《细胞的结构与功能》课件

2、细胞的结构与功能及微生物分类StructureandFunctionofCellandClassificationofMicroorganism1精选课件ppt2、细胞的结构与功能及微生物分类Structureand2．1微生物细胞化学组成六大元素:碳、氢、氧、氮、硫和磷(无论什么生物，都含有这些元素)，对于单分子生物，这六大类元素可以占到整个生物的100%，如蛋白类。而在细胞生物体中，这六类元素的总量大约占干物质的90～97％大量元素（macroelementsormacronutrients）还有钾、钙、镁、铁等。微量元素：钼、锌、锰、硼、钴、碘、镍、钒等2精选课件ppt2．1微生物细胞化学组成六大元素:碳、氢、氧、氮、硫和磷微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量3精选课件ppt微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量3精选课件ppt微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量元素含量元素含量元素含量C50P3Ca0.5O20S1Mg0.5N14K1Fe0.5H8Na1其它0.54精选课件ppt微生物细胞中几种常量元素的含量元素含量元素含量元素含量C52．2微生物分类MicrobialTaxonomyMicroorganismsaretremendouslydiverseinsize,shape,physiology,andlifestyle.5精选课件ppt2．2微生物分类MicrobialTaxonomy5精GeneralIntroductionandOverviewconsistsofthreeseparatebutinterrelatedparts:Classificationisthearrangementoforganismsintogroupsortaxa(s.,taxon)basedonmutualsimilarityorevolutionaryrelatedness.Nomencltureisthebranchoftaxonomyconcernedwiththeassignmenntofnamestotaxonomicgroupsinagreementwithpublishedrules.Identificationisthepracticalsideoftaxonomy,theprocessofdeterminingthataparticularisolatedbelongstoarecognizedtaxon.6精选课件pptGeneralIntroductionandOvervUniversalPhylogeneticTree7精选课件pptUniversalPhylogeneticTree7生物无细胞生物单分子纯蛋白原生生物纯核酸多分子核酸与蛋白复合体，细胞生物原核生物细菌Bacteria古细菌Archaea真核生物Eucarya8精选课件ppt生物无细胞生物单分子纯蛋白原生生物纯核酸多分子核酸与蛋白复合非细胞生物单分子纯蛋白（，疯牛病蛋白）原生生物Protista

纯核酸质粒？多分子核酸与蛋白复合体，病毒类9精选课件ppt非细胞生物单分子纯蛋白（，疯牛病蛋白）原生生物纯核酸质粒？多原核生物Procaryote细菌BacteriaAquifex原生生物ProtistaThermotogaGreennonsulfurbacteriaFlavobacteriaGram-positivebacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochetesProteobacteria古细菌Archaea

PyrodictiumThermoproteusThermococcusMethanococcusMethanobacteriumMethanosarcinaThermoplsamaHalobacteria10精选课件ppt原核生物细菌BacteriaAquifex原生生物Proti真核生物EucaryaDiplomonads后生生物MetazoanMicrosporidiaTrichomonadsFlagellates鞭毛虫，鞭毛藻Entamoeba内生阿米巴SlimemoldsCiliatesAnimals后生生物MetazoanFungi原生生物Plants后生生物Metazoan11精选课件ppt真核生物Diplomonads后生生物Microsporid2．3原核生物的大小形状Size,Shape,andArrangementProcaryoticCellOrganization12精选课件ppt2．3原核生物的大小形状Size,Shape,andFigure2.1RepresentativeBacteria13精选课件pptFigure2.1RepresentativeBacUnusuallyShapedBacteria(a)放线菌.(b)肺炎枝原体.(c)螺原体属.(d)生丝微菌属.(e)Walsby's方形细菌.(f)含铁嘉氏铁柄杆菌14精选课件pptUnusuallyShapedBacteria(a)放15精选课件ppt15精选课件ppt2．4细菌16精选课件ppt2．4细菌16精选课件pptMorphologyofaGram-PositiveBacterium.17精选课件pptMorphologyofaGram-Positive18精选课件ppt18精选课件pptTable3.1FunctionsofProcaryoticStructuresPlasmamembraneSelectivelypermeablebarrier,mechanicalboundaryofcell.nutrientandwastetransport,locationofmanymetabolicprocesses(respiration,photosynthesis).detectionofenvironmentalcuesforchemotaxisGasvacuoleBuoyancyforfloatinginaquaticenvironmentsRibosomesProteinsynthesisInclusionbodiesStorageofcarbon,phosphate,andothersubstancesNucleoidLocalizationofgeneticmaterial(DNA)PeriplasmicspaceContainshydrolyticenzymesandbindingproteinsfornutrientprocessinganduptakeCellwallGivesbacteriashapeandprotectionfromlysisindilutesolutionsCapsulesandslimelayersResistancetophagocytosis~adherencetosurfacesFimbriaeandpiliAttachmenttosurfaces,bacterialmatingFlagellaMovementEndosporeSurvivalunderharshenvironmentalConditions19精选课件pptTable3.1FunctionsofProca2.2.1TheNucleoid20精选课件ppt2.2.1TheNucleoid20精选课件ppt核区(nuclearregionorarea)核质体(nuclearbody)原核(prokaryon)拟核(nucleoid)核基因组(genome)染色质体（chromatinbody)是指原核生物所特有的无核膜结构、无固定形态的原始细胞核，21精选课件ppt核区(nuclearregionorarea)21精选核区一般每个细胞含核区1～4个。在快速生长的细菌中，核区DNA可占细胞总体积的20％。拟核与间体（mesosome）或质膜（plasmamembrane）有联系。细菌的核区除在染色体复制的短时间内呈双倍体外，一般均为单倍体，有些也具有线状的DNA染色体。对完全除掉膜的拟核分析发现它是由重量占60%DNA,30%RNA和10%蛋白质组成。22精选课件ppt核区一般每个细胞含核区1～4个。在快速生长的细菌中，核区DN核区planctomycetes的两个属的拟核区有膜包被，Pireltula具有单层膜包被核区，形成pirellalosome，其中含有纤维状的拟核和类似核糖体的颗粒。Gemmataobscuriglobus的核区被双膜包被。一些细菌在染色质之外还含有质粒。23精选课件ppt核区planctomycetes的两个属的拟核区有膜包被，P2．2．3TheCytoplasmicMatrix2．2．3.1InclusionBodies2．2．3.2Ribosomes24精选课件ppt2．2．3TheCytoplasmicMatrix2．

ACrossSectionofBacteriumEscherichiacoli

25精选课件pptACrossSectionofBacterium26精选课件ppt26精选课件ppt2．2．2ProcaryoticCellMembranes27精选课件ppt2．2．2ProcaryoticCellMembran28精选课件ppt28精选课件pptInternalMembraneSystems29精选课件pptInternalMembraneSystems29精选课internalmembranesystems30精选课件pptinternalmembranesystems30精选2.2.5TheProcaryoticCellWall31精选课件ppt2.2.5TheProcaryoticCellWal2.2.5.1PeptidoglycanStructure32精选课件ppt2.2.5.1PeptidoglycanStructur33精选课件ppt33精选课件ppt34精选课件ppt34精选课件ppt35精选课件ppt35精选课件pptGram-PositiveCellWalls36精选课件pptGram-PositiveCellWalls36精选课件TeichoicAcidStructure.37精选课件pptTeichoicAcidStructure.37精选课Gram-NegativeCellWalls38精选课件pptGram-NegativeCellWalls38精选课件39精选课件ppt39精选课件pptLipopolysaccharideStructure40精选课件pptLipopolysaccharideStructure441精选课件ppt41精选课件pptFigure3.31FlagellarDistribution.42精选课件pptFigure3.31FlagellarDistribTheUItrastructureofGram-NegativeFlagella.43精选课件pptTheUItrastructureofGram-NegTheUItrastructureofBacterialFlagella44精选课件pptTheUItrastructureofBacteriaGrowthofFlagellarFilaments45精选课件pptGrowthofFlagellarFilamentsFlagellarMotility46精选课件pptFlagellarMotility46精选课件ppt鞭毛运动的机理47精选课件ppt鞭毛运动的机理47精选课件pptFigure4.1RepresentativeExamplesofEucaryoticMicroorganisms.(a)Parameciumasseenwithinterference-contrastmicroscopy(×115).(b)Mixeddiatomfrustules(×100).(c)Penicilliumcolonies,and(d)amicroscopicviewofthemold'shyphaeandconidia(×220).(e)StentorTheciliatedprotozoaareextendedandactivelyfeeding,dark-fieldmicroscopy(×100)(f)Amanitamuscaria,alargepoisonousmushroom(×5).48精选课件pptFigure4.1RepresentativeExamEucaryoticCellUltrastructure49精选课件pptEucaryoticCellUltrastructure50精选课件ppt50精选课件pptFunctionsofEucaryoficOrganelles

PlasmamembraneMechanicalcellboundary,selectivelypermeablebarrierwithtransportsystems,mediatescell-cellinteractionsandadhesiontosurfaces,secretionCytoplasmicmatrixEnvironmentforotherorganelles,locationofmanymetabolicprocessesMicrofilaments

Cellstructureandmovements,formthecytoskeletonintermediatefilaments,andmicrotubulesEndoplasmicreticulumTransportofmaterials,proteinandlipidsynthesisRibosomesProteinsynthesisGolgiapparatusPackagingandsecretionofmaterialsforvariouspurposes,lysosomeformationLysosomesIntracellulardigestionMitochodriaEnergyproductionthoroughuseofthetricarboxyllcacidcycle,electrontransportoxidativephosphorylation,andotherpathwaysChloroplastsPhotosynthesis-trappinglightenergyandformationofcarbohydratefromCO2andwaterNucleusRepositoryforgeneticinformation,controlcenterforcellNucleolusRibosomalRNAsynthesis,ribosomeconstructionCellwallandpellicleStrengthenandgiveshapetothecellCiliaandflagellaCellmovementVacuoleTemporarystorageandtransport,digestion(foodvacuoles),waterbalance(contractilevacuole)51精选课件pptFunctionsofEucaryoficOrgane微管结构微管结构

52精选课件ppt微管结构微管结构52精选课件ppt53精选课件ppt53精选课件pptGolgiApparatusStructure54精选课件pptGolgiApparatusStructure54精选LysosomeStructure,Formation,andFunction.55精选课件pptLysosomeStructure,Formation,LysosomeStructure,Formation,andFunction56精选课件pptLysosomeStructure,Formation,MembraneFlowintheVacuome57精选课件pptMembraneFlowintheVacuome5ProteasomeDegradationofProteins58精选课件pptProteasomeDegradationofProt59精选课件ppt59精选课件pptChloroplastStructure60精选课件pptChloroplastStructure60精选课件ppTheNucleus61精选课件pptTheNucleus61精选课件pptTheEucaryoticCellCycle62精选课件pptTheEucaryoticCellCycle62精选63精选课件ppt63精选课件pptCoordinationofCiliaryActivity64精选课件pptCoordinationofCiliaryActiviCiliaandFlagellaStructure65精选课件pptCiliaandFlagellaStructure6ComparisonofProcaryoticandEucaryoticCellstructure.66精选课件pptComparisonofProcaryoticandTable4.2ComparisonofProcaryoticandEuearyoticCellsPropertyProcaryotesEucaryotesOrganizationofGeneticMaterialTruemembrane-boundnucleusAbsentPresentDNAcomplexedwithhistonesNoYesNumberofchromosomesOneaMoreth