石油英语词汇(中英文对照)

GenerationofOilandGasTechnicalterms:tectonicforces构造作用力arethoseoriginatingbeneaththesurfacethatalterthesurfaceconfigurationoftheearthasaresultoftectonic(lithospheric)plateanicmaterial有机质ismatterthathascomefromaonce-livingorganismhydrocarbons烃类anorganiccompoundcontainingonlycarbonandhydrogenoverlyingrocks上覆岩层therocksthatcoveringthereservoirpoolsoftar焦油池Iswherethepetroleumeventuallyreachedthesurfaceandbecollectedinseeps油苗placeswhereoilhasreachedshows显示placeswhereoilhasreachedimpermeablelayerofrock不透水岩层thelayerofrockthatcan'tbepassedbyliquids.theoriginalstratigraphichorizonfromwhichpetroleumisderived.adarkfine-grainedlaminatedsedimentaryrockformedbycompressionofsuccessivelayersofclay-richsedimentanycompoundofcarbonandanotherelementoraradicalstratigraphicafoldwithstrataslopingdownwardonbothsidesfromacommoncrest.

thesaltcoreofasaltdomeafractureinthecontinuityofarockformationcausedbyashiftingordislodgingoftheearth'scrust,inwhichadjacentsurfacesaredisplacedrelativetooneanotherandparalleltotheplaneoffracturetrap圈闭adeviceforsealingapassageagainsttheescapeofgases,especiallyaU-shapedorS-shapedbendinadrainpipethatpreventsthereturnflowofsewergasbymeansofawaterbarrierstructuraltraps构造圈闭thetrapsthatholdoilandgasbecausetheearthhasbeenbentanddeformedinsomeway.Stratigraphictraps地层圈闭thetrapswhicharedepositionalinnature.

Thismeanstheyareformedinplace,usuallybyasandstoneendingupenclosedinshale.

Theshalekeepstheoilandgasfromescapingthetrap.marl泥灰岩alooseandcrumblingearthydepositconsistingmainlyofcalciteordolomite;usedasafertilizerforsoilsdeficientinlimefaulttraps断层圈闭thetrapsthatholdoilandgasbecauseafaultfaultgouge断层泥fine-grainedmaterialinthefaultfaultplane断层面Thesurfacealongwhichthebreakorshearofafaultoccurssaltdome盐丘Ananticlinalfoldwithacolumnarsaltplugatitscore

sedimentarybeds沉积层fossilcoralreefs古珊瑚礁areefconsistingofthefossilofcoralconsolidatedintolimestoneporespace孔隙theporesinarockorsoilconsideredcollectivelysandstonereservoirs砂岩储层areservoirlyinginthesandstonelayer.fractures裂隙Acrackorfaultinarock2.PorosityandPermeabilityTechnicalterms:permeability渗透率permeabilityistheabilityoftheformationtoconductfluids.porosity孔隙度isdefinedastheratioofthevoidspaceinarocktothebulkvolumeofthatrockmultipliedby100toexpressinpercent.bulkvolume总体积thetotalvolumeoriginalporosity原生孔隙度theinbornandnaturalporosityoftherockintergranularporosity粒间空隙度theporosityoccurringbetweenthegrainsintercrystallineporosity晶间孔隙度Theporosityoccurringbetweentheribsooliticporosity鲕状孔隙度inducedporosity次生孔隙度Theporosityproducedbyinduction.Thatis,affectedbyexternalcauses.coring取心Theuseofacorebarrel(hollowlengthoftubing)totakesamplesfromtheundergroundformationduringthedrillingoperationcementing胶结Achemicallyprecipitatedsubstancethatbindsparticlesofclasticrocks

totalporosity总孔隙度istheratioofthetotalvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherockeffectiveporosity有效孔隙度istheratiooftheinterconnectedvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherock,eachexpressedinpercent.in-placetesting现场测量anin-sitemeasurementoccurringatthesametimethesampleischeckedsingle-phasefluidsaturation单相流体饱和oneofthephasesreachthesaturationstateintheerstitialwater间隙水Subsurfacewatercontainedinporespacesbetweenthegrainsofrockandsedimentseffectivepermeability有效渗透率isintroducedtodescribethesimultaneousflowofmorethanonefluidfluidphase液体相achemicallyandphysicallyuniformquantityoffluidthatcanbeseparatedfromanonhomogeneousmixtureflownetwork流体网络aflownetworkisadirectedgraphwhereeachedgehasacapacityandeachedgereceivesaflow.Theamountofflowonanedgecannotexceedthecapacityoftheedge.capillaryproperties毛管性质Capillaryproperty,istheabilityofaliquidtoflowagainstgravitywhereliquidspontaneouslyrisesinanarrowspacesuchasathintube,orinporousmaterialssuchaspaperorinsomenon-porousmaterialssuchasliquifiedcarbonfibre.Thiseffectcancauseliquidstoflowagainsttheforceofgravityorthemagneticfieldinduction.Itoccursbecauseofinter-molecularattractiveforcesbetweentheliquidandsolidsurroundingsurfaces.gascap气顶therockporesintheupperzonethathavebeenfilledmainlybygas.aquifer含水层anundergroundbedorlayerofpermeablerock,sediment,orsoilthatyieldswateroilaccumulation石油凝集面anaccumulationofpetroleumlocallyconfinedbysubsurfacegeologicfeatures.Alsoknownasoilreservoirsaturation饱和度aconditioninwhichaquantitynolongerrespondstosomeexternalinfluenceviscosity粘度resistanceofaliquidtosheerforces(andhencetoflow)connatewater原生水waterentrappedintheintersticesofigneousrockswhentherockswereformed.electriclogsurveys电测井方法In1928,theSchlumbergerbrothersinFrancedevelopedtheworkhorseofallformationevaluationtools,theelectriclogandithadbecomeanimportantmethordinmodernpetroleumengineering.

附（原文）：GenerationofOilandGasPetroleumisaresultofthedepositionofplantoranimalmatterinareaswhichareslowlysubsiding.Theseareasareusuallyintheseaoralongitsmarginsincoastallagoonsormarshes,occasionallyinlakesorinlandswamps.Sedimentsaredepositedalongwiththeorganicmatterandtherateofdepositionofthesedimentsmustbesufficientlyrapidthatatleastpartoftheorganicmatterispreservedbyburialbeforebeingdestroyedbydecay.Astimegoesonandtheareacontinuestosinkslowly(becauseoftheweightofsedimentsdepositedorbecauseofregionaltectonicforces构造作用力,theorganicmaterial有机质isburieddeeperandhenceisexposedtohighertemperaturesandpressures.Eventuallychemicalchangesresultinthegenerationofpetroleum,acomplex,highlyvariablemixtureofhydrocarbons烃类,includingbothliquidsandgases(partofthegasbeinginsolutionbecauseofthehighpressure).Ultimatelythesubsidencewillstopandmayevenreverse.Asthegreatweightoftheoverlyingrocks上覆岩层andsedimentspusheddownward,thepetroleumwasforcedoutofitsbirthplace.Itbegantomigrate.Seepingthroughcracksandfissures,oozingthroughminuteconnectionsbetweentherockgrains,petroleumbeganajourneyupward.Indeed,someofiteventuallyreachedthesurfacewhereitcollectedinlargepoolsoftar焦油池.Placeswhereoilhasreachedthesurfacearecalled‘seeps’油苗or‘shows’显示.However,somepetroleumdidnotreachthesurface.Instead,itsupwardmigrationwasstoppedbyanimperviousorimpermeablelayerofrock.不透水岩层Itlaytrapped圈闭farbeneaththesurface.Theoilandgastendtoriseandwilleventuallyreachthesurfaceoftheearthandbedissipatedunlesstheyencounterabarrierwhichstopstheupwardmigration.Suchabarrierproducesatrap.TypesofTrapsAtrap（圈闭）istheplacewhereoilandgasarebarredfromfurthermovement.Geologistshaveclassifiedpetroleumtrapsintotwobasictypes:structuraltraps（构造圈闭）andstratigraphictraps（地层圈闭）.Structuraltrapsaretrapsthatareformedbecauseofadeformationintherocklayerthatcontainsthehydrocarbons.About80to90percentoftheknownpetroleumreservesoccurinstructuraltraps.Ananticline,thesimplestandcommonestformofpetroleumaccumulation,isanupwardfoldinthelayersofrock,muchlikeanarchinabuilding.Aporousandpermeablereservoirrockmustbesealedabovebyanimpermeablecoverbedwhichisfine-grained（细密的）,relativelyimpermeablebedsuchasclay,shale,(页岩）marl（泥灰岩）,orsalt.Petroleummigratesintothehighestpartofthefold,anditsescapeispreventedbyanoverlyingbedofimpermeablerock.Faulttraps（断层圈闭）arealsocommon.Again,theremustbeaporousandpermeablereservoirrockthatissealedabovebyafine-grained,relativelyimpermeablebed.Buttherealtrapisprovidedbythefault,whichpreventsfurtherupdipmigration(上升运移）eitherbythefine-grainedmaterialinthefaultitself(theso-called“faultgouge（断层泥）”thatresultsfromthemovementonthefaultplane(断层面）)orbythebriningofafine-grainedrelativelyimpermeablebedontheothersideofthefaulttothepositionthattruncatesthereservoir.Asaltdome(盐丘）formedwhenamassofsaltflowsupwardsunderthepressureresultingfromtheweightoftheoverlyingsediments（上覆沉积）.Thesaltdomebowsupsedimentarybeds(沉积层）andsealsoffdisruptedbeds(断裂岩层）andsoprovidestrapsoverandaroundthesidesofthedome.Thetrappingmechanism（圈闭机理）ofstratigraphictrapsisfromstratigraphicratherthanstructuralcauses.Inthese,theessentialfeaturesremainaporousandpermeablereservoirrocksealedbyafine-grainedrelativelyimpermeablerock,buttheconfigurationofthesetoformatraparisesfromtheparticularsedimentaryprocessandnatureoftheresultingsediments.Themostobviousformsofstratigraphictraparefossilcoralreefs（古珊瑚礁）suchasthoseofwesternCanadaandLibya.Inthese,thevoidsinthereeforreeflikereservoircontainthepetroleumwhichispreventedfromleakingoutbytheclayorshaleinwhichthereefisenveloped.Thesevoidsarenotliketheporespaces(孔隙）insandstonereservoirs（砂岩储层),butmoresolutioncavities（溶洞）andfractures(裂隙）.Productionrates（产油率）tendtobemuchhigherthanfromsandstonereservoirs.Thefrictionalresistance（摩擦阻力）tofluidmovementtendstobemuchless,sothereisbettercommunicationthroughthereservoiranditcanbeproducedwithfewerwells.Perhapsthecommonestformofstratigraphictrapisthewedgingorpinchingoutofasand.Discontinuoussands（不连续沉积的砂岩）,suchasthosethatformedpartofanoldriversystem(“shoe-string”sands（鞋带状砂岩）)areenvelopedinfine-grainedsedimentandmayformatrap.2.PorosityandPermeabilityApetroleumreservoirconsistsofasuitablyshapedporousstratum（多孔层）ofrockwhichiscappedwithanimperviousrock.Thenatureofthereservoirrockisextremelyimportantastheoilisstoredinthesmallspacesorporeswhichseparatetheindividualrockgrains.Sandstonesandlimestonesaregenerallyporous,andinthemainthesearethemostcommontypesofreservoirrocks.Porousrocksmaysometimesalsocontainfracturesorfissures,whichwilladdtotheoil-storingcapacityofthereservoir.Petroleumcollectsintheporesorcavitiesintermingledwiththeremainingwaterwhichwasburiedwiththesediments.Whenasignificantfractionoftheporesisinterconnectedsothatfluidscanpassthroughtherock,therockispermeable.Permeability(渗透性）permitsthegas,oilandwatertoseparatepartiallybecauseoftheirdifferentdensities.Porosity孔隙度isdefinedastheratioofthevoidspaceinarocktothebulkvolume总体积ofthatrockmultipliedby100toexpressinpercent.Porositymaybeclassifiedaccordingtothemodeoforigins(1)originaland(2)induced.Originalporosity原生孔隙度istypifiedbytheintergranularporosity粒间空隙度ofsandstonesandtheintercrystallineandooliticporosity晶间和鲕状孔隙度ofsomelimestones.Inducedporosity次生孔隙度istypifiedbyfracturedevelopmentasfoundinsomeshalesandlimestonesandbythevugsorsolutioncavitiescommonlyfoundinlimestones.Rockshavingoriginalporosityaremoreuniformintheircharacteristicsthanthoserocksinwhichalargepartoftheporosityisinduced.Fordirectquantitativemeasurementofporosity,reliancemustbeplacedonformationsamples岩样obtainedbycoring取心.Indealingwithreservoirrocks储集层岩石,itisnecessary,becausethecementingmaterials胶结物maysealoffapartoftheporevolume,todefinetotalporosity总孔隙度andeffectiveporosity有效孔隙度.Totalporosityistheratioofthetotalvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherock；effectiveporosityistheratiooftheinterconnectedvoidspaceintherocktothebulkvolumeoftherock,eachexpressedinpercent.Fromthereservoir-engineering油藏工程standpoint,effectiveporosityisthequantitativevalue定量值desired,asthisrepresentsthespacewhichisoccupiedbymobilefluids可流动流体.Forintergranularmaterials晶粒间物质,poorlytomoderatelywellcemented,thetotalporosityisapproximatelyequaltotheeffectiveporosity.Formorehighlycementedmaterials胶结物质,significantdifferenceintotalporosityandeffectiveporosityvaluesmayoccur.Permeabilityistheabilityoftheformationtoconductfluids（formationfluidconductancecapacity）.Themeasurementofpermeability,then,isameasureofthefluidconductivity流体传递能力oftheparticularmaterial.Itcanbedeterminedfromsamplesextractedfromtheformationorbyin-placetesting现场测量.Sofarpermeabilityisreferredtorockconditionswhereasingle-phasefluidsaturation单相流体饱和wasconsidered.Inpetroleumreservoirs,however,therocksareusuallysaturatedwithtwoormorefluids,suchasinterstitialwater间隙水,oilandgas.Effectivepermeability有效渗透率isintroducedheretodescribethesimultaneousflowofmorethanonefluid.Inthedefinitionofeffectivepermeabilityeachfluidphase液体相isconsideredtobecompletelyindependentoftheotherfluidsintheflownetwork流体网络.Theeffectivepermeabilityisarelativemeasureoftheconductanceoftheporousmedium空隙介质foronefluidphasewhenthemediumissaturatedwithmorethanonefluid.Thisdefinitionofeffectivepermeabilityimpliesthatthemediumcanhaveadistinctandmeasurableconductancetoeachphasepresentinthemedium.FluidContentofReservoirInareservoirrock,thedistributionoffluidsdependsontheirdensitiesandonthecapillaryproperties毛管性质oftherock.Generallyspeaking,ifareservoirrockcontainsuniform均匀分布的pores,andiftheporesareevenlydistributed均匀分布的,therewillbethreezonesoffluids流体区inthetrap:anupperzone,amiddlezone,andalowerzone.Therockporesintheupperzonehavebeenfilledmainlybygas.Thispartofthetrapisthegascap气顶.Inthemiddlezone,theporeshavebeenfilledmainlybyoilwithgasinsolution.Inthelowerzone,therockporeshavebeenfilledbywater.Althoughthestructuraltrapsinwhichoilaccumulatesexistinvariousforms,theoilusuallyoccursinassociationwithgasandsaltwater.Acertainamountofwateralwaysoccurstogetherwiththeoilinthemiddlezone.Theproportionofwatertooilisusuallyabout10to30percent.Wateralsooccursinthegascap,buttheproportionofwatertogasisfrequentlylowerthantheproportionofwatertooil.However,whilesomeinterstitialwater隙间水isalwayspresentintheoilzone含油带,thelatterisnotalwaysunderlainbyacontinuousbodyofwater.Whereaconsiderablevolumeofwaterdoesunderlietheoilinthesamesedimentarybeditisreferredtoasthe“aquifer含水层”,andbeingunderpressurealso,itcontributestothetotalenergyofthereservoir.Theoilitself,whenunderpressure,containsanappreciablequantityofdissolvedgas.Theactualamountofgaswillbegovernedbythepressureandtemperatureinsidethereservoir,andtheoilissaidtobe“saturated已饱和”ifitcannotdissolveanymoregasundertheseparticularpressureandtemperatureconditions.Ontheotherhand,theoilissaidtobe“undersaturated