专题03完形填空之说明文（精讲）（原题版）

专题03完形填空之说明文（精讲）考点考点精讲【题型概述】完形填空是一种旨在考查学生语法和词汇知识综合运用能力的典型题型。它既考查词语搭配、近义词辨析、动词时态、句型结构和习惯用法等，又考查学生逻辑推理能力。说明型完形填空一般有三类：①实体说明文。实体是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品,包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等。②事理说明文。事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等,包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等。③文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化,进而编成故事,对其进行介绍。在说明型完形填空中,作者一般首先提出一个要说明的对象,如：某种理论、某种方法、某种技巧、某项活动,然后按照时间、空间、事情发展的顺序、步骤,再运用举例、对比等方式进行介绍或说明。通过阅读这样的文章,读者就会明白某种道理、掌握某种技巧或学会某种方法。考查内容：功能词，如连接词、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词等。具有语法变化的普通词，如动词的时态、语态，名词的数，代词的格，形容词和副词的级等。固定搭配短语或词组中的特定词。同义词、近义词等易混淆词。根据上、下文意思及结构必须填入的确定词。能力要求：1.句内层次题：解题信息分布在本句内部，瞻前顾后，左顾右盼，边读边填。2.句组层次题：解题信息分布在设空处前后的一组句子中，瞻前顾后寻找暗示。3.语篇层次题：解题信息分布在语篇的某一处甚至全篇，需要综合推断。【命题解读】完形填空说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是中考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为:1.开头点题在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。2.结构清晰说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。3.难度较大说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。4.遣词用字简练说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。5.条理清晰说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。【应试技巧】1.快速弄清文章大意对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读,对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。2.弄清楚说明的顺序把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。3.把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。4.注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服"思维定势"，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。5.熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则:(1)上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。(2)语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。(3)逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。(4)符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。课堂课堂典例五大方法速判句内层次题解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文章的前提下，利用本句的一些解题信息就可直接做答。对于此类题目，可边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题完形填空中经常会考查一些固定结构、固定句式，这时就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。这个技巧主要指惯用搭配，讲究词与词的搭配，涉及到关联词、动词、副词、形容词、名词和短语等。[示例]Ithenmadeitapointto__55__thosemeetingsandlearnallIcould.A．chairB．sponsorC．attend D．organize利用生活常识和文化背景解题完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。[示例]Justlastyear,Iwas56.conductingaworkshopwhensomeoneknockedattheclassroomdoor.Awoman__57__theinterruptionandhandedmeanenvelope.57．A.regretted B．avoidedC．excused D．ignored3．利用对应成分分析法解题完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。[示例]To__51__theamountofrubbishandtoprotectthe52.environment，moregovernmentsarerequiringpeopletorecyclematerials.51．A.show B．recordC．decrease D．measure[示例]Apupilwhocandohishomeworkinaquietand59roomisinamuchbetterpositionthanapupilwhodoeshishomeworkinasmall,noisyroomwiththetelevisionon.A.furnished B.expensive C.fortable D.suitable4.利用逻辑关系解题此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语，二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。[示例]Wewent10­1andIwasnamedmostvaluableplayer,__28__IoftenhadcrazydreamsinwhichIwastoblameforMiller’s29.accident．28．A.and B．thenC．but D．thus[示例]...gotmerockbottompricesonairfares,cars,andhotels.Buthercoldvoicereally28me.28.A.annoyedB.interestedC.discouragedD.confused利用语境暗示分析法解题上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。[示例]The38.tripisscheduledtostartonDecember21inNewYorkCityandcontinueontoMilan,Prague,Paris,BangkokandNewDelhibefore__39__inTorontoonJanuary8.39．A.ending B．callingC．repeating D．staying[示例]Whenyourevise,youchangeaspectsofyourworkin54toyourevolvingpurpose,ortoinclude55ideasornewlydiscoveredinformation.55.A.fixedB.ambitiousC.familiarD.fresh四种方法智取句组层次题比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即：本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。1．利用语义复现解题复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。[示例]Whilehighschooldoesnotgenerallyencouragestudentstoexplorenewaspectsoflife，collegesetsthestageforthatexploration.Imyselfwentthroughthis__41__processandfoundsomethingthathaschangedmy42.experienceatcollegeforthebetter：IdiscoveredASL—AmericanSignLanguage(美式手语)．41．A.searching B．planningC．natural D．formal[示例]Goodmannersatmealtimeshelpyouandthosearoundyoutofeel49.Thisistrueathomeasmuchasitistrueinsomeoneelse’shomeorinarestaurant.Good50makemealsmoreenjoyableforeveryoneatthetable.50.A.dishes B.mannersC.atmospheresD.friends[示例]Thisiswhathappensonlongsubmarine（潜水艇）voyages.Itwillalsohappenon47spaceflightsinthefuture.Willtherebespecialproblemsofadjustmentundersuchconditions?47．A.longB.fastC.dangerousD.direct[示例]Manyfirmsalreadyclaimtobe“customerdriven”or“consumercentered”.Nowtheir62willbetestedasneverbefore.62.A.information B.investment C.claims D.shops利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题在完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案或根据作者对人物或事情的褒贬性排除干扰做出正确的选择。【示例】Goodmannersatmealtimeshelpyouandthosearoundyoutofeel49.Thisistrueathomeasmuchasitistrueinsomeoneelse’shomeorinarestaurant.49.A.fortableB.stressedC.depressedD.outstanding【示例】Thelawofoverlearningexplainswhycramming(突击学习)foranexamination,62(though)itmayresultinapassinggrade,isnota63waytolearnaschoolcourse.63.A.convenientB.demandingC.satisfactoryD.swift[示例]Whenmenarehelduptogetherforalongperiod,theybegintofeeluneasy.Everyonehaslittlehabitsofspeakingandbehavingthatareordinarilyacceptable.Inthelimitedspaceoveralongperiodoftime,however,theselittlehabitsmaybeevery50.50．A．pleasingB．annoyingC．monD．valuable3．利用逻辑关系解题在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。[示例]Areyourtablemannersmuchbetterwhenyouareeatingatafriend’shomeorinarestaurantthantheyareatyourownhome?Probablyso,45youareawarethatpeoplejudgeyoubyyourtablemanners.45.A.because B.but C.unless D.though[示例]Apupilwhocandohishomeworkinaquietand59roomisinamuchbetterpositionthanapupilwhodoeshishomeworkinasmall,noisyroomwiththetelevisionon.59.A.furnished B.expensive C.fortable D.suitable4．利用语境暗示分析法解题在句组层次中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。[示例]Duringthewar,myhusbandwasstationedatanarmycampinadesertinCalifornia.Iwenttolivethere......Myhusbandwasorderedoutonalongtermduty,andIwasleftinatinyshack(棚屋)alone......24asoultotalkto.Thewindblewnonstop,andallthefoodIate,andtheevryairIbreathed,were25withsand,sand,sand!24.A.OnlyB.NotC.ManyD.Such三种方法突破语篇层次题语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。语篇层次题的解答必须立足于整个语篇，因此在解题时对这类题目不能急于解答，要跨越段落，顺藤摸瓜，仔细比对，最终得出答案。具体来说，可以利用以下3种方法解答此类题目。利用语义复现解题由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，它往往要围绕一个话题论述，因此行文中词语的重复、替代或同现的现象是不可避免的，即某一词常常以原词、同义词或近义词以及其它形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以这些词之间的有机联系来决定答案。[示例]In2012,IhadjustrecoveredfromaseriousillnesswhenIreceivedaninvitationtoawriter'sconferenceinOrlando,Florida.Myfamilypersuadedmethata(n)36mightbejustwhatthedoctorordered,sooffI37went.36.A.holidayB.ceremonyC.operationD.experiment....I'llneverforgetthatwonderfulladywho,throughher55kindness,filledmybriefholidayinFloridawithwonderfulmemories.利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题完形填空往往采用总分对照结构，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和详述，两者之间有着明确的相互支撑、相互印证的对照关系。总分对照结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空题常常利用句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系设计题目。对比结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。[示例]Hehadalwaysbeeninterestedinmedicineandhadreadabook,whichdiscussedtheideaofhowbodychemistryandhealthcanbedamagedbyemotionalstressandnegative__47__.ThebookmadeCousinsthinkaboutthepossible__48__ofpositiveattitudesandemotions.47.A.attitudesB.beliefsC.goals D.positions48.A.shortingB.harmC.benefit D.interest[示例]Besomeoneelse!Lookatthesituationfroma__62__pointofview.Goodbusinessmenusethistechniqueintrade,andsodowriters.Fictionwritersoftenimaginetheyarethe__63__intheirbooks.Theyaskquestions:Whatdoesthischaracterwant?Whycan’tshegetit?Whatchangesmustshemaketogetwhatshewants?Ifyourgoalinvolvesotherpeople,putyourselfintheir__64__.Thebestfishermenthinklikefish!A.privateB.globalC.differentD.practical利用逻辑关系解题在语篇层次题中，利用逻辑关系也是一种重要解题方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。[示例]Revisionisnotjustanafterthoughtthatgetsonlyasmuchtimeasyouhaveattheendofanassignment.56,itisamajorstageofthewritingprocess,andwritersreviseeverystepoftheway.56.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.InsteadD.Therefore_____仿真仿真演练一、完形填空“Dowhatyoulove,notwhatotherstellyouisright,”saidGeorgiaLines.Recently.Iinterviewedthe24yearoldsingersongwriteraboutherriseto1.In2022,GeorgiawasnamedthegreatartistoftheyearattheAotearoaMusicAwardsceremony.Georgia’ssuccesslooks2,butshehasworkedhardtoperfecthercraft(技艺).“IlovewhatIdo,”shesaid.“IloveitwhenIget.3inthemusic,andeverythingworkstogether.”Georgiahaswrittenmorethan204andworkedtogetherwithseveraltop5.Whensheworkswithothers,sheworks6astheycanexchangeideaswitheachother.Whenaskedabouthermusical7,Georgiasmiled.Ihadnomusicaltalentasachild,andI’dneverthoughtIcouldreachthem,”shesaid.“ButI8lovedsingingandmusic.”Someenthusiasticcrowdsalways9herconcerts,andGeorgianever10them.Asanartist,Georgiahasa(n)11mind.Shesaid,“Ineverparemyselfwithothers.Ijust12doingwhatIlove.”Thatmeans,focusingonherownartistic13.“parisonisthe14ofsuccess,”shesaid.“IfIhadstoppedto15myselfwithothers,Iwouldn’thavemadeitasfarasIhave.”1．A．power B．success C．concern D．luck2．A．easy B．special C．different D．clear3．A．lost B．stuck C．hurt D．locked4．A．reports B．ments C．songs D．novels5．A．reporters B．workers C．actors D．artists6．A．longer B．better C．faster D．harder7．A．dreams B．styles C．abilities D．performances8．A．hardly B．seldom C．always D．sometimes9．A．lookdownon B．lookforwardto C．lookthrough D．lookinto10．A．amuses B．recognizes C．defeats D．fails11．A．interesting B．ordinary C．peaceful D．petitive12．A．practice B．continue C．finish D．avoid13．A．disadvantage B．education C．experiments D．achievements14．A．thief B．secret C．mother D．price15．A．share B．replace C．connect D．pare二、完形填空Observingnaturecanbeaneffectivemethodforyoungstudentstodiscussandunderstandtheiremotionsinacalmlearningenvironment.I’mobsessedwith16.I’mespeciallyinterestedingrowingfoodfromseedsorpropagation(繁殖),whichsaves17andisafunchallenge.Manyyearsago,Ilearnedthatwecould18apineappleplantfromthetopofapineapple,soIhadto19it.AfterseveraltimesoffailureIwas20successfulingrowingoneandgettingittobloom.Iwasexcited,soI21thishuge,heavyplanttoschool.Thenmyfourthgradestudentscould22intheexcitementofwatchingthepineapplegrow.My23studentsweledthepineappleplantintoourclassandnamedherPatricia.Theymadenametagsforher,andevenwrote24abouther.Wealso25childrenfromotherclassroomstoeinandmeether.Shebecamequite26.Moreinteresting,though,isthefactthatshehadawayof27kidsselfregulate.She28peoplewhentheyfeltsad.OurschoolcounseloroftenbroughtstudentsintovisitPatricia,andtheyalwaysleftourclassroomfeelinghappierandmore29.Aftersomereflection,wenowrealizethatthe30ofthepineapplewasnotreallyjustabouttheplant.Patriciahelpedcreateanenvironmentfilledwithpassion,positivity,andnature.It’scalmingforournervoussystem,whichleadstoselfregulationandenhanceslearning.16．A．farming B．driving C．sightseeing D．gardening17．A．money B．trouble C．energy D．practice18．A．get B．buy C．grow D．reproduce19．A．trying B．proving C．excising D．examining20．A．suddenly B．finally C．immediately D．unexpectedly21．A．showed B．brought C．dragged D．led22．A．update B．receive C．share D．discover23．A．curious B．anxious C．thrilled D．encouraged24．A．letters B．lists C．jokes D．stories25．A．expected B．invited C．ordered D．allowed26．A．important B．expensive C．beautiful D．famous27．A．banning B．allowing C．helping D．behaving28．A．ranto B．wokeup C．burneddown D．cheeredup29．A．regulated B．broken C．disappointed D．humorous30．A．peace B．power C．happiness D．value三、完形填空Weareallfloodedwiththethoughtofhavingsatisfyingrelationships,whichwillbringsomemeaningtoourlivesandmakeushappy.31,weoftenforgetthattruehappinesslieswithinus.Infact,selfloveandhealthyrelationshipscannotbe32.Firstandforemost,selfloveisthe33ofanyhealthyrelationship.Whenyouknowyourworth,youknowwhatyouare34toacceptinarelationshipandwhatnot.Youwillknowwheretodrawboundaries(边界)becauseyouvalueyourownopinions.Youwillhaveaclearunderstandingofwhatareyouradvantagesandwhatareyour35.Besides,selfloveplaysaveryimportantroleinfindingthe36totroubleinrelationship.Whenpeopletrulylovethemselves,theyhaveahealthierknowledgeofeverything.Theyhavemore37andselfrespecttobeabletovoicetheiropinions.Selflovealso38choosinganemotionallyhealthypartner.Whenyouhavehigherselfrespect,youwillprobably39anyunpleasantrelationship.Youdonotsettleforless(勉强接受)becauseyouknowyourstrengthsandyour40.Sonowyouknowthatselfloveandhealthyrelationshipsare41inseparable.Onecannot42withouttheotherbecausetheydependoneachotherforcontentandgrowth.Theyareconcernedwithyourhappiness43selflovewillinspireyoutohavebetterboundaries,ahealthierunderstandingofyourownself,andhigherabilityto44emotion.Aboveall,selfloveisthefoundationofallyourhealthyrelationships.The45thefoundationis,theeasieritisforyoutobuilduphealthyrelationships.31．A．Besides B．Therefore C．However D．Later32．A．separated B．designed C．recognised D．connected33．A．result B．factor C．aim D．base34．A．curious B．willing C．proud D．uneasy35．A．strategies B．requests C．qualities D．limits36．A．entrance B．solution C．reference D．ticket37．A．confidence B．patience C．doubt D．pressure38．A．workson B．surviveson C．contributesto D．appliesto39．A．appreciate B．establish C．prevent D．bury40．A．worth B．habit C．dream D．style41．A．hardly B．actually C．mainly D．narrowly42．A．progress B．exist C．revive D．sound43．A．although B．if C．as D．unless44．A．avoid B．observe C．explore D．control45．A．weaker B．stronger C．heavier D．tinier四、完形填空ArtismyfavoritesubjectbecauseIenjoydrawing.Inschool,thereareonlyfour46classesperweek,whichIfindnotenough.Duringanartlesson,Inoticethattime47toflyby.WhenI’mdrawing48,eightyminutesfeelslikeeightminutes.OnemomentIamtakingoutmyartmaterials,thenexttheteacheris49ustohandinourwork.Artismyfavoritesubjectbecauseitcanbring50responses.Forexample,ifIwashappy,Iwoulddrawacolorfulpictureofmyself.Iespeciallyenjoydrawingcartoons.Thisisoneareawheremy51isregularlyexercised.SometimesIdrawthingsthatamazemyclassmates.Ialsolovetodrawstilllifeincolor.52isreallyanartandIhavedevelopedconsiderableskillsinit,muchtothedisbeliefofmyclassmates.AsIhavehadsomuch53incoloring,Ihaveahugeadvantageoverthe54oftheclass.55,ImustsaythatIalwaysfeelgoodwhenIamdrawingsomething.PerhapsthisiswhyI56artsomuch.It’sbecauseIgetagoodfeelingeverytimeIstartdrawing.Drawingisa(n)57exitforselfexpressionforme,sothefeelingis58.Thereisnothingtorememberorpracticeinartasthereisintheothersubjects.Allonehasto59withartisfollowone’sfeelings,andtheouteisalways60.46．A．music B．literature C．maths D．art47．A．escapes B．seems C．ends D．remains48．A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything49．A．blaming B．finding C．asking D．forgetting50．A．physical B．critical C．changeable D．emotional51．A．feeling B．creativity C．muscle D．sound52．A．Coloring B．Practicing C．Teaching D．Singing53．A．problem B．homework C．practice D．advice54．A．rest B．last C．least D．less55．A．Still B．Meanwhile C．Sadly D．Finally56．A．share B．enjoy C．show D．apply57．A．rare B．natural C．abnormal D．famous58．A．positive B．strong C．objective D