Unit2OutofThisWorldGrammarandusage课件高二下学期英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性

Vocabulary1.crucialbecrucialto/for...对……至关重要playacrucialrole/partin...在……中起至关重要的作用Itiscrucialthat…至关重要的是……练习：Thislastpointis________.crucial2.comprisebecomprisedof.…包括/包含……，由……组成或构成练习：Theseobjects__________functionsanddataofthesystem.comprise3.foundationlaya(firm/solid)foundationfor…为……打下（坚实的）基础foundvt.创建，创办；兴建（城镇或国家）；把……建立在。befoundedon…建立在……基础上（近义词组为bebasedon）foundern.创办者，发起人练习：Itlaidsolid___________forthedevelopmentofthelocalarea.foundation4.plaintosee相当于clear或obvious。练习：It's_____toseethatstudentsshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.plainLead-inReadingReadthearticleonpage20andfillinthefollowingtable.TheuseoftelescopestoexplorespaceTimeBreakthroughsUseIn1990(1)______________(2)____________________(3)__________TheKeplerTelescope(4)____________________(5)___________(6)________________TodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverseTheuseoftelescopestoexplorespaceTimeBreakthroughsUseIn1990TheKeplerSpaceTelescopeInrecentyearsTodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverseTheHubbleSpaceTelescopeToseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes;toplayacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergyIn2009FASTTosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstarsReading1.重大突破2.基于地面的

3.扮演关键角色

4.环绕其它恒星

5.迹象是光明的

6.也开发先进的望远镜

UsefulExpressionsmajorbreakthroughground-basedplayacrucialroleorbitotherstarssignsarepromisingdevelopadvancedtelescopesaswell7.创造性的

8.单口径射电望远镜9.极端灵敏

10.发现交流信号

11.重要工具12.仅仅被想象所限制

UsefulExpressionsinnovativethesingle-dishradiotelescopeextraordinarysensibilitydetectcommunicationsignalscrucialtoolsbemerelylimitedbyimagination

Forthousandsofyears,peoplehavelookedtothestarryskyandwonderedwhat,orwho,isoutthere.Intheearly1600s,Galileowasthefirsttousehistelescopetoexploretheskyandsincethen,telescopeshavecontinuallyimproved.Onemajorbreakthroughcamein1990,whentheHubbleSpaceTelescopewaslaunched.ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes,anditallowsscientiststolearnmoreabouttheuniverse.Hubbleobservationshaveplayedacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergy.HubblewasfollowedbythekeplerSpaceTelescopein2009.Kepler’sscientificgoalistosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstars.Whetherlifeonotherplanetsdoesexistisyettobeproved,butthesignsarepromising:KeplerhasdetectedmanysuitableplanetsthatarealmostthesamesizeastheEarth.Inrecentyears,Chinahasdevelopedadvancedtelescopesaswell.OneexampleistheinnovativeFAST,whichisthelargestsingle-dishradiotelescopeintheworld.Withadishthesizeof30footballfields,FASTisabletocarryoutobservationswithextraordinarysensitivity.Oneofitsscientificgoalsistodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverse.Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthatdevelopingtherequiredtechnologywillhelpastronomersallovertheworldmakeexcitingdiscoveries.Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.总分总In1990In2009Inrecentyears

Forthousandsofyears,peoplehavelookedtothestarryskyandwonderedwhat,orwho,isoutthere.Intheearly1600s,Galileowasthefirsttousehistelescopetoexploretheskyandsincethen,telescopeshavecontinuallyimproved.几千年来，人们仰望星空，想知道外面有什么，或者有什么人。17世纪早期，伽利略是第一个使用望远镜探索天空的人，从那时起，望远镜不断得到改进。Onemajorbreakthroughcamein1990,whentheHubbleSpaceTelescopewaslaunched.ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes,anditallowsscientiststolearnmoreabouttheuniverse.Hubbleobservationshaveplayedacrucialroleinthediscoveryofthemysteriousdarkenergy.一个重大突破出现在1990年，当时哈勃太空望远镜发射升空。哈勃望远镜位于太空中，这使它比地面望远镜看得更远，也使科学家能够更多地了解宇宙。哈勃望远镜的观测在发现神秘暗能量的过程中发挥了至关重要的作用。

HubblewasfollowedbytheKeplerSpaceTelescopein2009.Kepler’sscientificgoalistosearchforEarth-sizeplanetsorbitingotherstars.Whetherlifeonotherplanetsdoesexistisyettobeproved,butthesignsarepromising:KeplerhasdetectedmanysuitableplanetsthatarealmostthesamesizeastheEarth.继哈勃之后，开普勒太空望远镜于2009年升空。开普勒的科学目标是寻找围绕其他恒星运行的地球大小的行星。其他行星上是否存在生命还有待证实，但这些迹象是有希望的:开普勒已经探测到许多与地球大小几乎相同的适宜行星。

Inrecentyears,Chinahasdevelopedadvancedtelescopesaswell.OneexampleistheinnovativeFAST,whichisthelargestsingle-dishradiotelescopeintheworld.Withadishthesizeof30footballfields,FASTisabletocarryoutobservationswithextraordinarysensitivity.Oneofitsscientificgoalsistodetectcommunicationsignalsbetweenthestarsintheuniverse.近年来，中国也开发了先进的望远镜。其中一个例子就是创新的FAST，它是世界上最大的单碟射电望远镜。FAST拥有30个足球场大小的天线，能够以非凡的灵敏度进行观测。它的科学目标之一是探测宇宙中恒星之间的通信信号。

Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthatdevelopingtherequiredtechnologywillhelpastronomersallovertheworldmakeexcitingdiscoveries.Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.很明显，望远镜是太空探索的关键工具，发展所需的技术将有助于全世界的天文学家做出令人兴奋的发现。我们能从望远镜中了解到多少仅仅是受限于我们的想象力。Grammar1).名词/代词/数词做主语Ⅰ.Whatissubject?2).不定式/动名词做主语3).从句做主语4).

“it”充当形式主语，真正的主语则放在句尾Ⅱ.Readthearticleagainandfindthesentenceswithsubjectclauses.Belowisanewspaperfeaturearticleontheuseoftelescopestoexplorespace.Findthesentenceswithsubjectclauses.ThatHubbleisbasedinspaceallowsittoseefurtherthanground-basedtelescopes,…主语从句连词that为引导词，不充当成分Whetherlifeonotherplanetsdoesexistisyettobeproved,…主语从句连词whether为引导词，不可换成if,除非whether引导主语从句放在主句之后Itisclearthattelescopesarecrucialtoolsforspaceexplorationandthat…Howmuchwewilllearnfromthetelescopesismerelylimitedbyourimagination.真正的主语形式主语主语从句连接副词howmuch为引导词1.Wecanuseanounclauseasthesubjectofasentence.

我们可以使用一个名词性从句作为一个句子的主语。★结论二：2.Wecanuse_____tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisastatement.当从句是陈述句时，我们可以使用that来引导。that3.Wecanuse_________tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisayes-noquestion.

当从句是一般疑问句时，我们可以使用whether来引导。whether

4.Wecanuse

tointroduceasubjectclausewhentheclauseisawh-question.

当从句是特殊疑问句时，我们可以使用特殊疑问词来引导。aquestionword

5.Weoftenuse______asthepreparatorysubjectwhenasubjectisverylong.当主语很长的时候，我们可以使用it代替主语充当形式主语。it1.That

theearthmovesaroundthesun

iswellknown.2.Whetherhewillcomeornotisnotknownyet.3.Where

wewillhaveapicnicshouldbediscussed.

Where

willwehaveapicnicshouldbediscussed.4.How

wegoforapicnicshouldbediscussed.

How

dowegoforapicnicshouldbediscussed.√×√×★结论三：主语从句应使用_________语序。陈述句√√Ⅲ.判断下列句子的语序是否正确1.Thesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.Itiscertain.2.Willthesportsmeetingbeheldnextweek?Itisunknown.3.Whenwillthesportsmeetingbeheld?Itisunknown.即时训练合并句子

Thatthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweekiscertain.

或者Itiscertainthatthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.

Whetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweekisunknown.

或者Itisunknownwhether/ifthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.

Whenthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweekisunknown.

或者Itisunknownwhenthesportsmeetingwillbeheldnextweek.Ⅳ.主语从句的连接词：连接词连接代词连接副词that，whether，ifwhat,which,who,whom,whose,whatever，whichever,whoever,whomeverwhen,where,why,how一、that引导的主语从句1.

Lucywasadmittedtotheuniversitymadeusveryhappy.

露西被这所大学录取了，我们非常开心。2.

theorymustgohandinhandwithpracticeisaprincipleweshouldalwayskeepinmind.理论必须与实践相结合是我们应该永远牢记的一项原则。★结论四：that在主语从句中不充当句子成分，也没有含义，只起连接作用，但通常不能省略。ThatThat1.他明天要来我们村，让我们都感到很惊讶。2.她过去是一名舞者，这我们大家都知道。即时训练中译英

That

he

willcometoourvillagetomorrowsurprisesusall.

或者Itsurprisesusallthat

he

willcometoourvillagetomorrow.

That

she

usedtobeadancerisknowntoall.

或者Itisknowntoallthat

she

usedtobeadancer.二、whether/if引导的主语从句whether/if在从句中不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，意为“是否”。用whether/if填空1.①._________we'llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.②.It’suncertain__________he’llcomethisevening.③.Whatheisnotsureis_________youwillleave.④.Hedoesn’tknow_____________youwillleave.Rule8:whether和if的区别小结1.主语从句位于句首时，用whether；

主语从句位于句尾时，用whether/if;

小结2.表语从句、同位语从句用whether;小结3.宾语从句中用whether/if

Whether

whether/if

whether

whether/if小结4.从句中有or或ornot时，用whether;2.①._________

ornothewillcomestillremainsaquestion.②.Itmakesnodifference_______youwillgotodayortomorrow.③.__________she’scomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.

Whether

Whether

whether3.____youworkhard,youaresuretosucceed.If小结5.条件状语从句用if.★结论五1.whether/if在从句中不充当句子成分，仅起连接作用，意为“是否”。

1).主语从句位于句首时，用whether；

主语从句位于句尾时，用whether/if；

2).表语从句、同位语从句用whether

；

3).宾语从句中用whether/if；4).名词性从句中有or或ornot时，用whether；5).条件状语从句用if.2.whether和if的区别：即时训练单句语法填空1.

itistrueremainsaquestion.2.Itisunknown

hewillattendthemeeting.3.Wedon'tknow

ornotshewasready.4.Hedoesn'tknow

togotothecinemaortowatchTVathome.5.Thequestionis

itisworthdoing.6.Thequestion

theworkwasworthdoinghadnotbeendecided.7.Wedon’tknow

theworkwasworthdoing.8.

youfailintheexam,youwillletyourparentsdown.

Whether

whether/if

whether

whether

whether

whether

whether/if

If三、连接代词引导的主语从句连接代词who，whoever，what，whatever，which，whose等引导主语从句时，既起连接作用，同时在从句中又充当主语、宾语或表语等成分。1.broketheglassyesterdayisnotclear.昨天是谁打破的玻璃还不清楚。2.breaksthelawshouldbepunished.任何人触犯法律都应受到惩罚。3.Ireallyneedatpresentisyourunderstandingandsupport.

我现在真正需要的是你的理解和支持。4.wassaidheremustbekeptsecret.这里所说的一切都必须保密。5.caristhereisunknown.谁的车在那里没人知道。6.

caryouwillchoosetobuymakesnodifference.你选择买哪辆车没有什么区别。

Who

WhoeverWhat

Whatever

Which

Whose主语主语宾语主语定语定语★结论六连接代词指人/指物在名词性从句中充当的成分who/whoeverwhat/whateverwhosewhich人物人的物的主语、宾语、表语主语、宾语、表语定语定语即时训练单句语法填空1.__________hereferredtoinhisarticlewasunknowntothegeneralreader.2.__________commitsacrimecanneverescapefrombeingpunished.3.________expectsagoodmarkintheexamissupposedtomakegreateffortsintheirdailylearning.4.__________pronunciationinEnglishisthebestintheclassisobvious.5.________struckmemostinthemoviewasthefather'sdeeploveforhisson.6.________teamwillwinthegameistillunknown.7.________willgiveusaspeechhasn’tbeendecided.8.Myparentsalwayssay__________theydoisforme.

WhatWhoeverWhoeverWhoseWhatWhichWhowhatever四、连接副词引导的主语从句1.theywillcome

hasn‘tbeenmadepublic.

他们什么时候来还没有公布。

2.hehasgoneisaquestion.他去哪里了是个问题。WhyHow时间状语地点状语原因状语方式状语连接副词:

when,why,where,how

When

Where3.thereisgravityishardtounderstand.为什么这里有重力难于理解。4.hecanearnalivinginBritainremainsabigproblem.他怎样在英国谋生仍旧是一个大问题。★结论七连接副词在名词性从句中充当的成分whenwherewhyhow时间状语地点状语原因状语方式状语即时训练单句语法填空1.

hetookChinesenationalityin1901isaquestionthatinterestsus.2.

hecomeshasnotbeendecidedyet.3.

wecansolvethisproblemisnotcleartoeveryone.4.

Iwillspendmysummerholidayisasecret.

WhyWhenHowHow/Where五、it作形式主语(1).It+be+形容词+主从.

形容词:obvious，true，natural，likely，possible，certain…1.

isobvious

you'vemadeabigmistake.显然，你犯了一个大错。2.Sheworkssohard.

iscertain

shewilldoverywellintheexam.

她学习很用功。她一定会在这次考试中考得很好。3.

isunknowntousall

willtellusthelatestinformation.我们都不知道谁会告诉我们最新信息。

It

that

It

that

It

who(2).It+be+名词短语+that从句。名词短语：nowonder，anhonor，apity，goodnews，nosurprise，afact，ashame…1.Hestayeduptillmidnightlastnight.Itisnowonderthat

hefeelssosleepytoday.昨晚他熬夜到午夜。难怪他今天感觉这么困。2.Itisapitythat

shehasmadesuchamistake.她犯这样的错误真是遗憾。3.It'snosurprisethat

ourteamhaswonthegame.

Itcomesasnosurprisethat

ourteamhaswonthegame.我们队赢了这场比赛不足为奇。(3).It+be+过去分词+that从句。过去分词:said，believed，reported，thought，expected，decided，agreed，suggested…1.Itissaidthat

about20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.

据说，有大约20%的25岁至34岁的人和他们的父母住在一起，相比于1991年的16%。2.Itisreportedthat

nopassengerswereinjuredintheaccident.

据报道，这起事故中没有乘客受伤。注意!当过去分词是suggested，advised，ordered，requested，required等表示建议、要求、命令等的词语时，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用"should+动词原形"的形式，should可以省略。1.Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.有人建议会议延期举行。seem,happen,appear,look,occur,turnout…不及物动词(4).It+不及物动词+主语从句1.It

happenedthattheywereoutthatday.碰巧那天他们不在家。Ithappenedthat...碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起…Itseems/