecapturedbythegrids.Whichprocessesrepresentthehumanperturbationtothemovementofcarbonfromgeologicalreservoirtotheatmosphere?（）

答案:Burningoffossilfuels###CementproductionAccordingtotheIPCCAR5,whatistheoverallpatternofprojectedglobaltemperaturechangesbytheendofthiscenturyrelativeto1990?Selectone:（）

答案:Landareasareprojectedtowarmmorethantheoceans,withthegreatestwarmingathighlatitudes.Underglobalwarming,whichpartoftheclimatesystem’senergybecomeimbalancefirst?（）

答案:MiddleGivenwhatyouhavelearnedaboutradiativeforcingandtheclimateeffectsofsulphateaerosol,whichisNOTassociatedwiththedirectandindirecteffectsofsulphateaerosol?（）

答案:ReducethesurfacereflectanceTheCDOandNCLarebasedandonlycanbeoperatedonLinuxenvironments.（）

答案:对Theradiativeforcingduetocarbondioxide(CO2,)issubstantiallylargerthanthatduetomethane(CH4),becausethepercentageincreaseofCO2ismuchlargerthanthatofCH4.（）

答案:错Theratiosofdifferentuncertaintysources(choiceofmodel/scenario/internalvariability)inthetotaluncertaintycanbeinfluencedbythevariablesexamined,thespatialscaleandthetimeperiodexamined.（）

答案:对Ingeneral,theadverseimpactsofclimatechangeareprojectedtooutweighthebeneficialimpactsallovertheworld.（）

答案:错GiventhataRCMmustbesuppliedwithinputdataatitsboundariesfromaGCM,thebiasedinformationfromtheGCMcanbepassedintoitsdrivingRCMandmaketheRCMbiasedaswell.（）

答案:对SSP4describesafutureworldwheretherearelowchallengestomitigationandhighchallengestoadaptation.（）

答案:对Blackcarbon,whenpresentonsnowandice,contributestolocalwarmingandmelting.（）

答案:对Thetextsuggeststhatthereliabilityofone-waynestingismainlyduetocomputationalefficiency.（）

答案:错TheSRESscenariosincludeadditionalclimateinitiatives,explicitlyassumingtheimplementationoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeortheemissionstargetsoftheKyotoProtocol.（）

答案:错TheobservedwarmingtrendinFigure27canonlybereproducedwhenbothnaturalandanthropogenicforcingsareconsideredinclimatemodels.（）

答案:对Deforestationleadstoadecreaseintheatmosphericcarbondioxidelevel.（）

答案:错Ifamodelisbiased,runninganensembleofdifferentmodelswillnotdoanythingtoreducethatbias（）

答案:错TheEuropeanheatwaveinsummer2003causedthedeathsoffewerthan10,000people.（）

答案:错Allthereflectedradiationisshort-waveradiation（）

答案:对WhenthephaseoftheNAOisnegative,theAzoreshighisrelativelyshallowwhiletheIcelandiclowisrelativelyhigherthanusual.（）

答案:错Climatechangeisnotexpectedtohaveuniversallydetrimentalimpacts.（）

答案:对Thepresent-daytemperaturesareunprecedented;temperaturesatthepeakofallthepreviousinterglacialswerecoolerthanatpresent.（）

答案:错TheHoloceneisoneofrelativewarmththatrepresentstheinterglacialconditionsthatexistbetweenIceAges.（）

答案:对ThecoolingofthesoutheastUnitedStatesregionmaybeassociatedwithaslowingdownoftheGulfStream.（）

答案:错The'aleatoricuncertainty'inclimatetellsusabouttheuncertaintyintheoddsofthoseoutcomeshappening（）

答案:错Currentlythemainmethodsusedfordownscalingtheoutputfromaglobalclimatemodeltomuchfinerspatialscalesare（）.

答案:Statistical-dynamicaldownscaling###Dynamicaldownscaling###StatisticaldownscalingOneapproachtoclimatemodellingthataddressesuncertaintyistorunamodelensemblewithmanydifferentvaluesof（）.

答案:Parameters###Initialconditions###ClimateforcingsAerosolsprovidesurfacesonwhichwatervaporcancondensetoformclouds.Viathisindirectprocessthathavetwoeffectsonclimate.Whichtwoofthefollowingarethey?Selectoneormore:（）

答案:Aerosolslengthenthelifetimesofclouds,prolongingthecoolingeffectonclimate.###Aerosolsleadtotheformationofbrighterclouds,whichreflectmoresunlightbacktospace.Whichfollowingstatementsaretrue?（）

答案:StrengtheningtradewindsleadtotheLaNiñaphenomenon###WeakenedtradewindsleadtotheElNiñophenomenonWhicharetheeffectsofland-usechangeontheclimatesystem?（）

答案:Roughnesslengthchanged###Acarbonsinkremoved###Surfacereflectancechanged###ImbalancedecosystemWhatisthetermusedfortheclearingawayoflargeareasofforestforagricultureorotherpurposes?（）

答案:Deforestation.Whatistheprimarypurposeofcouplingatmosphereandoceanmodelsinclimatesimulations?（）

答案:TorepresentinteractionsbetweenatmosphereandoceanGiventhefactthatspatialandtemporalresolutionarenotindependentinacomputermodel,howmanytimesofcomputingpowerdoweneedtorunthesimulationsifweincreasespatialresolutionfrom100kmto25km?（）

答案:125timesAccordingtoFigure21,howoftendoestheEarthexperienceanIceAgecycle?（）

答案:Every100,000years.Whatisthemainobjectiveofthecoursementionedinthetext?（）

答案:Introducingtheconceptofregionalclimatemodeling.Increasedevaporationofwaterintowatervaporintheatmosphereasclimatewarmscanbeinterpretedaswhatkindoffeedbacks?Selectone:（）

答案:Positive,sincethewatervaporisastronggreenhousegas.Whatisthepurposeofusingnumericalmodelsinpredictingclimatechange?（）

答案:ToincorporateessentialphysicsanddescriberelevantprocessesWhatistheprimarydrivingmechanismforshiftsintoandoutofIceAgesontimescalesofaround100,000years?（）

答案:Milankovitchcycles.Whatistheprimaryadvantageoftwo-waynestingofaregionalclimatemodelwithinaglobalclimatemodel?（）

答案:Consistentinformationflowbetweenmodels.Whattechniqueisusedinclimatemodelstoapproximatetheeffectsofsmall-scaleprocessesthattakeplaceonscalesmuchsmallerthanthetypicalgridboxsizeof100km?（）

答案:ParametrizationWhichstorylineandscenariofamilydescribeaconvergentworldwiththesameglobalpopulationpeakinginmid-centuryanddecliningthereafter,focusingonglobalsolutionstoeconomic,social,andenvironmentalsustainability?（）

答案:B1Howdoesclimatechangeaffectenergydemandforheatingandcooling?（）

答案:Decreaseinheatingdemand,increaseincoolingdemand.Whichexternalforcingiscyclicandvariesonapproximatelyan11-yearcycle,affectingtheenergyreceivedbytheEarth/atmospheresystem?（）

答案:ChangesinsolarradiationWhatarethefivemainsectionsconsideredintheclimatesystem?（）

答案:Theatmosphere,geosphere,cryosphere,biosphere,andhydrosphere.Whatisthetermusedfortheapproximationtechniquerelatingsmall-scaleprocessestothepropertiesofgrid-boxesinnumericalmodels?（）

答案:ParametrizationWhicheraisconsideredoneofrelativewarmthandrepresentstheinterglacialconditionsbetweenIceAges?（）

答案:Holocene.Whatcausesthestratosphericozoneholein1990s?（）

答案:UseofFreonInthecontextofdownscaledclimateprojections,whatdoes"one-waynesting"referto?（）

答案:Thesupplyofinformationfromglobaltoregionalmodels.Whatisthemainimpactofdeforestationoncoastalwetlandssuchassaltmarshesandmangroves?（）

答案:Sealevelrise.Whatistheprimarysourceofenergydrivingtheclimatesystem?（）

答案:Solarradiation.Whatisthepurposeof"Script5_trend_histograms.py"?（）

答案:CreatehistogramsoffuturetrendsfordifferentscenariosWhichPythoncommandisusedtoleaveaninteractivePythonsessionafterrunningthescript"Script2_read_ensembles.py"?（）

答案:Ctrl+W.Inthecommandsequence“cdotimmeanpr_CCLM_day_8504.China.mmday.JJA.mean.ncpr_CCLM_day_8504.China.mmday.JJA.mean.nc”thetimmeanoperatorisusedtocalculatethemeanoveralltimestepsforthespecifiedfile.（）

答案:对IntheinitialstepofprocessingCanESM5using"Script1_processing_CanESM5.sh,"whatdirectoriesdoyouneedtocreatebeforerunningthescript?（）

答案:Test1andtemp.In"Script3_plot_timeseries.py,"whichcommandisusedtoplottimeseriesforCMIP6aftertheCanESM5plots?（）

答案:sys.exit(4).WhichtoolisusedforvisualizingNetCDFfieldsquickly?（）

答案:Panoply.Thecommand“cdosubpr_CCLM_day_8504.China.mmday.JJA.mean.rg.ncpr_APHRO_MA_025deg_8504.China.JJA.mean.ncdiff.CCLM-OBS.8504.China.mmday.JJA.mean.nc”isusedtofindthedifferencebetweenthemodelandobservationJJAmultiannualmeanfieldsafterregriddingthemodeldata.（）

答案:错Thecommand“cdomulc,100-divchange_pr_CCLM_day_China.mmday.JJA.mean.ncpr_CCLM_day_8504.China.mmday.JJA.mean.ncperc_pr_CCLM_day_China.mmday.JJA.mean.nc”calculatesthefuturechangeinJJAprecipitationasapercentagerelativetothebaseline（）

答案:错Whatdoes"Script4_moving_averages.py"aimtoachieve?（）

答案:Smoothtimeserieswitha21-yearmovingaverage.Whatdoesthecommand“cdotimsum-gec,1-mulc,86400-selyear,1985/2004pr_CCLM_day_1981-2005.ncpr_CCLM_day_wetday.no.baseline.nc”calculate?（）

答案:Baselinewetdayfrequency.Howdoesclimatechangeaffecttheavailabilityoffreshandcleanwaterglobally?（）

答案:Decreasedwatersupply.Whicheconomicsectorisprojectedtoexperiencenetmarketsectorlossesduetoclimatechange?（）

答案:Agriculture.Whatisapotentialconsequenceoftheanticipatedincreaseinheavyprecipitationevents?（）

答案:Increaseddrought.Whatistheexpectedimpactofclimatechangeonmalariatransmissioninawarmerworld?（）

答案:Increaseinmalariatransmission.Whatisakeyadvantageofregionalclimatemodelsoverglobalmodelsmentionedinthetext?（）

答案:Regionalmodelssimulateclimatemorerealistically.Whichmethodofdownscalinginvolvesusingbothstatisticalanddynamicalapproaches?（）

答案:Hybriddownscaling.Whyisstatisticaldownscalingconsideredlessreliableforpredictingfutureclimatechanges?（）

答案:Relationshipsmaychangeunderalteredclimate.Dynamicaldownscalinginvolvesusingstatisticalrelationshipstosimulateclimatechanges.（）

答案:错Whatdoesdynamicaldownscalingrelyonforinputinformation?（）

答案:Coarserresolutionglobalmodelinformation.Regionalclimatemodelscanhavegridboxsizesaslittleas10kmorless.（）

答案:对Whichscenariofamilydescribesafutureworldofveryrapideconomicgrowth,globalpopulationpeakinginmid-century,andarapidintroductionofnewandmoreefficienttechnologies?（）

答案:A1WhatdotheRepresentativeConcentrationPathways(RCPs)representinscenariodevelopment?（）

答案:Atmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegases.HowareSharedSocio-economicPathways(SSPs)usedinscenariodevelopment?（）

答案:Toprojectglobalscenariosofsocio-economicchange.WhatisthemainadvantageoftheRCPapproachovertheSRESapproachinscenariodevelopment?（）

答案:Itallowsparallelmodelingofclimateandsocioeconomicscenarios.Whatisthepurposeofthe'SRES'(SpecialReportonEmissionsScenarios)publishedbytheIPCC?（）

答案:Tostandardizeassumptionsinpredictionstudies.Whatfactorlimitsthemaximumspatialresolutionthatcanbeachievedinclimatemodels?（）

答案:ComputationalpowerClimatemodelsuseanapproximatetechniquecalled'parametrization'torepresenttheeffectsofsmall-scaleprocesses.（）

答案:对Thespatialandtemporalresolutioninaclimatemodelisindependent,allowingforsmallgridboxeswithoutaffectingtimesteps.（）

答案:错Whyisrunningamodelensembleimportantinaddressinguncertaintiesinclimatemodeling?（）

答案:ToexploreawiderangeofpossiblefutureclimatechangesWhichcomponentisNOTtypicallyincludedinatypicalall-inclusiveglobalclimatemodeloftheearly2000s?（）

答案:OzonelayerWhatdoesFigure26depictregardingclimatemodelsimulationsandobservedtemperatures?（）

答案:BestfitwhenbothnaturalandanthropogenicforcingsareconsideredInthecontextofclimatemodeling,whatdoesan"ensemble"referto?（）

答案:MultiplemodelsimulationswithdifferentconditionsWhichtworegionshaveexperiencedcoolingovertheperiodbetween1901and2012,accordingtoFigure16?（）

答案:NorthernNorthAtlanticandSoutheastUnitedStates.WhatdoesFigure22highlightregardingtheconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesoverthelast600,000years?（）

答案:Increasingconcentrations.DuringwhichperioddoestheEarthfinditselfinthecontextofIceAgesandInterglacials?（）

答案:Interglacialperiod.Theatmosphericloadingofgreenhousegasesoverthelast600,000years,asshowninFigure22,correlateswithwarmglobaltemperatures.（）

答案:对Present-daytemperatures,accordingtoFigure21,areunprecedentedandwarmerthanatthepeakofallpreviousinterglacialperiods.（）

答案:错Whatistheprimaryroleofsulphateaerosolsinclimateregulation?（）

答案:CoolingeffectWhatistheprimaryfactorresponsibleforthepositivefeedbackknownasthewatervaporfeedback?（）

答案:EvaporationandwatervaporintheatmosphereWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanexampleofapositivefeedbackinthetext?（）

答案:CloudcondensationfeedbackWhatisthedirecteffectofblackcarbononclimate?（）

答案:WarmingeffectDuringanegativephaseoftheNorthAtlanticOscillation(NAO)