研究报告撰写【英文】

WritingaResearchPaperWhatisaresearchpaper?definitionAsubstantialpieceofacademicwriting,usuallydoneasarequirementforaclass,inwhichtheauthordoesindependentresearchintoatopicandwritesadescriptionofthefindingsofthatresearch.Aformalwrittenreportthatincludesresearchfindingsandastudent'sownideas.Researchpapersareallaboutorganizingyourideasinalinear,understandableformat.Aresearchpaperisareportsummarizingtheanswerstotheresearchquestionsyougeneratedfromthesourcesyougatheredinformationfrom.Thenpresentingtheworkinresearchpaperformat.HowdoIwritearesearchpaper?

Step1.ChooseaTopic

Chooseatopicwhichinterestsandchallengesyou.Yourattitudetowardsthetopicmaywelldeterminetheamountofeffortandenthusiasmyouputintoyourresearch.Focusonalimitedaspect-narrowitdownfromReligiontoWorldReligiontoBuddhism.Obtainteacherapprovalforyourtopicbeforeembarkingonfull-scaleresearch.Selectasubjectyoucanmanage.Avoidsubjectsthataretootechnical,learned,orspecialized.Avoidtopicsthathaveonlyaverynarrowrangeofsourcematerials.AResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.htmlYourtopicforthispaperwillbe

oncareerpathways.Considerthefollowingcareer-focusedquestionswhenresearching:Whattypeofcareerdoyouwant?Whatarethejobtrendsforyourareaofinterest?Whattypeofeducationwillyouneed?Whatcollege/schoolwillyougoto?Howmuchwillyoureducationcost?Howlongwillittakeyoutocompleteyoureducation?Aftercollege,whatcareerwillyouhave?Whatarethejobrequirements/duties?Whattypeofcompanywillyouworkfor?Willyouhavetorelocate?Ifso,wherewillyouhavetorelocate?Willyoubepaidhourlyorsalary?Whatwillbeyourincomeyearly?Doyouhaveroomforadvancement?

Step2.FindInformation

SurfthenetPayattentiontodomainnameextensions(.edu,.gov,.org)asthesetendtobemorereliable.Beselectiveof.comsites.LearnhowtoevaluatesitescriticallyandtosearcheffectivelyontheInternet.CheckoutprintmaterialsatthelibraryAlmanacs,atlases,encyclopedias,guides,reports,governmentpublicationsReadandevaluate,bookmark,printout,photocopyandtakenotesofrelevantinformation.Asyougatheryourresources,jotdownfullbibliographicalinformation(author,title,placeofpublication,publisher,dateofpublication,pagenumbers,URLs,creationormodificationdatesonWebpagesandyourdateofaccess)onworksheet,printout,orentertheinformationonyourcomputer.Rememberthatanarticlewithoutbibliographicalinformationisuselesssinceyoucannotciteitssource.AResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.htmlCareerInformationSourcesFindingtheRightCareer/life/finding_career.htm

O’Net/OhioMeansJobs/omj/OccupationalOutlookHandbook/oco/CareerGuidetoIndustries/oco/cg/EmploymentProjections/emp/BestCareers/money/careers

Step3.StateYourThesis

Dosomecriticalthinkingandwriteyourthesisstatementdowninonesentence.Yourthesisstatementislikeadeclarationofyourbelief.Themainportionofyouressaywillconsistofargumentstosupportanddefendthisbelief.WiththeskillsandabilitiesIexhibit,themedicalfieldisthecareerpathIaminterestedinpursing.AResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.html

Step4.MakeaTentativeOutline

Thepurposeofanoutlineistohelpyouthinkthroughyourtopiccarefullyandorganizeitlogicallybeforeyoustartwriting.IncludeanIntroduction,aBody,andaConclusion.Makethefirstoutlinetentative.IntroductionShareyourthesisandpurposeclearly.Whatisthechiefreasonforthepaper?Explainbrieflythemajorpointsandwhyreadersshouldbeinterestedinyourtopic.BodyPresentyourargumentstosupportyourthesisstatement.Remembertheruleof3–findthreesupportingargumentsforeachposition.ConclusionRestateyourthesis,summarizeyourarguments,andexplainwhyyouhavecometothisparticularconclusion.AResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.html

Exampleofanoutline

INTRODUCTION–Briefcommentleadingintosubjectmatter-ThesisstatementonShakespeareBODY-Shakespeare'sEarlyLife,Marriage,Works,LaterYearEarlylifeinStratfordShakespeare'sfamilyShakespeare'sfatherShakespeare'smotherShakespeare'smarriageLifeofAnneHathawayReferenceinShakespeare'sPoemsShakespeare'sworksPlaysTragediesHamletRomeoandJulietComediesTheTempestMuchAdoAboutNothingHistoriesKingJohnRichardIIIHenryVIIISonnetsOtherpoemsShakespeare'sLaterYearsLasttwoplaysRetiredtoStratfordDeathBurialEpitaphonhistombstoneCONCLUSIONAnalyticalsummaryShakespeare'searlylifeShakespeare'sworksShakespeare'slateryearsThesisrewordedConcludingstatementAResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.htmlStep5.OrganizeYourNotesOrganize,analyze,synthesize,sortanddigesttheinformationgatheredtoeffectivelycommunicateyourthoughts,ideas,insightsandresearchfindingtoothers.Thisisthemostimportantstageinwritingaresearchpaper.Includeonlyrelevantandunderstandableinformation.Makesureyouhaveusedyourownwordsandhasbeencarefullynoted.Documentallideasborrowedorquotesusedtoavoidplagiarism.JotdowndetailedbibliographicalinformationanditreadyforyourWorksCitedpage.AResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.htmlWhatisplagiarism?plagiarismsimplymeans…Apieceofwritingthathasbeencopiedfromsomeoneelseandispresentedasbeingyourownwork;tostealandpassoff(theideasorwordsofanother)asone'sown;touse(another'sproduction)withoutcreditingthesource;tocommitliterarytheft;topresentasnewandoriginalideaorproductderivedfromanexistingsource.Inotherwords,plagiarismisanactoffraud.Itinvolvesbothstealingsomeoneelse'sworkandlyingaboutitafterward.Allofthefollowingareconsideredplagiarism:turninginsomeoneelse'sworkasyourowncopyingwordsorideasfromsomeoneelsewithoutgivingcreditfailingtoputaquotationinquotationmarksgivingincorrectinformationaboutthesourceofaquotationchangingwordsbutcopyingthesentencestructureofasourcewithoutgivingcreditcopyingsomanywordsorideasfromasourcethatitmakesupthemajorityofyourwork,whetheryougivecreditornotMostcasesofplagiarismcanbeavoided,however,bycitingsources.Simplyacknowledgingthatcertainmaterialhasbeenborrowed,andprovidingyouraudiencewiththeinformationnecessarytofindthatsource,isusuallyenoughtopreventplagiarism.WhatisMLAstyle?definitionMLAstandsforModernLanguageAssociation,anditisthestandardformatforresearchandtermpapers.MLAformatincludesspecificrulesforquotingauthors,calledcitations.Italsoallowsfordocumentingsourceauthorswithinthetextofyourresearchpaper,calledparentheticalcitations.ThereisalsoaspecificformatforcreatingaWorksCitedpage,whichissometimescalledabibliography.

WriterswhoproperlyuseMLAalsobuildtheircredibilitybydemonstratingaccountabilitytotheirsourcematerial.Mostimportantly,theuseofMLAstylecanprotectwritersfromaccusationsofplagiarism,whichisthepurposefuloraccidentalun-crediteduseofsourcematerialbyotherwriters.IfyouareaskedtouseMLAformat,besuretoconsulttheMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers(7thedition).MLAFormatting/owl/section/2/

MLAGeneralGuidelinesTypeyourpaperonacomputerandprintitoutonstandard,white8.5x11-inchpaper.Double-spacethetextofyourpaper,andusealegiblefont(e.g.TimesNewRoman).Whateverfontyouchoose,MLArecommendsthattheregularanditalicstypestylescontrastenoughthattheyarerecognizableonefromanother.Thefontsizeshouldbe12pt.Leaveonlyonespaceafterperiodsorotherpunctuationmarks.Setthemarginsofyourdocumentto1inchonallsides.Indentthefirstlineofparagraphsonehalf-inchfromtheleftmargin.MLArecommendsthatyouusetheTabkey.Createaheaderthatnumbersallpagesconsecutivelyintheupperright-handcorner,one-halfinchfromthetopandflushwiththerightmargin.Useitalicsthroughoutyouressayforthetitlesoflongerworksand,onlywhenabsolutelynecessary,providingemphasis.Ifyouhaveanyendnotes,includethemonaseparatepagebeforeyourWorksCitedpage.EntitlethesectionNotes(centered,unformatted).MLAFormatting/owl/section/2/

FirstPageofYourPaperMLAFormat

Donotmakeatitlepageforyourpaperunlessspecificallyrequested.Intheupperleft-handcornerofthefirstpage,listyourname,yourinstructor'sname,thecourse,andthedate.Again,besuretousedouble-spacedtext.Doublespaceagainandcenterthetitle.Donotunderline,italicize,orplaceyourtitleinquotationmarks;writethetitleinTitleCase(standardcapitalization),notinallcapitalletters.Usequotationmarksand/oritalicswhenreferringtootherworksinyourtitle,justasyouwouldinyourtext:FearandLoathinginLasVegasasMoralityPlay;HumanWearinessin"AfterApplePicking"Doublespacebetweenthetitleandthefirstlineofthetext.Createaheaderintheupperright-handcornerthatincludesyourlastname,followedbyaspacewithapagenumber;numberallpagesconsecutivelywithArabicnumerals(1,2,3,4,etc.),one-halfinchfromthetopandflushwiththerightmargin.(Note:Yourinstructororotherreadersmayaskthatyouomitlastname/pagenumberheaderonyourfirstpage.Alwaysfollowinstructorguidelines.)MLAFormatting/owl/section/2/

In-TextCitations:AuthorStyle

MLAformatfollowstheauthormethodofin-textcitation.Thismeansthattheauthor'slastnameandthepagenumber(s)fromwhichthequotationorparaphraseistakenmustappearinthetext,andacompletereferenceshouldappearonyourWorksCitedpage.Theauthor'snamemayappeareitherinthesentenceitselforinparenthesesfollowingthequotationorparaphrase,butthepagenumber(s)shouldalwaysappearintheparentheses,notinthetextofyoursentence.Forexample: WordsworthstatedthatRomanticpoetrywasmarkedbya"spontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings"(263).

Romanticpoetryischaracterizedbythe"spontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings"(Wordsworth263).Bothcitationsintheexamplesabove,(263)and(Wordsworth263),tellreadersthattheinformationinthesentencecanbelocatedonpage263ofaworkbyanauthornamedWordsworth.Ifreaderswantmoreinformationaboutthissource,theycanturntotheWorksCitedpage,where,underthenameofWordsworth,theywouldfindthefollowinginformation: Wordsworth,William.LyricalBallads.London:OxfordU.P.,1967.Print.MLAFormatting/owl/section/2/

BasicRulesWorksCitedPageBeginyourWorksCitedpageonaseparatepageattheendofyourresearchpaper.Itshouldhavethesameone-inchmarginsandlastname,pagenumberheaderastherestofyourpaper.LabelthepageWorksCited(donotitalicizethewordsWorksCitedorputtheminquotationmarks)andcenterthewordsWorksCitedatthetopofthepage.Doublespaceallcitations,butdonotskipspacesbetweenentries.Indentthesecondandsubsequentlinesofcitationsfivespacessothatyoucreateahangingindent.Listpagenumbersofsourcesefficiently,whenneeded.Ifyourefertoajournalarticlethatappearedonpages225through250,listthepagenumbersonyourWorksCitedpageas225-50.MLAFormatting/owl/section/2/

SampleResearchPaperUsingParentheticalNotes

JustSheerNakedMagic/library/Module5/Sample.htmStep6.WriteYourFirstDraftSummarize,paraphraseorquotedirectlyforeachideayouplantouse.Findatechniquethatsuitsyou.Usenotecardsorsheetsoflinedpaper.Markeachcardwithyouroutlinecode(IB2a).Thenputallcardsinorder.Ifusingawordprocessor,createfilenamesthatmatchyouroutlinecodestoeasilycutandpastasyoutypeyourpaper.AResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.htmlStep7.ReviseYourOutline&DraftReadyourpaperforcontenterrors,checkfacts,arrangeandrearrangeideastofollowyouroutline.Reorganizeoutlineifnecessary.CHECKLISTONE:1.Ismythesisstatementconciseandclear?2.DidIfollowmyoutline?DidImissanything?3.Aremyargumentspresentedinalogicalsequence?4.AreallsourcesproperlycitedtoensurethatIamnotplagiarizing?5.HaveIprovedmythesiswithstrongsupportingarguments?6.HaveImademyintentionsandpointsclearintheessay?AResearchGuideforResearchStudents/1steps.htmlRe-readyourpaperforgrammaticalerrors.Useadictionaryorathesaurusasneeded.Doaspellcheck.Correctallerrorsthatyoucanspotandimprovetheoverallqualityofthepapertothebestofyourability.Getsomeoneelsetoreaditover.Sometimesasecondpairofeyes