商务英语术语翻译与应用

Ⅰ 摘要随着全球经济的发展，中国与其他国家的经济合作越来越频繁，外贸产业的发展日益火爆。商务英语在国际贸易活动中愈显重要。而商务英语是一门介于商务与英语间不断夹缝前进的专业学科，其语言在对外贸易，金融等领域起到了不可小觑的作用。商务英语源于普通英语，但又是普通英语与商务各领域专业知识的结合。因此，商务英语除具有普通英语的语言学特征之外，又具有其独特性。独特性之一，就是商务英语有许多完全不同于其它种类英语词汇之含义的词汇和专业术语。商务英语术语的翻译逐渐吸引了越来越多的关注。市场对商业英语术语的准确翻译要求越来越高。经研究发现商务英语术语可分为三类：国际贸易行业术语；营销行业术语；金融行业术语。具有词汇缩略、一词多义、复合新义词、普通词汇专业化的特征。因此，根据商务英语语言（单词多义词、缩写）等特点，结合其专有翻译原则，本文分析和总结了一些常见术语的翻译，这对从事商务英语翻译的人来说具有实际意义，以提高翻译的准确性。关键词：商务英语；术语；翻译；应用

ABSTRACTWiththedevelopmentoftheglobaleconomy,theeconomiccooperationbetweenChinaandothercountriesismoreandmorefrequent,andthedevelopmentofforeigntradeindustryisincreasinglyhot.BusinessEnglishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantininternationaltrade.BusinessEnglishisaprofessionalsubjectbetweenbusinessandEnglish,anditslanguageplaysanimportantroleinforeigntrade,financeandotherfields.BusinessEnglishoriginatesfromGeneralEnglish,butitisacombinationofgeneralEnglishandprofessionalknowledgeinvariousfieldsofbusiness.Therefore,businessEnglishnotonlyhasthelinguisticcharacteristicsofordinaryEnglish,butalsohasitsunique.OneofitsuniquenessisthatbusinessEnglishhasmanytermsandterminologythatarecompletelydifferentfromthemeaningofotherkindsofEnglishwords.ThetranslationofbusinessEnglishtermshasattractedmoreandmoreattention.ThemarketdemandsmoreandmoreaccuratetranslationofbusinessEnglishterms.ItisfoundthatbusinessEnglishtermscanbedividedintothreecategories:internationaltradeterms,marketingtermsandfinancialterms.Ithasthecharacteristicsofabbreviation,polysemy,compoundneologismandspecializationofcommonvocabulary.Therefore,accordingtothecharacteristicsofBusinessEnglishlanguage(polysemy,abbreviation)anditsproprietarytranslationprinciples,thispaperanalyzesandsummarizesthetranslationofsomecommonterms,thisisofpracticalsignificancetothosewhoareengagedinbusinessEnglishtranslationinordertoimprovetheaccuracyoftranslation.Keywords:BusinessEnglish;Term;Translation;Application

TableofContentsChapterOneIntroduction11.1TheConceptofTerm11.2CharacteristicsofTerm11.2.1Abbreviation21.2.2Polysemy21.2.3Compounding21.2.4Specialization2ChapterTwoPrinciplesofTranslationofBusinessTerm32.1PrincipleofAccuracy32.2PrincipleofSimplicity32.3PrinciplesofCulturalDifferences42.4PrinciplesofUnification5ChapterThreeAnalysisofTranslationofTerm73.1Equivalent-seekingTranslation73.1.1Match83.1.2Retrace83.2Concept-renamingtranslation93.2.1SimpleTranslationCharacterizedTranslationLiteralTranslationFreeTranslation103.2.2CompoundTranslationCharacterizedTranslationandLiteralTranslationCharacterizedTranslationandFreeTranslationLiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation12ChapterFourConclusion13Bibliography15Acknowledgements161ChapterOneIntroductionNowadays,exchangesandcooperationamongcountriesaroundtheworldaregettingcloserandcloser.Fromallaspectsofeconomy,culture,technologyandideology,especiallythevigorousdevelopmentoftheforeigntradeindustry,theleapfrom"MadeinChina"to"MadeinChina"reallymakesusfeelthatthemarketdemandforlanguageserviceprovidersisgraduallyincreasing.BusinessEnglishisatradeline.Asanimportantpartoftheindustry,moreandmoreuniversitiesandenterprisesarepayingattentiontoit.BusinessEnglishnotonlyrequirestranslatorstohavearelativelyhighlevelofEnglish,butalsorequiresanunderstandingofWesterncorporatemanagementconceptsandworkpsychology.BusinessEnglishbelongstoordinaryEnglish.OnthebasisofbasicEnglish,thereismorebusinessknowledge.Infact,itistheintegrationofbusinessknowledgeandEnglishlanguage.BusinessEnglishisforinternationalbusinessactivities.Inbusinessactivities,moneyandtimeareinvolved.Inordertoavoidunnecessarylosses,thelanguagemustbecorrect.BusinessEnglishisasocialfunctionvariantofEnglish.ItisabranchofEnglishforspecialpurposes.ItisastandardEnglishthatcontainsbusinessactivitiesandissuitableforbusinessneeds.Ithasthefollowingfunctions:informationfunction,communicationfunction,prayerandsummoningfunction.1.1TheConceptofTermTerminologyisacollectionoftitlesusedtorepresentconceptsinaspecificsubjectarea,thatis,specializedtermsinspecializeddisciplines.Termsareconventionallanguagesymbolsthatexpressorlimitscientificconceptsthroughspeechorwords,andaretoolsfortheexchangeofideasandunderstanding.BusinessEnglishterminologyisclear,conciseandspecific,andpolite.Inordertogivefullplaytoitsfunction,thetranslatedtextshouldalsoachievecorrespondingresults.BusinessEnglishterminologyisformalandprofessional.Abbreviationsarewidelyused,andinmanycases,awordcorrespondstodifferentinterpretations.Therefore,eachcharacteristictermhasitsowntranslationskills.1.2CharacteristicsofTermThroughtheanalysisofthestructureandmeaningofalargenumberofbusinessEnglishterms,itisfoundthatbusinessEnglishtermshavethecharacteristicsofinitialabbreviations,multiplemeaningsandaccuratemeanings.1.2.1AbbreviationAbbreviationiswidelyusedininvestmentattraction,laborexport,internationaltrade,internationalfinance,internationaleconomicandtechnicalcooperation,internationaltourism,overseasinvestmentandotherbusinessfields.Itsbiggestcharacteristicsareconciseness,largeamountofinformationandeasytouse.Forexample:D/A(documentsagainstacceptance)ininternationalpaymentmethods;L/C(letterofcredit);B/L(seaBillofLading)intransportation.1.2.2PolysemyThepolysemyofthewordoftenappearsinbusinessterms.Becauseofitsdifferentbusinessbackground,themeaningisalsodifferentfromthemeaninginordinaryEnglish.Forexample:CleanB/L,althoughtheword"clean"istranslatedas"neat"ininternationalmaritimetransportation,itmeansthattheshippedgoodsreceivedbytheshippingcompanyareintact,soalthoughthisphraseistranslatedas"cleanbilloflading",itdoesnotmeanthatthebillofladingitselfisclean.Therefore,somewordsthatappearinbusinesstermsarethemselvespolysemy.1.2.3CompoundingSomewordsformnewsynonymsinacompoundform.SuchwordsappearinlargenumbersinbusinessEnglishtermsandhavealsobeenwidelyused.Forexample,acompoundwordcomposedofherethereorwherecombinedwithin,on,after,ofandotherprepositions,whenmodifyingaverb,itspositionisthesameasthatofanordinaryadverb,andwhenmodifyinganoun,itisusuallyplacedafterit.Commonwordsincludehereof(ofthis),hereby(bymeansofthis),thereinafter(inthatpart),etc.Suchwordsarecommonlyusedasadverbsincontractdocuments,tenders,agreements,lettersandlegaldocumentsinBusinessEnglish.Forexample:herereferredtothebuyers(以下称卖方).1.2.4SpecializationBusinessEnglishoriginatesfromordinaryEnglish.Affectedbythebusinessenvironment,ordinaryvocabularyhasaspecialmeaning.Forexample,Offermeans"提供"inordinaryEnglish,an"报盘"ininternationaltrade;ininsuranceterms,Allrisksmeans"一切险",andinordinaryEnglish,itmeans"所有的危险、冒险".

ChapterTwoPrinciplesofTranslationofBusinessTermTotranslatebusinessEnglishaccuratelyandreasonably,itisgenerallynecessarytofollowfourbasicprinciples:theprincipleofaccuracy,theprincipleofunity,theprincipleofsimplification,andtheprincipleofculturaldifference.InthetranslationofbusinessEnglishterms,theparaphraseshouldbeaccurate,theuseofwordsaccurately,andthenountimeunitshouldnotmakeanymistakes.Thetranslationname,conceptandterminologycannotbechangedatwill,maintainunity,andaccuratelyconveytheinformationoftheoriginaltext.Forexample,inbusinessterms,"到期"uses"expiry"insteadof"end","证明"uses"certify"insteadof"prove","寻求"uses"solicit"insteadof"find".2.1PrincipleofAccuracyTheprincipleofaccuracyreferstotheEnglishtranslationofforeignbusinessintheenterprise.Thevocabularytranslationintheprocessneedstobeaccurateandtheconceptualexpressionshouldbecorrect.Thedataandunitsinvolvingleather,chemicalindustry,trade,etc.shouldbeaccurate.Forthemassiveprofessionalvocabulary,abbreviations,longsentences,etc.existinginleatherchemicalindustryandbusinessEnglish,itisnecessarytorealizethenormativeandfunctionalequivalenceofthetranslation.Forexample,Nonylphenolpolyoxy-ethyleneether,asanon-ionicsurfactant,hasbroadapplicationprospectsintheleatherindustryindecontamination,wettingandemulsification.ItsEnglishabbreviationis"NPE",anditisalsoashortforNon-PracticingEntity(非实施实体).Whentranslatingabbreviations,translatorsneedtocarefullymeasuretherelevantdiscussionsinthecontextandmakeitclearthat"NPE"referstoNonylphenolpolyoxy-ethyleneetherorNon-PracticingEntity,anditstranslationmustbeaccurateandcorrect.2.2PrincipleofSimplicityIntheprocessofbusinessactivities,conciselanguageplaysaverykeyrole.TheconcisenessoftheEnglishlanguagehelpstheotherpartytoeffectivelyunderstandthequalityofthestaffandthecorporateimageinashorttime.Therefore,thetranslationshouldfullyimprovetherefinementofthelanguageandhighlightthesimplicityofthetranslation.Cleanliness.Intheskilloftranslation,yangJinfengputsforwardthefollowingmethods:usingforeigntradeterms,usingforeigntradecollocations,translatingphrasesandsentenceswithwords,usingphrasesinsteadofChinesedeclarativesentences,usingnouns,choosinglongsentencesappropriately,usingnounsasattributives,ellipsis,word-changing,translatingsentenceswithappositive,replacingaclausewithanindependentstructure,andusingpronounsinsteadofnouns,nounphrasesorsentences.ZhangPeijimentionedthatthesentencesofEnglishadvertisingwordsarerelativelyshort;theyshouldbeneatandpowerful,avoidusinglongsentenceswithwrongstructures,andusealargenumberofellipsis,imperativesentencesandbrokensentences,andhavestrongcolloquiallanguage.Intermsofitstranslation,itispointedoutthattheFour-characterwordsisaneffectivewaytotranslateadvertisements.Ifusedproperly,itcanwellsolvetheproblemoftheunificationofform,contentandstyle,whichismostdifficulttosolveinadvertisingtranslation.Atthesametime,YuJunyingproposedtoachievetheeffectofconciseandeasy-to-readterminologybylimitingthenumberofwords,usingsimplesentencesorparallelsentencesasmuchaspossible,andusingalargenumberofellipsis.LiaoGuoqiangandLiXiangminbelievethatwhentranslatingbusinessterms,thetranslationshouldbeconciseandsimple,inlinewiththethinkinghabitsandlanguageskillsofthetranslatedpeople.ChenLijuanbelievesthatthelanguageisconcise,vivid,emotionalandinfectious.Whentranslating,thesecharacteristicsshouldbetakenintoaccount,andmethodssuchasliteraltranslation,unintentionaltranslation,andtheuseofFour-characterwordsshouldbeflexiblyadopted.2.3PrinciplesofCulturalDifferencesInternationaltradeandbusinessEnglishtranslationshouldfollowthebasicprincipleofculturaldifferences.Intheactualinterpretationandtranslationprocess,itisespeciallynecessarytopayattentiontotheinterpretationlinks,suchasbusinesscommunication,businessnegotiationandotherexchangesbetweenthedifferencesinculturalconceptsbetweenthetwosides,andeffectivelyavoidcommunicationobstaclesormisunderstandingscausedbyculturaldifferencesthroughreasonabletranslation.Basedontheprincipleofculturaldifferences,intheactualEnglishtranslationprocessofforeigntrade,translatorsshouldfullyunderstandthevalues,religiousbeliefsandcooperationmethodsofdifferentcooperativeenterprises,soastoenhancethecommunicationefficiencyofbothsidesoftradeandoptimizethecommunicationatmosphereinthetranslationprocess.Forexample,theChinesepeopleareinfluencedbytraditionalculture,especiallyConfucianculture.Eveninbusinessoccasions,theyattachmoreimportanceto"benevolenceandrighteousness"andpaymoreattentionto"buyingandsellingdonotmakebenevolenceandrighteousness",whileWesternsocietyregardpeople'spursuitofvalueandinterestsasinnateandaninviolablething.Thisisreflectedinthemostobviouspartoftheforeigntradetranslationfieldoftheindustry,whichisto"movethepropertyback".IntheChinesecontract,"SincePartyBbeginstoperformthecontentofthecontract,PartyAmustpaynolessthan20%ofPartyB'stotalfeeeverymonth."Thecontentof"moneyandthings"isusuallyplacedattheendofthesentence,indicatingthattheimportanceisslightlylower;whileintheEnglishtranslation,"PartyAshallpayNolessthan20%ofthetotalfeetoPartyBEverymonthafterPartyBbeginstoperformthecontract".Thenput"moneyandthings"atthebeginningofthesentence,indicatingtheimportanceofinterests.Translatormustfullyunderstandandmasterthisculturaldifference,sothattheEnglishtranslationinBusinessEnglishismoreinlinewitheachother'sculturalbackground.2.4PrinciplesofUnificationTheso-called"unification"meansthatconcepts,definitionsandprofessionaltermsmustbeconsistentintranslation.Nochangeisallowed.Butsomenewwordsstilldisturbthetranslation.Forexample,forWWW-WorldwideWeb,therearethefollowingtranslations:因特网-世界资讯网-万维网-环球网.ForthesameVolvo,therearedifferentversionssuchas沃尔沃-伏尔沃-伏尔伏.Theseinconsistenttranslationmethodsmusttakemoretimetofindouttheconnectionbetweendifferentversions.Tomaintaintheunityofthetranslation,itcanbeconsideredfromthreeaspects.Firstofall,forthetranslationofnewbusinessterms,youcanlearnfromthetranslationmethodsofsomeauthoritativenewspapers-ChinaDaily,Construction,Beijingweekly.Seethefollowingexamples:defusefinancialrisks(化解金融风险).Secondly,"unified"standardsshouldalsobeadoptedforsometrademarks,commercialidiomsandtradenames.Atrademarkisacombinationofwordsorpicturesusedinpeople'sbrainstodistinguishdifferentproducts.Differenttrademarksadoptdifferenttranslationmethods.Themostextensiveistransliteration.Forexample:Yungor(雅戈尔),Giant(捷安特),Best(百事达).Sometimesitisafreetranslation,suchaswear-ever(恒久).Becausewear-everishomophonicwithwhere(意即长久),thisproductisverypopularwithconsumers.Mostoftheraredomesticbrandshavethistranslationprinciple,suchasSunflower(葵花),Sea-gull(海鸥),Panda(熊猫).Inaddition,itisthecombinationofsoundandmeaning.Forexample:Tide(汰渍),Gemay(佳美).Businessidiomsmustalsofollowtheprincipleof"unification",suchastobuycheapandselldear（廉买贵卖）.Becausesomeidiomscannotfindsuitablewordsinanotherlanguage,theycanbetranslatedwiththehelpofrelevantidioms.Forexample:Apenny'sworthofquality,apenny'sworthofprice.ThisidiomrelatestothecurrencyvalueunitoftheUnitedKingdom.Ifitisdirectlytranslatedas“一便士的钱，一便士的货”,mostChinesepeoplewillnotknowwhattosay.IfyouuseChina's“分”,itistranslatedas“一分钱一分货”.Itiseasytounderstand.Similar:Drawwaterinasieve(竹篮打水一场空).Forsomeproductnames,wemustalsoadheretotheprincipleof"unification".ZhuHuioncesaid:"Ifyouwanttodoagoodjob,youmustpreparevariousprofessionaldictionaries:Chinese-Englishbusinessdictionary,practicalforeigntradedictionary,Chinese-Englishcommoditynamedictionary.Inthesedictionaries,youcanfindtranslationsofsomeapprovedproductnames,suchasoolongteaandpreservedduckeggs.

ChapterThreeAnalysisofTranslationofTerminologyTranslationmethodisanimportantpartofcompletetranslationtheory,occupiesaprominentpositionintranslationresearch,andisoneofthebasictopicsoftranslationtheoryresearch.Theterminologytranslationmethodisnoexception,butthereismorecontroversyintheacademiccommunity,whichismainlyreflectedintwoaspects.Firstofall,therearedifferentviewsonthesystemofterminologytranslationmethods.SunYingchunsummarizedsixtranslationmethods,includingtransliteration,imagetranslation,literaltranslation,literaltranslation,simultaneoustranslation,soundandmeaning,andborrowing.HuangZhonglianandHuYuanbingrefertoborrowing,transliterationandimagetranslation(orformtranslation)asliteraltranslation,andothertranslationmethodsareeitherincludedintheliteraltranslation.Somescholarshaveexcludedliteraltranslationfromtheterminologytranslationmethodsystem.Secondly,thereisadifferenceinunderstandingofwhattranslationmethodisusedforthesametranslationphenomenon.Althoughtheabove-mentionedcompanieshavedifferentconstructionoftheterminologytranslationmethodsystem,thespecificprocessingmethodsdisplayedthroughterminologytranslationexamplesareoftenthesame.Thefundamentalreasonisthattheconnotationofthetranslationmethodisdifferent,resultingintheclassificationofthesameprocessingmethodissometimescompletelydifferent.Thisdifferenceinunderstandingisnotconducivetothefurtherdevelopmentofterminologytranslationresearch.3.1Equivalent-seekingTranslationTheterminologytranslationmethodreflectstheparticularityofterminologytranslationandhasanormativesignificanceinterminology.Thetranslationoftermsisnotpure'translation',butthemainthingistofindequivalenttermsfromthesamedisciplinesinthetranslationcountryasmuchaspossible.Thewords"innocent"and"main"herepointouttheparticularityofterminologytranslation:intranslationactivities,translatorscanmostlycompletethelanguageconversionattheterminologylevelbylookingforexistingtranslationequivalentterms.Inthissense,thewaytofindthetranslationoftermsisnotsomuchthetranslationoftermsasthemanagementofterms,whichmorereflectsthetranslatorastermuser.Theuseofterminologytofindtranslationisnotonlytoimprovetranslationefficiency,sothattranslatorscandevotemoreenergytootheraspectsoftranslationactivities,butalsohaveimportantterminologynormativesignificance.Theuseoftranslationmethodsinterminologytranslationpracticehasalonghistory.Intranslation,YanFuoftenfindsthecorrespondingwordsofthesourcetermfromthesimilarliteratureofthetargetlanguage.Accordingtotheestablishmentoftheconceptualcorrespondence,theterminologycanbedividedintothefollowingtwosituations.3.1.1MatchThatis,theconceptoftermreferstoiscommontothesourcelanguageandthetranslationlanguage,andthetranslationofthetermisessentiallybasedontheconcepttomatchthesourcelanguagetermandthetranslationterm.Althoughlanguagesandculturesmaybedifferentfromeachother,afterall,livinginthesameworld,inthefaceofthesameobject,thesourcelanguageandthetranslationareconceptualizedseparately,andtheconceptsarenamedbythetypicalorprominentattributesorcharacteristicsinthecultureofthenationfromtheirrespectiveperspectives,andfinallyformanindependentequivalence.Terminology.Forexample,"kingfisher"isacommonbirdallovertheworld.Ascanbeseenfromthelanguage,theEnglishkingfisher'snamefocuseson"strongfishingskills",whichhighlightsthebird'sfishingability;theChinese"fisher"focusesonthekingfisher's"blueandshinyfeathersonthebackandface",highlightingthecolorofthisblackappearance.Kingfisherand"wateringbird"referto"akindoffish-eatingbirdwithblueandorangefeatherslivingbythewater".Theyconstituteapairofequivalentterms,whicharetheresultofthetranslatormatchingthesourcelanguageandthetranslationreferencebasedonthesameconcept,ratherthanthecross-wordrenamingoftheconceptbasedonthesourceterm.3.1.2RetraceThatis,theconceptofthesourcetermreferstothetranslationlanguageisuniqueorderivedfromthetranslationlanguage.Thesourcelanguagetermisoriginallythetranslationofthetranslatedlanguageterm,andthetermtranslationisessentiallythetranslationofthesourcelanguagetermbackintotheoriginaltranslationlanguage.Eachnationhassomeuniquethings,oranationisthefirsttorevealacertainphenomenonorinventacertaintechnologyorproduct.Inmutualcommunication,conceptsthatthenationdoesnothaveareoftenintroducedfromothercultures,anditisnecessarytorenametheconceptintheirownlanguage.Thenativelanguagereferenceandforeignlanguagereferenceoftheconceptconstituteequivalentterms.Forexample,"TigerSkinThreeColors"isoneoftherarevarietiesofKangxiThreeColors.Itreferstotheirregulartigerskin-likeplaqueformedbymixingpointsofyellow,greenandpurpleglazeintervalsonthetable,andnaturallydispersedafterbaking.AfterthevarietywasintroducedtotheWest,itwasvividlycalledeggandspinach,whichhasbecomeawidelyacceptedEnglishceramicterm.AftersomeEnglish-ChinesedictionariestranslatedtheEnglishtermbackintoChineseagain,theydidnotusetheoriginalChineseterm"tigerskinthreecolors",butmistookitfor"egggreenglaze".Eggandspinachand"tigerskinthreecolors"constituteequivalentterms,whichistheresultofthetranslator'sbacktrackingoftheformer,ratherthanthecross-wordrenamingoftheconceptbasedontheformer.3.2Concept-renamingtranslationThetranslationoftermsreferstothetranslationinordertofilltheconceptofthesourcelanguagevocabularyvacancy,orinordertoimprovetheexistingtranslationterms,thetranslatorcreatesanewtranslationmethodfortheconceptofsourceterms.Inthepracticeofterminologytranslation,althoughitisrarefortranslatorstocontributenewtranslatednames,theproposalofappropriatenewtranslatednamesisthemostchallengingworkintranslation,whichisnotonlytheconcentratedembodimentofthecreativityandcomprehensivequalityoftermtranslators,butalsoofimportantterminologysignificance.Cabrépointedoutthatwhenthereisaterminologyproblemthatcannotbesolvedwiththehelpofexistingresources,thetranslatoreitherinterpretstheoriginalterm,orborrowstheoriginalterm,orcreatesnewterms.Atthistime,thetranslatormakesatemporaryguestappearanceandpartlyassumestheworkofaterminologist.Sagerreferstotheexistinglanguageasaconcept,andthevariousmeansofcreatingnewreferencesasasecondarywayofterminologyformation.Accordingtothedegreeofcomplexity,thetranslationoftermscanbedividedintotwocategories:simpletranslationandcompoundtranslation.3.2.1SimpleTranslationThelanguageofthesourcelanguagetermrepresentstheconcept,whichisformallyexpressedasphoneticsandwords.Phonetics,words,referenceandconceptsarethebasisfortermtranslatorstofillthegapoftranslationexpressionandcreateanewreferencefortranslation.Correspondingly,thetranslationmethodsbasedonlyontheformalcharacteristicsoftheterm,thereferenceortheconnotationoftheconceptcanbedividedintothefollowingthreecategories.CharacterizedTranslationTranslationreferstotheformalcharacteristicsofusingorreferringtosourceterms.Thetranslationmethodofcreatinganewreferencefortranslationcanbedividedintothefollowingthreetypes:(1)Borrowingreferstothenewreferenceofthetranslationthatdirectlyusesthesourcetermastheconceptofthesourceterm.Therearetwomaincasesofusingthistranslationmethod:First,thesourcetermisanabbreviation.Ifitistranslatedaccordingtothefullnameoftheterm,thetranslationnameistoolong,itisnotaseasytoborrowthesourceabbreviationdirectlyinthetranslation,soitisalsocalled"zerotranslation".Second,thesourcetermrepresentsanewconcept,whichthetranslatorisnotawareofforthetimebeing.Inordertoavoidactingrashly,theoriginaltermiscopiedwithouttranslation.Thistreatmentmethodisalsoknownas"non-translationmethod",andits"positivesignificanceisthatitcanavoidincreasingconfusionandserveasthesourceofmistranslation."(2)Transcription,adjustthereferenceofthesourcetermaccordingtothewritingrulesofthesamelanguageanduseitasanewreferencefortheconceptofthesourceterm.(3)Inflection,whichmeansthatthesourcetermisexpressedinthesameorsimilarpronunciationinthetranslation,andisusedasthelanguagereferenceforthenewtermofthetranslation.LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationreferstothecreationoftranslationbasedonthenomenclatureoftheoriginterm.Thenewlyreferredtranslationmethodsarespecificallydividedintothefollowingtwotypes:(1)Transplantationmeansthatwhenthesourcelanguagetermisderivedfromthenon-professionalmeaningofthelanguageorotherprofessionalmeaningafterexpansion,reductionandotherchanges,thetranslatorusesthetranslationofthenon-professionalmeaningorotherprofessionalmeaningasthetranslationoftheconceptofthesourceterm..Forexample,thetransliterationofBritishphysicistJouleItis“焦耳”,thelowercaseformoftheperson'sfirstletterjouleisusedtoreferto"theinternationalmetricunitofworkandenergy",whichisalsotranslatedas"joule"accordingtothenameoftheperson.(2)Imitationmeansthatwhenthesourcetermisaphraseorcompoundword,thetranslatortranslatestheroot,affixorwordthatconstitutesthetermonebyoneintheorderofthesourcewordaccordingtothecommonmeaningandthenusesitasanewreferencefortheconceptoftheterm.Forexample,deindustrializationtranslatesas“反工业化”andmorphogenetiefieldtranslatesinto“形态发生场”,whichliterallycorrespondstotheoriginreference.FreeTranslationFreetranslationreferstotheuseofthetargetlanguagereferenceorrepresentationoftheconceptoftheterm,whichisseparatedfromtheliteralmeaningofthesourcetermreference,itreferstothecreationofanewreferenceinthetargetlanguagebychoosinganomenclaturedifferentfromthatofthesourcetermreference.Forexample,thespacetermreferstospaceshuttleasa“Placeofop