基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理基于22个案例的扎根分析

基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理基于22个案例的扎根分析一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle本文旨在通过扎根分析的方法，对基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理进行深入探讨。通过对22个具体案例的细致分析，本文旨在揭示基层行政飞地属地管理的现状、挑战及其优化路径。我们将对基层行政飞地属地管理的概念进行界定，明确研究对象及其特点。接着，我们将对22个案例进行详细的描述和分类，以揭示基层行政飞地属地管理的多样性和复杂性。在此基础上，我们将运用扎根分析的方法，从案例中提炼出基层行政飞地属地管理的核心问题和关键因素，为后续的深入分析和政策建议提供支撑。通过本文的研究，我们期望能够为基层行政飞地属地管理的优化和提升提供有益的参考和启示。Thisarticleaimstoexploreindepththespatialgovernanceofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagementthroughgroundedanalysis.Throughadetailedanalysisof22specificcases,thisarticleaimstorevealthecurrentsituation,challenges,andoptimizationpathsofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.Wewilldefinetheconceptofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,clarifytheresearchobjectanditscharacteristics.Next,wewillprovideadetaileddescriptionandclassificationof22casestorevealthediversityandcomplexityofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.Onthisbasis,wewillusethemethodofgroundedanalysistoextractthecoreissuesandkeyfactorsofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagementfromthecase,providingsupportforsubsequentin-depthanalysisandpolicyrecommendations.Throughthisstudy,wehopetoprovideusefulreferenceandinspirationfortheoptimizationandimprovementofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.二、基层行政飞地属地管理的概念界定与理论基础TheConceptualDefinitionandTheoreticalBasisofGrassrootsAdministrativeEnclaveTerritoryManagement“基层行政飞地”是指那些地理上不属于某一行政区划，但在行政管理和服务上却归属于该行政区划的地区。这种现象通常是由于历史、政策或经济发展等多种原因造成的。在这些飞地上，尽管居民在日常生活中可能感受到与属地行政区划的紧密联系，但在行政管理和服务上却可能面临诸多不便和困境。"Grassrootsadministrativeenclaves"refertoareasthatdonotbelongtoacertainadministrativedivisiongeographically,butbelongtothatadministrativedivisionintermsofadministrativemanagementandservices.Thisphenomenonisusuallycausedbyvariousfactorssuchashistory,policies,oreconomicdevelopment.Ontheseenclaves,althoughresidentsmayfeelacloseconnectionwithlocaladministrativedivisionsintheirdailylives,theymayfacemanyinconveniencesanddifficultiesinadministrativemanagementandservices.“属地管理”则是指按照地理区域对行政事务进行划分和管理的方式。在属地管理模式下，各行政区划对其辖区内的行政事务具有直接的管理权和服务责任。然而，在基层行政飞地的情境下，属地管理面临着诸多挑战和难题，如跨区域协调、资源配置、公共服务均等化等。"Territorialmanagement"referstothedivisionandmanagementofadministrativeaffairsbasedongeographicalregions.Undertheterritorialmanagementmodel,eachadministrativedivisionhasdirectmanagementpowerandserviceresponsibilityfortheadministrativeaffairswithinitsjurisdiction.However,inthecontextofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaves,territorialmanagementfacesmanychallengesanddifficulties,suchascrossregionalcoordination,resourceallocation,andequalizationofpublicservices.基层行政飞地属地管理的理论基础主要包括区域治理理论、公共服务均等化理论和多中心治理理论等。Thetheoreticalfoundationofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagementmainlyincludesregionalgovernancetheory,publicserviceequalizationtheory,andmulticentergovernancetheory.区域治理理论强调通过跨区域合作和协调来解决基层行政飞地面临的问题。这一理论认为，通过建立有效的跨区域合作机制，可以促进资源共享、优势互补和协同发展，从而实现基层行政飞地的有效治理。Thetheoryofregionalgovernanceemphasizessolvingtheproblemsfacedbygrassrootsadministrativeenclavesthroughcrossregionalcooperationandcoordination.Thistheorysuggeststhatbyestablishingeffectivecrossregionalcooperationmechanisms,resourcesharing,complementaryadvantages,andcollaborativedevelopmentcanbepromoted,therebyachievingeffectivegovernanceofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaves.公共服务均等化理论则关注基层行政飞地居民在公共服务方面的权益保障。该理论认为，无论居民生活在哪个行政区划内，都应享有均等化的公共服务。因此，需要通过政策调整和资源配置等手段，确保基层行政飞地居民能够享受到与属地行政区划居民相同水平的公共服务。Thetheoryofequalizationofpublicservicesfocusesontheprotectionoftherightsandinterestsofresidentsingrassrootsadministrativeenclavesinpublicservices.Thistheorysuggeststhatregardlessofwhichadministrativedivisionresidentslivein,theyshouldenjoyequalaccesstopublicservices.Therefore,itisnecessarytoensurethatresidentsofgrassrootsadministrativeenclavescanenjoythesamelevelofpublicservicesasresidentsoflocaladministrativedivisionsthroughpolicyadjustmentsandresourceallocation.多中心治理理论则强调在基层行政飞地治理中引入多元化的治理主体和治理方式。该理论认为，除了政府之外，还应该发挥企业、社会组织、居民等多个主体的作用，形成多元共治的格局。还需要根据基层行政飞地的具体情况，灵活选择适合的治理方式和手段，以实现治理效能的最大化。Thetheoryofpolycentricgovernanceemphasizestheintroductionofdiversegovernanceentitiesandapproachesingrassrootsadministrativeenclavegovernance.Thistheorysuggeststhatinadditiontothegovernment,multipleentitiessuchasenterprises,socialorganizations,andresidentsshouldalsoplayarole,formingapatternofdiversifiedgovernance.Itisalsonecessarytoflexiblychoosesuitablegovernancemethodsandmeansbasedonthespecificsituationofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaves,inordertoachievemaximumgovernanceefficiency.这些理论为基层行政飞地属地管理提供了重要的理论支撑和指导。在实践中，需要综合运用这些理论，不断探索和创新基层行政飞地属地管理的模式和机制，以促进基层治理体系和治理能力现代化的实现。Thesetheoriesprovideimportanttheoreticalsupportandguidanceforthemanagementofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaves.Inpractice,itisnecessarytocomprehensivelyapplythesetheories,continuouslyexploreandinnovatethemodelsandmechanismsofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,inordertopromotethemodernizationofthegrassrootsgovernancesystemandgovernancecapacity.三、研究设计与方法ResearchDesignandMethods本研究采用扎根理论方法，通过对22个基层行政飞地属地管理案例的深入分析，旨在探索基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理模式和机制。扎根理论方法强调从实际案例出发，通过系统性的数据收集和分析，逐步构建理论框架，以实现理论的生成和验证。Thisstudyadoptsthegroundedtheorymethodandconductsin-depthanalysisof22casesofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,aimingtoexplorethespatialgovernancemodeandmechanismofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.Thegroundedtheorymethodemphasizesstartingfrompracticalcases,graduallyconstructingatheoreticalframeworkthroughsystematicdatacollectionandanalysis,inordertoachievethegenerationandverificationoftheories.研究过程主要包括以下几个步骤：通过文献回顾和实地调研，初步确定研究问题和研究范围；对22个案例进行深入的实地调查和访谈，收集丰富的原始数据；然后，运用扎根理论方法对数据进行编码、分类和提炼，逐步构建出基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理模式和机制；对构建的理论框架进行验证和修正，确保其准确性和适用性。Theresearchprocessmainlyincludesthefollowingsteps:throughliteraturereviewandfieldresearch,preliminarilydeterminetheresearchquestionandscope;Conductin-depthon-siteinvestigationsandinterviewson22cases,andcollectrichrawdata;Then,usinggroundedtheorymethods,thedataisencoded,classified,andrefined,graduallyconstructingaspatialgovernancemodelandmechanismforgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement;Verifyandrevisetheconstructedtheoreticalframeworktoensureitsaccuracyandapplicability.在数据收集方面，本研究采用了多种方法，包括访谈、问卷调查、参与式观察等。访谈对象主要包括基层政府工作人员、社区居民、企业代表等，以获取多方视角的信息。问卷调查则用于收集更广泛的数据，以验证和补充访谈结果。参与式观察则使研究者能够深入了解基层行政飞地属地管理的实际运作情况。Intermsofdatacollection,thisstudyadoptedvariousmethods,includinginterviews,questionnairesurveys,participatoryobservation,etc.Theintervieweesmainlyincludegrassrootsgovernmentofficials,communityresidents,andbusinessrepresentativestoobtaininformationfrommultipleperspectives.Aquestionnairesurveyisusedtocollectawiderrangeofdatatovalidateandsupplementinterviewresults.Participatoryobservationenablesresearcherstogainadeeperunderstandingoftheactualoperationofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.在数据分析方面，本研究遵循扎根理论方法的指导原则，对原始数据进行系统性的编码、分类和提炼。对访谈记录、问卷调查结果等进行初步整理和分析，提取出关键信息和概念；然后，通过不断的比较和归纳，逐步构建出基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理模式和机制；对构建的理论框架进行验证和修正，确保其能够准确反映实际情况。Intermsofdataanalysis,thisstudyfollowstheguidingprinciplesofgroundedtheoryandsystematicallyencodes,classifies,andextractsrawdata.Preliminaryorganizationandanalysisofinterviewrecords,questionnairesurveyresults,etc.,toextractkeyinformationandconcepts;Then,throughcontinuouscomparisonandinduction,graduallyconstructaspatialgovernancemodelandmechanismforgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement;Verifyandrevisetheconstructedtheoreticalframeworktoensurethatitaccuratelyreflectstheactualsituation.本研究采用扎根理论方法，通过对22个基层行政飞地属地管理案例的深入分析，旨在揭示基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理模式和机制。这一研究方法有助于我们更深入地理解基层行政飞地属地管理的实际情况，为相关政策的制定和实施提供有力支持。本研究也为其他领域的空间治理研究提供了有益的参考和借鉴。Thisstudyadoptsthegroundedtheoryapproachandconductsin-depthanalysisof22casesofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,aimingtorevealthespatialgovernancemodeandmechanismofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.Thisresearchmethodhelpsustohaveadeeperunderstandingoftheactualsituationofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,andprovidesstrongsupportfortheformulationandimplementationofrelevantpolicies.Thisstudyalsoprovidesusefulreferencesandinsightsforspacegovernanceresearchinotherfields.四、基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理现状分析AnalysisoftheCurrentSituationofSpatialGovernanceinGrassrootsAdministrativeEnclaveTerritoryManagement基层行政飞地，作为一种特殊的行政区划形式，其空间治理现状呈现出复杂而多元的特征。基于22个典型案例的扎根分析，本文发现基层行政飞地在属地管理上面临着诸多挑战与机遇。Asaspecialformofadministrativedivision,thespatialgovernanceofgrassrootsadministrativeenclavespresentscomplexanddiversecharacteristics.Basedonagroundedanalysisof22typicalcases,thisarticlefindsthatgrassrootsadministrativeenclavesfacemanychallengesandopportunitiesinterritorialmanagement.空间布局的不均衡是基层行政飞地属地管理面临的主要问题之一。一些飞地地区由于地理位置偏远、交通不便等原因，难以与中心区域实现有效的资源共享和协同发展。这种空间布局的不均衡不仅影响了飞地地区的经济社会发展，也增加了属地管理的难度。Theimbalanceofspatiallayoutisoneofthemainproblemsfacedbygrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.Duetoremotegeographicallocationandinconvenienttransportation,someenclavesfinditdifficulttoachieveeffectiveresourcesharingandcoordinateddevelopmentwiththecentralarea.Theunevenspatiallayoutnotonlyaffectstheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofenclaveareas,butalsoincreasesthedifficultyofterritorialmanagement.行政体制的不顺畅也是制约基层行政飞地属地管理的重要因素。在一些案例中，飞地地区与中心区域之间的行政体制存在明显的差异，导致双方在合作中难以形成有效的协调机制。这种体制性障碍不仅影响了属地管理的效率，也制约了飞地地区的长期发展。Theunsmoothadministrativesystemisalsoanimportantfactorrestrictingthemanagementofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaves.Insomecases,therearesignificantdifferencesinadministrativesystemsbetweenenclavesandcentralregions,whichmakesitdifficultforbothpartiestoformeffectivecoordinationmechanismsincooperation.Thissystemicobstaclenotonlyaffectstheefficiencyofterritorialmanagement,butalsorestrictsthelong-termdevelopmentofenclaveareas.然而，尽管面临诸多挑战，基层行政飞地属地管理也展现出了积极的空间治理趋势。一方面，随着区域一体化战略的深入实施，越来越多的飞地地区开始与中心区域建立紧密的合作关系，共同推动区域协调发展。另一方面，一些创新性的空间治理模式和政策工具也在不断涌现，为基层行政飞地属地管理提供了新的思路和手段。However,despitefacingmanychallenges,themanagementofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveshasalsoshownapositivetrendinspatialgovernance.Ontheonehand,withthedeepeningimplementationofregionalintegrationstrategy,moreandmoreenclaveareasarebeginningtoestablishclosecooperationwiththecentralregion,jointlypromotingregionalcoordinateddevelopment.Ontheotherhand,innovativespatialgovernancemodelsandpolicytoolsareconstantlyemerging,providingnewideasandmeansforthemanagementofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaves.总体来看，基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理现状既存在挑战也有机遇。未来，需要进一步加强顶层设计和政策引导，优化空间布局和行政体制，推动基层行政飞地实现更高水平的属地管理和空间治理。也需要充分发挥地方政府的积极性和创造性，探索符合本地实际的空间治理模式和路径。Overall,therearebothchallengesandopportunitiesinthespatialgovernanceofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.Inthefuture,itisnecessarytofurtherstrengthentop-leveldesignandpolicyguidance,optimizespatiallayoutandadministrativesystem,andpromotehigher-levelterritorialmanagementandspatialgovernanceingrassrootsadministrativeenclaves.Itisalsonecessarytofullyleveragetheenthusiasmandcreativityoflocalgovernments,andexplorespatialgovernancemodelsandpathsthatareinlinewithlocalrealities.五、基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理案例分析Caseanalysisofspatialgovernanceingrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement基于22个案例的扎根分析，本文深入探讨了基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理实践。这些案例来自不同的地区、行业和行政级别，具有广泛的代表性和丰富的实践经验。通过对这些案例的分析，我们发现了一些值得关注的共性和差异性，以及相应的空间治理策略。Basedonagroundedanalysisof22cases,thisarticledelvesintothespatialgovernancepracticesofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.Thesecasescomefromdifferentregions,industries,andadministrativelevels,andhavebroadrepresentativenessandrichpracticalexperience.Throughtheanalysisofthesecases,wehaveidentifiedsomenoteworthycommonalitiesanddifferences,aswellascorrespondingspatialgovernancestrategies.案例中普遍存在的问题包括飞地管理权责不清、资源分配不均、协调难度大等。这些问题导致了飞地治理的复杂性和挑战性。为了解决这些问题，一些地区采取了明确的管理主体和责任分工，建立了有效的协调机制，以确保飞地治理的顺利进行。Thecommonproblemsinthecaseincludeunclearresponsibilitiesforenclavemanagement,unevenresourceallocation,anddifficultyincoordination.Theseissueshaveledtothecomplexityandchallengesofenclavegovernance.Inordertoaddresstheseissues,someregionshaveadoptedclearmanagemententitiesanddivisionofresponsibilities,andestablishedeffectivecoordinationmechanismstoensurethesmoothprogressofenclavegovernance.案例中也出现了一些创新的治理模式。例如，一些地区通过跨区域合作、资源整合和共享，实现了飞地的协同发展。同时，还有一些地区引入了市场机制，通过引入社会资本和民间资本，促进了飞地的经济发展和社会进步。Someinnovativegovernancemodelshavealsoemergedinthecase.Forexample,someregionshaveachievedcoordinateddevelopmentofenclavesthroughcrossregionalcooperation,resourceintegration,andsharing.Atthesametime,someregionshaveintroducedmarketmechanisms,whichpromotetheeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogressofenclavesbyintroducingsocialcapitalandprivatecapital.不同地区的飞地治理策略也存在一定的差异性。这主要受到地区经济发展、社会结构、文化背景等多种因素的影响。因此，在制定飞地治理策略时，需要充分考虑当地的实际情况和需求，因地制宜地制定针对性的治理方案。Therearealsocertaindifferencesinthegovernancestrategiesofenclavesindifferentregions.Thisismainlyinfluencedbyvariousfactorssuchasregionaleconomicdevelopment,socialstructure,andculturalbackground.Therefore,whenformulatingenclavegovernancestrategies,itisnecessarytofullyconsiderthelocalactualsituationandneeds,anddeveloptargetedgovernanceplanstailoredtolocalconditions.通过对这些案例的总结和分析，我们发现了一些有效的空间治理策略。这些策略包括明确管理主体和责任分工、建立协调机制、促进跨区域合作和资源整合、引入市场机制等。这些策略的实施可以有效提升基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理效果，促进区域经济的协调发展和社会进步。Throughsummarizingandanalyzingthesecases,wehavediscoveredsomeeffectivespatialgovernancestrategies.Thesestrategiesincludeclarifyingthemanagementsubjectanddivisionofresponsibilities,establishingcoordinationmechanisms,promotingcrossregionalcooperationandresourceintegration,andintroducingmarketmechanisms.Theimplementationofthesestrategiescaneffectivelyenhancethespatialgovernanceeffectofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,promotecoordinateddevelopmentofregionaleconomyandsocialprogress.基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理是一项复杂而重要的任务。通过对22个案例的扎根分析，我们深入了解了基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理实践和挑战，并总结了一些有效的治理策略。这些策略可以为其他地区提供借鉴和参考，推动基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理水平不断提升。Thespatialgovernanceofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagementisacomplexandimportanttask.Throughgroundedanalysisof22cases,wehavegainedadeeperunderstandingofthespatialgovernancepracticesandchallengesofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,andsummarizedsomeeffectivegovernancestrategies.Thesestrategiescanprovidereferenceandinspirationforotherregions,promotingthecontinuousimprovementofspatialgovernancelevelingrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement.六、基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理优化路径Theoptimizationpathofspatialgovernanceingrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement在深入探讨了基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理现状与挑战后，本文提出以下优化路径，以期提升治理效能，促进区域协调发展。Afterin-depthexplorationofthecurrentsituationandchallengesofspatialgovernanceingrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,thisarticleproposesthefollowingoptimizationpathstoimprovegovernanceefficiencyandpromoteregionalcoordinateddevelopment.完善法律法规体系：针对基层行政飞地属地管理的特殊性，应制定和完善相关法律法规，明确各方职责、权利与义务，为空间治理提供坚实的法制保障。Improvingthelegalandregulatorysystem:Inresponsetothespecialnatureofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagement,relevantlawsandregulationsshouldbeformulatedandimproved,clarifyingtheresponsibilities,rightsandobligationsofallparties,andprovidingasolidlegalguaranteeforspatialgovernance.强化跨区域协调机制：通过建立定期沟通、信息共享、联合执法等跨区域协调机制，加强相邻地区之间的合作，共同应对飞地治理中的难题。Strengtheningcrossregionalcoordinationmechanisms:Byestablishingregularcommunication,informationsharing,jointlawenforcementandothercrossregionalcoordinationmechanisms,wecanstrengthencooperationbetweenadjacentregionsandjointlyaddressthechallengesinenclavegovernance.优化行政区划设置：针对飞地现象，应根据实际情况调整行政区划，减少行政层级，提高行政效率，确保属地管理更加科学、合理。Optimizeadministrativedivisionsetting:Inresponsetothephenomenonofenclaves,administrativedivisionsshouldbeadjustedaccordingtotheactualsituation,reducingadministrativelevels,improvingadministrativeefficiency,andensuringmorescientificandreasonableterritorialmanagement.提升基层治理能力：加强基层干部队伍建设，提高基层治理能力和水平，确保属地管理政策得到有效执行。Enhancinggrassrootsgovernancecapacity:Strengtheningtheconstructionofgrassrootscadres,improvinggrassrootsgovernancecapacityandlevel,andensuringeffectiveimplementationoflocalmanagementpolicies.引入市场机制和社会力量：鼓励社会资本参与飞地治理，引入市场机制，推动公共服务供给多元化，提高治理效率和质量。Introducingmarketmechanismsandsocialforces:Encouragingsocialcapitaltoparticipateinenclavegovernance,introducingmarketmechanisms,promotingdiversificationofpublicservicesupply,andimprovinggovernanceefficiencyandquality.强化监督与评估：建立健全飞地治理的监督与评估机制，定期对治理成效进行评估，及时发现问题并采取相应措施进行改进。Strengthensupervisionandevaluation:Establishandimprovethesupervisionandevaluationmechanismforenclavegovernance,regularlyevaluatetheeffectivenessofgovernance,timelyidentifyproblems,andtakecorrespondingmeasuresforimprovement.推动信息化建设：利用现代信息技术手段，推动飞地治理信息化建设，提高治理的智能化、精准化水平。Promoteinformatizationconstruction:Utilizemoderninformationtechnologymeanstopromotetheinformatizationconstructionofenclavegovernance,andimprovetheintelligenceandprecisionlevelofgovernance.通过以上优化路径的实施，可以有效提升基层行政飞地属地管理的空间治理效能，推动区域协调发展，实现社会经济的可持续发展。Byimplementingtheaboveoptimizationpaths,thespatialgovernanceefficiencyofgrassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagementcanbeeffectivelyimproved,regionalcoordinateddevelopmentcanbepromoted,andsustainablesocio-economicdevelopmentcanbeachieved.七、结论与展望ConclusionandOutlook经过对22个基层行政飞地属地管理案例的深入扎根分析，本研究揭示了飞地治理的复杂性、多样性和动态性。这些案例不仅涵盖了不同地域、不同行政级别的飞地，还涉及了多种飞地形成的原因和背景。通过对这些案例的细致分析，我们得出了以下Afterin-depthanalysisof22grassrootsadministrativeenclaveterritorialmanagementcases,thisstudyrevealsthecomplexity,diversity,anddynamicsofenclavegovernance.Thesecasesnotonlycoverenclavesofdifferentregionsandadministrativelevels,butalsoinvolvevariousreasonsandbackgroundsfortheformationofenclaves.Throughdetailedanalysisofthesecases,wehavecometothefollowingconclusions:飞地治理的核心问题是权属关系的协调与整合。由于飞地的特殊地理位置和行政隶属关系，往往导致权属不清、责任不明，进而引发管理混乱、资源浪费等问题。因此，建立清晰、有效的权属关系协调机制是飞地治理的关键。Thecoreissueofenclavegovernanceisthecoordinationandintegrationofownershiprelationships.Duetothespecialgeographicallocationa